ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F. E. S.

VOL. I. 1890— 1891.

Pl^ICE 7^. 6^-

Printed by EDWARD KNIGH
18 & 19, Middle Street, Ai-uersuate.

/

1

\x^e'

PREFACE TO VOLUME 1.

In presenting Vol. I. to our readers, we beg to thank most
heartily all those entomologists who have so cordially sup-
ported us, by subscribing to the Magazine, and by sending us
material for publication. It has been our aim to make the
Magazine as popular as possible, consistently with no decrease
in its scientific value. That our method has been appreciated
the success of the Magazine fully proves.

The general tendency of a large number of readers to require
a complete index for scientific reference has led us to compile
a complete " Special Index," containing every reference in the
Magazine. This will be published separately, price is., and
we trust that our subscribers will buy this, so that no loss may
fall on our enterprising proprietor.

Thiv Editor.

Rayleigh Villa,

Westcombe Hill,

London, S.E.

April, 1890.

My Dear Sir (or Madam),

In view of the greatly increasing Scientific
Study of Entomology in the British Isles, it has long been
apparent that the current literature is altogether inadequate
to the wants of British Entomologists.

The two London Journals devoted to the Science are
doing good work in the more strictly scientific and descriptive
branches of the subject, particularly in that part relating to
Foreign Entomology and to the lesser known British orders.

In order to supply a Magazine devoted entirely to the
wants of British Entomologists, restricted to their own fauna,
and such parts of Foreign Entomology as aid them in the
thorough understanding of the British species,

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

has been started, and is now herewith commended to your
favourable notice.

The subject matter will, as far as possible, be arranged
under certain heads to facilitate reference thereto. Variation
will occupy a leading position, and it is trusted that Collectors
will record the varieties they capture or meet with, which, if
regularly recorded, are of the utmost scientific value.

To Collectors themselves I appeal with confidence, to
make that part of the Magazine under the head of" Collecting,
etc." instructive and interesting. Much of the more im-
portant information I have learned from other Entomologists
has been obtained in a casual way from letters, the writers of
which, at the time, have thought of very little consequence.

Exchange notices are invited and are inserted free, and the
Magazine being primarily intended for British Collectors, a
special feature will be made of this column. As the Magazine
is issued in the middle of the month, Exchanges can be re-
ceived later than in other magazines.

The well-known Lepidopterist, Dr. T. A. Chapman, will
write a series of papers " On the genus Acronycta and its real
and supposed allies " which will be illustrated by Chromo-
lithograph plates, illustrating the ovum, larva (in different stages),
and pupa of each species. This series of papers will be as
important and instructive to Scientific Lepidopterists as to
Collectors. Other well-known Entomologists have also kindly
offered their assistance not only in Lepidoptera, but also in
other orders.

The Annual Subscription, including plates and double
numbers, is 6s., payable in advance, post free, within the
United Kingdom, and should be sent to " The Editor,'' c/o
Mr. E. Knight, i8 and 19, Middle Street, London, E.C., where
also Notices of Exchange, Communications for Publication,
and Advertisements should be addressed. All Subscribers
forwarding their Annual Subscription on or before April 30th
will be supplied with a second copy of the first number gratis
for distribution, upon application to that effect.

The Magazine will be posted so as to reach subscribers in
the United Kingdom by the 15th of each month.

While thanking those numerous friends who have already
subscribed, we trust you will not only give your own cordial
support, but also introduce this Magazine to the favourable
notice of your friends.

I am, dear Sir (or Madam),

Yours faithfully,

J. W. TUTT.

<^^^ ^NI. ^'^%

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 1. Vol. I. April 15th, 1890.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES.

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

HE genus Acronycta contains species that are indi-
vidually of considerable interest, and as a group,
presents many points of attraction, both to the
systematist and to the field naturalist. My own
attention was drawn to the group many years ago. In rearing
Siniyra venosa {ArsiloncJie albovenosd) , I felt convinced that its
relationship to Acronycta riimicis was much closer than was
recognised ; and the curious brotherhood of psi and tridens
alwavs had a fascination for me ; then, some years ago, in
rearing A . alni the variation of one specimen in the number of
its moults, a subject I felt interested in, made me desirous of
more closely studying the group. It is only recently that I
have been able to do so, and in these notes I propose to record
some of the results.

So far as I know, no details such as I have brought together
of the earlier stages of the Acronyctid.e have been published
in England, nor, indeed, on the Continent ; but this is merely
a confession of my ignorance of Continental literature. The
imagines have been abundantly dealt with, and the full-grown
larvae will no doubt be exhaustively treated in an early volume of
Buckler's larvae. I have therefore rather passed these stages by
in recording my observations. As I gained knowledge and expe-
rience of the group I found that I had missed in those species
first dealt with, several points worthy of note, and of all, I am

2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

not SO industrious in taking full notes as not to leave much to
be desired.

I may refer here to a paper in the Transactions of the Ento-
vwlogical Society for 1879, by Mr. A. G. Butler, which pro-
pounded such extraordinary ideas that I felt it was necessary
that further research should confirm or refute them, and I may
say at once that it proves to be a case in which one's natural
suspicion is well founded, and not the result of mere prejudice
and habit.

Although the genus Acronycta, as represented by our British
species, naturally divides itself into three very distinct and
well-marked groups, and though some species, hitherto placed
in separate genera, such as venosa already referred to, seem
closer to one of these groups than these groups are to each
other, the genus, without precisely defining its limits at pre-
sent, is very distinct from other families of the NocTU^ and
from any group of Bombyces. Some of the outlying species
that have at different times been referred to in this group,
present some difficulty in deciding whether they really belong
to the AcRONYCTiD.^ or not, and with what other groups they
have more or less affinity — such species are orion, coryli,
coeruleocephala. But leaving these for the moment on one side,
and confining our attention to the species more typical of the
genus and group, we find certain points of affinity throughout
all their stages that bind them together and distinguish them
from other families.

The Q.^'g is low dome shaped, that is, it consists of a
segment of a sphere, always less, usually much less, than a
hemisphere, lying on its fiat side, and ribbed from the summit
to the circumference in a way that I have learned to regard as
characteristic of NocTU^, though I am not able to distinguish
it by description from that met with in other groups ; the
typical NocTUA &gg, though ribbed in this manner, is usually
more or less spherical.

The most characteristic stage is the newly-hatched larva.
It tends to have certain segments pale and others dark, but in
all cases the eleventh segment is paler, smaller, and " weaker"
than the rest ; it is occasionally a little broader than the others,
but it is always lower and flatter, and its tubercles and bristles
are smaller and less developed. This relative development of
the eleventh segment persists in many species throughout the
life of the larvae, even to the full-grown period ; in alni, for
instance, this segment has no clavate hairs.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 3

I may note that I describe the head as segment one, as is,
I think, now universal ; but I mention the matter, as I find
descriptions of Acronycta stating the eleventh segment to be
large, tuberculated, etc., these count the segments, omitting
the head, and refer to the large twelfth segment.

The pupa is less characteristic ; it serves rather to divide
the genus into the three characteristic groups I have referred
to than to define the group as a whole. The pupa of the
ruinicis group is very characteristic and rather bombyciform
in its aspect. The others are more of an ordinary Noctua
pattern, but present features that separate them from other
families. This is perhaps a somewhat rash statement to make,
since I must confess my knowledge of Noctua pupae is of a
rather superficial character.

Of the imago I find my superficial knowledge of other groups
compels me to speak with much diffidence. Still I think the
dagger mark at the anal angle has some distinctive features.
Below the median vein there follows another, usually, I think,
called the first sub-median ; but in the long space between
these, extending from the base to the hind margin, there is
sometimes another, or "intermediate" vein. This is very
distinct in Liparis nwnacha, the arched black marks in which
show the spaces on each side of this intermediate vein, between
it and the median on the one hand and the sub-median on the
other, to be of equal value with the other spaces between the
veins.

In Acronycta this intermediate vein is represented by a trace
only, towards the hind margin, and the spaces above and
below it are reduced to less than two spaces, but are still
rather more than one, the vein is marked by the line of the
" dagger" (take/^"/ as an example) and the fringe presents two
black marks, one for each inter-space, placed closely together,
and not regularly spread as in the rest of the wing. In what I
take to be a typical Noctua, this intermediate vein is entirely
wanting, but there are several groups in which it may be found,
not so distinctly as in Acronycta, but in which, nevertheless, it
might be described in almost the terms I have used in regard
to that genus. The Orthosid.e and the genus Xylina occur
to me as such instances.

Acronycta certainly has some affinity to the Bombyces,
probably most to Liparis, and the genus Cymatophora appears
also to have relationship with other groups regarded as true
Bombyces, and for these reasons the genera Acronycta and

4 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Cyniatophora are placed in contiguous families ; this is unfortu-
nate, as I am convinced they are in no way related, not so
much so, perhaps, as Pliisia is to Leucania. I hardly know in
what points they agree, whilst the ova are very distinct, that of
Cyviatopliora and Thyatira being more of a geoinetrid (or perhaps
Bombyx) pattern than that of a Noctua. If the Cymatophorid/E
were placed in the Bombyces, it would not materially increase
the heterogeneous character of that division.

Acronycta, as represented in Britain, divides itself naturally
into three sections, which really are distinct genera rather than
sub-genera.

The first of these is the Rmnicis group, consisting of

1. Auricoma. 4. Venosa.

2. Myricse. 5. Rumicis.

3. Menyanthidis.

These are very closely related, and hardly admit of sub-
division, although venosa, on the ground of the coloration of
the imago, may be so separated for convenience.

The second group consists of—

6. Psi. 10. Megacephala.

7. Tridens. 11. Leporina.

8. Strigosa. 12. Aceris.
g. Alni.

This group is not so homogeneous as the first, and may be
sub-divided, if fancy so dictates, into sub-genera, of which each
species, except the two first, will represent one. Such sub-
division might be desirable if one were dealing with the
AcRONYCTiD^ of the whole world. The best character on
which to found the sub-divisions will be found in the relative
positions of the pale and dark segments of the newly-hatched
larvae.

The third group contains only one species —

13. Ligustri,

and is so different from the others as to justify the doubts as
to its being a true Acronycta that have been held ; it agrees
with them, however, in the form and sculpturing of the Q.^g,
and in the " weak " eleventh segment of the young larva,
though this ' feature is less pronounced than in the other
groups.

{To be continued.)

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

"Melanism" in Lepidoptera is a subject which has now
""" and again been brought before the entomological public,
and discussions as to its origin and distribution have occa-
sionally taken place in the British entomological journals. In
these discussions, the subject was generally treated from
an insular point of view, until Mr. Dobree {Entom. xx.,
pp. 25-28) endeavoured, by comparing our melanic forms
with the forms of the same species obtained on the Con-
tinent, to correlate the facts obtained, and to show the real
relation that not only our melanic, but also our ordinary
forms bore to the Palsearctic lepidopterous fauna, and to
deduce reasons for the melanism so prevalent in our British
forms. In dealing with melanism it is advisable in the first
place to bear in mind what we include in that term. Melan-
ism, properly speaking, refers only to an increase in the
quantity of actually black markings at the expense of any
other colour. It has not been customary, however, to base
or confine our arguments to this restricted view of the subject,
but any darkening of the ground colour, whether black or not,
has been included in a general way in the term. However, as
this was not strictly correct. Dr. F. Buchanan White {E?ii.
Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., p. 145) suggested for this general
darkening of the ground colour the term " melanochroism,"
whilst the opposite phase of variation, the development of a
paler pigment at the expense of a darker, he called " leuco-
chroism." Thus, Ainphidasys betularia var. dcubledayaria, is
a case of true " melanism." The development of buff and
yellow coloration, instead of white, in Arctia mcntJiastri is a
case of " melanochroism." It will be seen that most of the
cases referred to in the discussions on "melanism" are really
not true melanic forms, but really melanochroic forms, because
the species are but rarely suffused actually with black, although
there may be a great deepening in the ground colour, the
depth of the colour being, however, frequently increased by a
colour other than black. A good example of " leucochroism "
is that of Arctia plantaginis var. hospita. In this variety the
orange of both the anterior and posterior wings is replaced
by white.

I believe Mr. Cockerell was the first entomologist who

6 THE entomologist's RECORD.

attempted directly to connect certain forms of melanic varia-
tion with an excess of moisture, although in the Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vol. xiii., p. 148, Dr. Buchanan White stated most explicitly
that he believed the exciting cause of melanism was to be
looked for in certain meteorological conditions. However,
a paper that Mr. Cockerell read before the members of the
South London Ent. and Nat. History Society {Transactions
S.L.E. and N.H.S., 1887, pp. 103, 104) caused me first to
give particular attention to it. It struck me at once that a
great deal of the melanism and melanochroism of our Islands
could be better explained by this theory — in combination with
" natural selection," — than by any other that had been pre-
sented to us. Our greatest authority on Continental Noctu^,
Mr. N. F. Dobree, wrote an article {Entoni. xx., pp. 25-28),
previously referred to, disproving the general notion that
melanism was characteristic of high latitudes, and pointing out
the following facts: — (i). That melanism scarcely ever occurred
in such latitudes. (2). That at any latitude, dry open areas
produced more brightly and clearly marked forms of lepidoptera,
and (3). That the North of Europe produced, practically, no
melanic forms, neither did the South, but that the melanism of
the Continent was confined almost entirel}^ to certain Alpine
districts. This was followed up {Entoni. xx., pp. 58, 59) by
a short article from Mr. Cockerell, who, of necessity accepting
Mr. Dobree's facts, disagreed with that gentleman's deductions
and conclusions, and suggested, that the areas where melanism
was prevalent were more or less humid, and that humidity
had probably more to do with melanism than food or any
other cause. Since I have devoted my attention to the matter,
the information I have been able to gather helps to confirm
Mr. Cockerell's view.

Taking into account the physical geography of Europe,
what do we find are its broad, general, meteorological and
climatic characters? (i). That the great central plain, com-
prising Russia, Northern Germany, Holland, Belgium, and
Northern France, is swept by the prevalent east winds, which,
having traversed Siberia, are totally devoid of moisture, and
that consequently this area has a comparatively small rainfall,
and has exceptionally dry air.

(2). That the great central mountain chain, the Alpine-
Carpathian range, running through Europe, east and west,
has a much heavier rainfall and moister atmosphere, due to
condensation, than the great central plain.

NOTES ON LITA (GEI.ECHIA) JUXCTELLA. 7

(3). That the district south of the central mountain chain,
which may be said to border the Mediterranean httoral, is
subject occasionally to heavy rainfalls, but has an atmosphere
remarkably clear.

Here, then, we have two great areas, one north and the
other south of the great central chain, where the air is com-
paratively dry and clear, and in these areas we find little or no
traces of melanochroism, or darkening of colour ; but in the
more humid mountainous districts we get forms closely re-
sembling our own melanic (but not extreme) forms, as the
term " alpine," so frequently applied to mountain forms from
the Continent, and to the ordinary forms obtained in this
country, testifies.

I would now call attention to the general facts mentioned
by Mr. Dobree {Entoni. xx., pp. 25-28), where, after citing
numerous examples, he states in his excellent paper : — " This
at once fixes the fact that melanism is of purely British occur-
rence, thereby upsetting the assumption of our theorists, that
darker colouring and smaller size is a feature of high latitudes,"
etc. " If we once more return to our starting point— in
Central and Southern Germany — and turn our eyes south-
wards, it will be found that the prominent features of lighter
colour and fainter markings of high northern latitudes again
become apparent," etc. "The absence of melanism in Con-
tinental Europe is not, however, without its exceptions, for in
the high Alps of Switzerland, Styria, and Carniola it occasion-
ally appears," etc. "The inference can be drawn, that melanism
is primarily due to the peculiar geographical position of these
Islands."

( To be continued.)

NOTES ON LITA (GELECHIA) JUNCTELLA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
T^NOVVING how difficult it is after a few years' delay to trace
-^*- information relative to some of our local species, I think
it advisable to write a short note about Lita (Geleckia) jmictcl.a.
In Entovi. xx., p. 293, I gave a summary of six species of
this difficult group, which are now clearly distinguishable and
easily identified by our Micro-lepidopterists. But on the same
page is a note about L.jnnctella, which then was (and now is)
rather a thorn in our flesh. Here, too, I fell into error in
suggesting that Messrs. Thrclfall and Hodgkinson's species

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

was obtained from the coast, although Mr. Threlfall {Entoui.
XX., p. 65,) says that his specimens came from the " woods
and lanes near Witherslack." I compared one of Mr. Threl-
fall's specimens with Mr. Stainton's (principally Continental)
series, and it did not appear to tally with them ; but afterwards
receiving specimens captured in Silesia, I could detect no
reliable point of difference, and became satisfied that the
Witherslack yz^?/<:^^//« and the Silesian junctella were identical.
The protean semidccandrella has a reddish (almost orange)
form which runs it close, but a long series shows that they are
distinct enough. In i88g, when the Messrs. Salvage were
collecting at Forres, they captured specimens in every way
identical with the Lancashire and Silesian species. I have
two of their specimens, and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher sent me
fourteen specimens which he had received from them.
Strange to say, Messrs. Hodgkinson and Threlfall always
maintained that their species hybernated ; all the specimens
taken by the Messrs. Salvage were hybernated ones. With
the Witherslack, Silesian, and Forres specimens (all evidently
the same species) before me, their perfect distinctness from all
the other members of Lita was very clear although difficult to
define ; the insect was most closely allied to seviidecandrclla,
but was rather stouter and had the characteristic orange spot
before the fascia well defined, but what struck me most was
the character of the fascia ; \n junctella the fascia is particularly
constant, being either straight or very slightly curved, but
with no distinct angulation, while in seniidecandrella the fascia
is almost always distinctly angulated, although the latter
species presents some variations in this character, and some
specimens have the angulation very slight compared with
others. Mr, W. H. B. Fletcher also writes (comparing these
species) : — " It seems to me that the northern moths have
both antennae and palpi darker than the others. It is not
fair, however, to compare hybernated specimens with bred
ones." Besides the difference in the habitats of these species,
jnnctella being a wood or hedge-frequenting species and obtained
from tree-trunks, while semidecandrella is obtained from our
bleak sandhills, and has to be disturbed from the marram
grass, junctella occurs later than its ally. The latter {semi-
dccandrella) is well out in July, and so far as we know does not
hybernate ; the former appears in August, and the hybernated
specimens are taken on tree-trunks in the following spring.
There is no doubt the name junctella was a misnomer.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 9

Juncti'lla may be taken on fir trunks, and beaten out of yew-
trees (as is the case both at Forres and Witherslack), just in
the same way as Mr. Stainton and myself always appear to
associate with, and capture iiiaciiliferdla about hawthorn ; but
there is very little doubt that all these closely-allied species
feed on some species of Caryophyllacece, and that they go to the
larger plants for shelter.

Rayleigh Villa, Westcoaibe Hill, Blackheath, S.E.

IgCIENTIFIC NOTES.

American Species representative of European. — The North
American species, in many instances, bear a very remarkable general
resemblance to those of Europe ; and this is especially so with the
Rocky Mountain region — take Colorado for instance. I see Vanessa
cardui here every day, and meet with such species as Cidaria popi/lata,
JSomophila noctuella, etc., while numbers of species are " representa-
tive," e.g. : —

Parnassius Si/iinthens, D. and H. represents F. apollo.

Pieris olei-acea, Haw. ,, P. napi (but is paler).

Vanessa niilbertii, Godt. ,, V. urtica (darker).

Cxnonynipha ochracea, 'Ediw. ,, C. pamphiliis.

Snieri?ii/ius astarte, Strecker ,, S. ocellatus (greyer).

Clisiocampa Californica., Pack. „ C. neustria (especially in

larval stage).

Calocampa cineritia, Grote. ,, C. exoleta.

Catocala Caltfornica, Edw. ,, C nupta.

Metrocai7ipa per/aria, Guen. ,, Af. niargaritata (paler).

Alucita fnontana, T.D.A.C. MS. (probably n.s.) A. hexadactyla.
And so on ad infinitum. (For some very interesting remarks on this
subject see Packard, in Ann. Report U.S. Geol, and Geog. Sunuy,
Hayden, for 1873, 1874). — T. D. A. Cockerell, West Cliff, Colorado,
U.S.A.

Mr. a. G. Butler's " Synonymic Notes on the Moths of the
Early Genera of Noctuites." — (From the Transactions of the Ento-
mological Society of London, pp. 375-387). In tlie Transactions op the
Put. Soc. of London, just issued, is a paper by Mr. A. G. Butler, in
which he deals with the synonymy of certain Nocture. Most of these
are exotic, and I am unable to criticise the results obtained ; but the
synonymy of the British spc:ies included appears to call for some
remark. They are : —

I. On page 380 Peridroma ypsilon, Rott. = Noctua saucia, Hb.
(" Schmet," fig. T^']Z) = Agrolis differens. Walk., etc. Is the latter name
{differens) synonymous with saucia, Hb. ox ypsilon, Rott.? It cannot
be a synonym of both, because ypsilon, Rott does x\o\. = saucia, Hb.
\)M\. = suffnsa, Hb. (fig. 134). This is the accepted synonymy oi ypsilon,
and we call our British suffusa by the name of ypsilon at the present
time. Perhaps, however, Mr. Butler has the original description of

10 THE entomologist's RECORD.

ypsilon, Rott., and means to question the accuracy of the present
accepted synonymy, and can justify his use of the name in this new
direction.

2. On page 377 Agrotis subgothica, W2i\v. = Feltia diicens, Walker.
As is well known to British lepidopterists, subgot/iica, Haw., is not a
distinct species at all, but simply a synonym oi A. tritia\ Linn., or at
most a variety of that species. Why does Mr. Butler treat subgothica
as a distinct species? Is there anv fresh reason for treating it thus?

I see, too, our Agrotis segetum, Schiff., becomes se^^etis, Gmel. I am
sorry to open up this matter, but it appears r;ecessary that the publica-
tions of the Ent. Society of London should be as correct as pos-
sible.—J. W. TuTT, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Origin of Dimorphism and Polymorphism. — One thing well borne
out by the notes on "Dimorphism and Polymorphism in the Tortri-
cidae " you sent me, is the view that all sexual dimorphism arises
primarily as simple dimorphism, and finally becomes representative of
the sexes. I think the fact that in members of the same group some
have the dimorphism common to both sexes, and some have it sexual,
is in favour of this view. Of course it is possible to urge that the non-
sexual dimorphism arose as sexual, and finally became inherited, and
occurred in both sexes ; but that I cannot believe, for, if so, how did
polymorphism arise ? Personally I do not attach so much value to the
influence of food as some do. 1 think phytophagic varieties are
quite rare. I do not easily see how the food-plant can directly and
chemically affect the colour of an insect, though other things coincident
with the food-plant {e.^., temperature, dryness, etc.) may do so. —
T. D. A. CocKERELL, West Chff, Colorado, U. S. A.

[I quite agree with Mr. Cockerell as to colour variation rarely, if
ever, being due to phytophagic causes. My own impression is that
v.iriations due to such causes are almost always variations in size. —
J. W. T.]

IIURRENT NOTES.

Mr. C. G. Barrett sinks Catoptria parviilana as a small form of C.
scopoliana.

A new species of Nepticnla {N. pyri) has been added to the British
fauna by Dr. Wood.

Dr. Chapman has succeeded in definitely differentiating the larvae of
Gla;a spadicea and G. vacci/iii.

The local Aciptilia pallidum was taken near Lyndhurst (New Forest)
last August. The Rev. O. P. Cambridge also records it from its old
haunts at Bloxworth.

Mr. Blandford by breeding imagines of Dianthcecia carpophaga and
D. capsopliila from larvae taken at Tenby, has again brought to the
front the old suggestion that the latter is an extreme form of carpophaga.
Mr. C. G. Barrett appears inclined to agree with him, but says, "the
two forms are definitely to be distinguished." It must be remembered
the specimens were bred from larvae taken at large, with those of D.
conspersa and D. capsiiicola, and not bred from ova.

VARIATION. 11

Phycis suhornattlla and P. adortiaiella both come out of our lists, as
Mr. C. G. Barrett proves them one species, and synonymous with
Hiibner's dilutella.

A new Ge'echia iyportlandicella) has been captured near Weymouth,
and described by Mr. N. M. Richardson, who also describes a new
Nepticida (anromarginella) from the same district.

The Alicropteryx of the hazel (previously referred to fastuosella) has
been named Kaltenbachii by Mr. Stainton.

A new Retinia {tnargarotana, H.S.) was discovered by Mr. C. G.
Barrett in Mr. Hodgkinson's series of R. pinivorana.

The lepidopterists of the Entomological Society of London had a
most unusual treat at the meeting held on February 5th, when Dr.
Dixey read his paper on " The Phylogenetic significance of the wing
markings in certain genera of the Nymphalid.^." As the paper is
specially directed to our British fauna, and most of the species cited
are British, all lepidopterists (who do not subscribe to the Entomologi-
cal Society) should buy Part I. of the Transactions, 1890, to study the
subject.

Dr. Chapman has worked out a most interesting and striking account
of the economy and habits of Hybocampa viilliauseri in his usual accu-
rate and scientific manner. The description of the mode of exit from
the cocoon is a marvellous example of Dr. Chapman's power of
observation.

Hesperia lineola, the latest addition to the British Diurni, has been
discovered in several cabinets doing duty for H. thaiiinas {linea).

Lithocolletis insignitella has just been described by Mr. Robson. It
has been on our list thirty years without having been previously
described.

^^ARIATION.

Black Varieties of Noctua glarecsa. — Very dark varieties of
this species have been frequently recorded from the Shetland Isles, but
on the i8th of August, 1887, while sugaring on Kinnoull Hill, near
Perth, I took three black forms of N. glareosa, which I sent to Mr.
Harwood, of Colchester, who said he had never seen anything like
them before, During that particular season I took a great number of
this species. var\ing from black to the normal type, with many inter-
mediate forms, including rosy ones. — J. Wylie, Bridgend, Perth, N.B.

Varieties of Phigalia pilosaria. — Among the sixteen specimens
q{ P. pilosaria captured on the 31st January, I took the f//er variety,
referred to by Mr. G. T. Porritt, and also one nearly as black as
Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria ; the shades of colour are very
many. — B. Blaydes Thompson', Harrogate.

Argynnis aglaia var. argentea. — I have a fine specimen of A.
a^laia, captured here last year (1889) The ground colour is quite
silvery; it looks very beautiful. — W. Austin, Radnor Street. Folke-
stone.

12 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Varieties of Grammesia trigrammica. — This species is taken
very commonly here. In 1887 it was a perfect pest at sugar. That
year nearly all the specimens appeared to be of the normal type. In
1888 I took the species sparingly, but several var. biluiea and var.
semifusca occurred. Last season, in common with all other lepidop-
den'sts, I found sugaring almost useless. I took only three specimens
of G. tngrammica {trilinea)^ all three being var. biltnea and abnormally
dark. In one specimen the third transverse line is just perceptible
from the costa to rather above the middle of the wing. — (Miss) M.
KiMBER, Newbury, Berks.

At Clevedon (Somerset) we take three forms of G. trigramtnica :- —
I. Of deep wainscot brown colour (the common variety). 2. Ruddy
in colour. 3. Deep grey, almost leaden ; the latter form has not
unfrequently only two transverse lines (lu'/inea), and is much less
common. The first form also occurs in Carmarthenshire, but I cannot
say whether the other two forms are found there. — T. B. Jefferys,
New King Street, Bath.

Lycena bellargus (adonis) var. pallida. — Although last season
was such a bad one here for insects generally, I took a fine var. of
Adonis. The upper side is of a pale lavender colour, and the under
side has the usual rings, but no spots ; the rings themselves are blind.
— W. Austin, Radnor Street, Folkestone.

Varieties of Zyg^ena trifolii. — -This species, which I take near
here, in a locality called " Tunberland," is very variable. The follow-
ing are the chief points of variation : —

1. Upper central spot very small.

2. Two central spots joined.

3. All spots just in contact.

4. All spots forming one continuous band = var. co7ifliiens.

5. Base of hind wings orange = var. semi-Iutesccns.

6. All hind wings yellow -= var. lutescens.

M. Stanger Higgs, The Mill House, Upton St. Leonards, Gloucester.

Xylophasia rurea var. argentea. — " Anterior wings shiny silvery
white, with faint traces of the typical costal streaks in pale brownish.
The typical darker area on outer margin very faintly marked in pale,
and the typical dark longitudinal basal marks brownish, no trace of
orbicular, transverse lines or central shades, the reniform faintly out-
lined ; hind wings grey, whiter at the anal ansjle."

This remarkable specimen of rurea., which appears to agree with
the specimens mentioned in the Etitovu, vol. xxii., p. 39, as cap-
tured in Scotland, by Mr. Salvage, was taken by Mr. K. Dingwall, who
kindly gave it to me. Mr. Dingwall writes : — " The white specimen of
rurea I took in a web in Scotland, at Ballachulish, in the Pass of
Glencoe. When I took it, it was a perfect specimen, not rubbed, but
very dry and brittle, I thought I had got something new, as it was in
a shed under cover, and well protected from damp and weather ; so I
pinned it and put it by for identification. Vv^hen I unpacked at Inver-
ness the box was loose and the specimen somewhat injured ; however,
I set it, and the result is the specimen I am sending you. I cannot
imagine whether the atmosphere or the turpentine emanating from the
saw-mill where I took it had bleached it, or whether it is a natural

VARIATloy. IS

variety. The weather could not have done it as it was so well pro-
tected " {in litt.).

The specimen is, I should say, without doubt, a perfectly natural
variety, showing a great tendency towards almost perfect Albinism.
At present the scales are but little injured, and it is such a variety as
one might expect to find in this species, and its colour is undoubtedly
due to the spread of the white colour found along the inner margin of the
wing in typical specimens and the suppression of the dark markings.
Surely some of our Scotch lepidopterists will soon tell us something
more about such a striking form. — J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Variation in Miana strigilis. — I have taken numbers of this
species at Handsworth, a suburb of Birmingham, and with one excep-
tion they have all been small and of the suffused variety. The one excep-
tion was large and beautifully marbled with white. Other lepidopterists
round Birmingham have had slightly different experiencies, but all get
the black form {^-Ethiops, Haw.) much more frequently. — C. J. Wain-
WRiGHT, Handsworth, Birmingham.

The dark brown melanic form {latriinciila, Haw.) of Miana strigilis
is not infrequent in the Clevedon (Somerset) district ; but those speci-
mens I have noticed have frequently been diminutive in size ; the
largest and most beautiful specimens being marbled with black and
white markings. In Carmarthenshire (on the coast) I found, two years
ago, a form^ with a beautiful rosy tinge, the general colour of the upper
wings being deep brownish, with beautiful rosy markings, especially
noticeable by lamplight. This form was very frequent ; in fact, I
scarcely saw any other variety. These moths were not M. literosa. —
T. B. Jefferys, New King Street, Bath.

American Varieties of British Species. — As a matter of fact,
American literature is far more difficult to get out here than in London,
but so far I have come across notices of the following American
forms : —

1. Papilio machaon var. Aliaska, Scud. Proc. Boston Soc. of N. H.,

1869, p. 45 (Oregon, Alaska, etc.).

2. Pieris iiapi var. hryonuc, Ochs. Alaska. (This you know as European

of course).

3. P. napi var. /in Ida, Edw. A small dusky form allied to bryonice.

Alaska. (See Papilio, vol. i. pi. 2, fig. 5.).

4. P. napi subsp. venosa, Scud, (summer {oxitvs = pallida. Scud, and

castoria, Reak.).
Subsp. venosa var. flava, Edw.
,, oleracea-hiemalis, Harr.

„ var. borealis, Grote.

„ v^x. frigida, Scud.

„ var. virginiensis, Edw.

Summer form acadica, Edw.

„ „ oleracca-cestiva, Harr.

(These forms are fully and most interestingly dealt with by
W. H. Edwards, in Papilio, vol. i., June 1881, pp. 83-99,
and pis. 2 and 3).

5. P. rapczv^x. marginalis. Scud., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 1861, p. 182.

^ Proliably var. arata, Esp. — J.W.T.

14 THE entomologist's RECORD.

6. P. rapcc var. yreka, Reak., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, p.

32 { = resed(E, Bav., 1869).

7. P. rapce \-ax. inauni, Mayer., Stettin Entomologische Zcititng, 1851,

p. 151 (pale yellow).

8. P. rapce var tiovanglice, Scud., Canadian. Efitoni., 1872, p. 79 (dull

sulphur yellow).
(These are quite a number of vars., considering that P. rapce is an
introduced species).

9. Vanessa aniiopa, var. with the border less distinct than type [ =

var. obsaa-a\ near Rochester, in New York State. See Robert
Bunker, Canad. Entoni., 1876, p. 240.

10. V. antiopa var. lintnerii, Fitch, 1856, pale border very wide, blue

spots absent. This is the same as the European var. Iiygieea,
Hdrch., but I do not know which has priority. According to
Dr. Lang {R/iop. Eur.) var. /lygieea, has been taken in
Britain.

11. Pyrameis Atalanta x carye (hybrid between Ataianta, L. and

carye, Hiibn.), Hy. Edwards, Proc. Cal. Ac. N. Sci., 1876.

12. P. cardui var. ate, Strecker., Syn. Catal. of Macro Lep., 1878,

P- 137-

13. Heliothis arnugera var. umbrosiis, Grote. (Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil.,

1862.) Primaries yellowish-grey, head and thorax yellowish-
grey. This was described as H. itnibrosiis by A. R. Grote from a
(^, taken on Long Island, but he afterwards admitted its identity
with H. armigera. It seems to be the greyish form of the
species, well figured in 4th Rept. U.S. Entom. Commission
(1885), pi. 3, fig. 8 (the type being fig. 7 on the same plate).
Grote's original specimen lacked the discal mark on posterior
wings.

14. Plusia brassiccB, Riley (2nd Rept. Ins. Missouri, pp. 1 11- 11 2, fig.

81) appears to be a sub-species of P. ni of Europe, and the

Plusia ni figured in Efitom. Annual^ 1870 (a British one)

appears to be of the form brassicce. Riley says : — " Staudinger

would probably characterise brassicce. as a ' species Darwiniana '; "

brassicce differs from the true ni in the silver spot and in " the

darker and more irrorate colouring, and the interrupted and

wavy terminal line of brassicce, against the paler, smoother and

more metallic colouring and the perfectly straight and unbroken

terminal line of ?ii." P. brassiaz is destructive to cabbages in

the Southern U.S.

These are all the American vars. of British species I can lay my

hands on just now, but I shall doubtless meet with others in the course

of my work, and will duly inform you of them. — T. D. A. Cockerell,

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, U.S.A.

EuPiTHECiA SATYRATA vars. CALLUNARiA and cuRZONi. — In Ento-
mologist, vols. xvii. and xviii. there was considerable discussion as to
curzoni being a variety of nanata or a distinct species. Having some
of the most strongly marked curzoni that were taken, I certainly believed
that they formed a local race oi E. nanata, while Herr A. Hoffmann,
Dr. Staudinger, and others were of the same opinion. Mr. Gregson,
however, considered the form distinct, but allied to E. satyrata, while
Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson told us plainly that it was a northern form of

N(/rES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 15

satyrata. Mr. Gregson had one strong argument in his favour, and
that was that the larva of lurzoni, closely allied as it was to satyraia
van ca/lu.'i'iria, had nothing in common with nanata. In the year or
two tollowing the first discovery and distribution of curzoni, the profes-
sionals who collected in the Sheilands did not take so much care in
sorting their extreme forms, with the result that we were all soon
supplied with intermediate forms leading down to var. cal/ui/aria, and
there was no doubt that Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson had hie the right nail on
the head when he insisted that '' curzoni was only a northern form of
satyrata ;" in other words, that it was an extreme form of satyrata var.
L-alliinaria. As soon as I was satisfied of Mr. Hodgkinson's deter-
mination, I asked Mr. T. J. Henderson kindly to get me a fairly long
series of var. calluitaria, which he did from Garelochhead (some few miles
from Glasgow). Being requested by Herr Hoffmann to get him var.
lallunaria, I again applied successfully to Mr. Henderson, and Herr
Hoffman, on receiving them, wrote : — " They are of the greatest inte-
rest. I never thought it possible that such a difference in the size and
shape of the wings could take place as between our satyrata and the
Scotch caUnnaria ; and moreover, it is curious that the larvae of
satyrata should feed on Calluna vulgaris ! Staudinger, in his cata-
logue, gives another food-plant, but I suppose he is wrong. Certainly
curzoni has some characters of callunaria (but also a good many of
nanata). After all, I think the difference between nanata and curzofti
is not as great as that between our typical satyrata and curzoni. At all
events, this Shetland form is one of the most puzzling things I have
ever met with " (/// ////.). London lepidopterists seem to have gradually
made up their minds that curzoni is a variety of satyrata., but the Rev.
Joseph Greene, writing in the Entom., vol. xxi., pp. 60-62, suggested
that it was still considered a var. of nanata. As our provincial lepidop-
terists don't mix together as the metropolitan, and pick up less by word
of mouth, it appeared advisable to write this note.

'• I may add that the typical continental satyrata, which feeds in
flowers of Scabiosa, Chrysanthemum, etc. (like our South of England
form) is much greyer and more distinctly marked than our own
southern specimens, which are generally brown, with rather ill-defined
markings.^ Staudinger writes that var. callunaria feeds in Eupatoriuin
ca7inabinuin flowers, but adds a (?), as well he might. — J. W. Tutt,
March, 1890.

'^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes on Agrotis lunigera.- — Having observed the comparative
scarcity of this very interesting species of Agrotis in many otherwise
representative collections, I can but conclude that a {<t\v practical
remarks upon the habits and locality of the imago may be useful to
many, especially to those working in the south of England.

As is well known, the Isle of Wight is the head quarters of this
insect, but it is far more widely distributed along our south-western
coast than is generally supposed ; the absence of records being in my
opinion due in great measure to the fact that, except where, as at

^ This is nearly always the case. Our Southern British specimens are in almost all
species suffused compared with Central European specimens. — l.W.T.

16 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Portland, its localities are specially worked rbr other species, its favourite
haunts are in great measure neglected by our collectors.

In a westerly direction from Portland, I have taken it sparingly upon
Beer Cliff, near Seaton, whence its range is again extended to Torquay,
where it was taken in some ])lenty, years ago, by Henry Rogers of
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, one of our old collectors, who, in conjunction
with the late Frederick Bond, was one of the first to make a practical
acquaintance with this species. Further wesr again, it extends into
Cornwall, and is also taken in some numbers in Ireland, while in a
more northerly direction it was taken at Tenby in 1888. It is also
stated to have been reported from Flintshire and Scotland, but no
further particulars are given as to these localities.

It is in all these localities exclusively a coast species, and its range
inland is more limited than is usual with coast insects ; in fact so much
so, that unless worked for almost along the actual sea-line, it may be,
and probably is, often overlooked. The following iew remarks from
my own experience refer chiefly to the western end of the Isle of
Wight, whence, except for the Irish specimens, most of those in our
collections have been obtained.

The collector who wishes to take a long series, in which he will be
amply repaid by the variation to be met with, must be sound of wind
and limb, and may at the end of the season, which in favourable
circumstances will last nearly a month, consider himself as fairly
qualified for membership with the Alpine Club. The cliffs, upon
which I have been most successful, vary in height from 400 feet to 600
feet, and present much broken ground which entails considerable
difficulty in working, especially after dark.

A novice, particularly if accustomed to inland or forest collecting,
would be much puzzled as to the best methods of sugaring (which is
the most productive way to obtain this insect) ; however, a clost r
examination will discover plenty of suitable plants upon which to sugar.

Of these, the best in my experience, is a sturdy species of thistle
{Onoporduin acanthi urn) which grows in isolated spots along the whole
range of cliffs ; but where this does not occur, the dwarf or stemless
thistle {Carduus acaulis) will serve as a substitute. I have also found
the long upright spikes of the common beet {Beta vidgaris) very
attractive when sugared, but the great objection to these is that they
are so easily swayed by the slightest breeze, thereby considerably
adding to the difficulty of "boxing" the desired insects. While on
this subject, I may add that it is preferable to have a smaller and less
open lantern than the pattern oniinarily used in sugaring, as it is a
matter of great difficulty to keep the latter alight if at all windy,
owing to the elevation and exposed nature of the ground.

It is also well, considering the dangerous nature of the locality and
the absence of landmarks, to prospect the ground during the day, and
in selecting the plants for sugaring, it must be borne in mind that it is
only those on or quite adjacent to the extreme edge of the cliffs, that
will prove really prolific ; and with regard to this fact, I think it is only
those of steady nerves, who, after prospecting the ground with that fact
in view, will still consider hinigera to be worth working for.^

^ Mr. Hodges is right. He took me over his sugaring ground on the night of July
24th, 1889. He could not persuade me to go again. Those who get lunigei-a
deserve it. — J.W.T.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 17

During the summer of 1888 I was fortunate enough to take a very
long series of this species, and of the total number, certainly four-fifths
were taken within ten feet of the edge of the cliffs. It is also to be
noticed that those thistles growing upon the open turf are not nearly
so attractive as those growing amongst the loose chalk rubble in the
crevices and upon the face of some of the seaward slopes. This
confirms the idea that litnigera by day rests among?;t the loose chalk
upon these slopes, and in the crevices which abound along its favourite
haunts. At the same time, it adds very considerably to the danger and
ditiiculty of its capture, as it often occurs that the adventurous collector
may hear, in the stillness of night, the rattle of the loose chalk
dislodged by his footsteps, dashing from rock to rock, until drowned by
the roar of the waves 500 feet beneath. This, in my opinion, enhances
the pleasure and excitement of the pursuit, but upon this point I am
told my views are peculiarly my own. At the same time, it is an
undoubted fact that the thistles growing in these spots are by far the
most remunerative to work, and I have a vivid recollection of my
pleasure in taking between twenty and thirty fine lunigcra, one by one,
off a single isolated thistle in such a position ; this was, however,
during an exceptionally good season, when all the Agrotid^ occurred in
unusual plenty.

Those collectors of a more cautious disposition will find, if thoroughly
worked, that the commoner thistle {Carditis acanthoidcs), the knapweed
{Centmirea ?ngra), and even the cow parsnep i^Heracleum splwuidylium),
which are to be found in more accessible situations along the inland
foot of the Downs, will yield a {^.w stray specimens especially in a
favourable season.

A. liinigera varies considerably in common with the other Agrotid.e,
in the time of its emergence. 1 have found it as early as the first week
in July, and have also known it not to appear till quite the middle of
that month ; and then a succession of emergences continues until
August, during which month I have taken them in good condition until
the 15th ; the males emerging rather earlier than the females.

With regard to " light," there is no doubt that were the locality
suitable for that method of collecting, hniigera could be taken in that
way; but owing to the great elevation, any light, however small, is very
conspicuous, and at once draws down upon the collector a visit from
the coastguards, of whom, however, my impressions are much more
favourable than of the average game-keeper. Their regulations, how-
ever, will not admit of the use on the cliffs of any light sufficiently
powerful to be of much use.

It is supposed by some that our A. lunigei-a is but a variety of the
Continental species A. trux,^ but I trust the further investigation that
may be brought to bear upon the subject, should these few notes enable
collectors to become better acquainted with this species, may confirm
the position that A. lu/ngera occupies in our British lists.

Albert J. Hodges, 2, Highbury Place, N.

"Assembling" Amphidasys prodromaria. — Having been fortunate
enough some two or three years ago, to capture a ? prodromaria at
rest on a tree trunk (about 5 feet from the ground) in a wood near here,

'This point is quite unsettled still, owing, probably, to the few British specimens
which have found their way into the best Continental collections. — J.W.T.

C

18 THE entomologist's RECORD.

I thought I would try what success I could meet with by using her for
the purpose of attracting males of the same species. Towards dusk I
placed the $ in a large muslin bag and hung it in a slightly sheltered
pjsition in the wood, as the wind was rather high; but I was evidently
too early, as nothing came until an hour or so after dark, when all at
once I noticed an insect crawling over the muslin; being a great deal
too eager to net if, I must have knocked it down, as it disappeared and
not seeing any more for half an hour or so, I removed the bag and
when I was some distance away, found either the former or a second
male fluttering round it, and this time I netted it. I again hung the bag
up on the outskirts of the wood, and succeeded in taking another male
about 11.30 p.m. I paired the ? the same night; they were in cop. for
r 7 hours, the ? laid a quantity of ova, some of which I reared and used the
females the following season for the same purpose. The result of my
experience is that it is best to enclose the ? in a small muslin bag
(about 3 inches in diameter), as it or several are then more easily
carried ; I generally sit dovvn close under the tree and by looking up at
the bag against the sky, the insects attracted can easily be seen on the
white muslin. I have found the best time to be between 10 and £2
p.m. ; sometimes there are three or four round the bag at once, they
seem to come from above as if out of the branches overhead. At first
I lost several through being too hasty, as they will frequently dart off,
but if allowed to settle on the bag and crawl round a few times, there is
then not the slightest trouble to take them either with a bottle or a
chip box ; they will even crawl over the hand in their endeavour to
reach the % . I have seldom found the same ? of much use the
second night, although I have captured an odd male occasionally. One
slightly windy night I attracted a good number of males, and took the
same ? out the following evening, wliich was quite mild and warm
contrasted with the previous one. I waited by the bag fully two hours
without any result ; unfortunately I had not a second fresh $ at the
time, or it might have shown if the wind was of any assistance, I also
found, if placed together the same night, that the males and females
paired readily and the eggs proved fertile, whereas those I retained until
the following night seemed sluggish and little disposed to copulate.
Some did so, but with me the ova have proved infertile, which seems to
show that their attractive powers are most effective the first day. The
majority of those I have bred emerged from the pupai between 8 and
10 a.m., very rarely later. After drying their wings they settle down
quietly, but towards dusk, crawl up to a point where they can let their
bodies hang suitably for attraction. I have taken a good many males
at light but seldom met with any earlier than 10 p.m., so am of opinion
that the best time both for captures at light and assembling is from 10
to 12 p.m. — Hope Alderson, Farnboro', Kent, R.S.O.

Erratic Appearance of Agrotis segetum and A. suffusa. — In
1887 Agrotis segetum was in great abundance near here, in fact they
were a perfect pest, while I did not see a single specimen of A. suffusa.
Last season (1889) suffusa abounded, while I did not see a single
specimen of segetum, although I sugared the same place every other
night.— J. Wylie, Bridgend, Perth, N.B.

Early Spring Moths. — On Friday, January 31st (1890), I went
out to take some Hybernia progeuimaria, a very variable species here,

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 19

and when I had ]\x<,t fii/ed my boxes, I came upon Pliigalia pilosaria on
the wing in scores, all flying round a dwarf holly bush in a hedge. I
had a man with a lamp with me, and fortunately we had a net each. I
had lo resort to my pocket killing bottle, and my man caught them
until my bottle was full, and we then had to give up. They swarmed
round the holly bush, but we could not beat any out. They ceased for
about five minutes, and then came again as thick as ever. I concluded
there were females about, but the most vigorous search failed to find
any trace. When I reached the inn and turned out my killing bottle,
there were 16 P. pilosaria, all freshly emerged specimens, which were
very variable. The result of my outing was 16 P. pilosaria, 13 11.
progeiiunaria, 27 ZT. rupicapraria, 2 Cheimatobia bruviata, and 2 Depres-
sarice {sp?). I do not consider this bad for the 31st of January ! The
nighr was still, warm, and bright moonlight. — B. Blaydes Thompson,
Harrogate.

American Foodplants of British Insects. — To those interested
in the food plants of British insects, the following may be of some
service : —

Aniphipyra tragopogonis, L. is recorded as feeding on the vine, by
Strecker.

Heliothis arinigera, Hiibn. is recorded as feeding on the cantaleup
and cotton plant, by Strecker.

Noctiia C. nigrum, L. is recorded as feeding on the maple, by
Thomas, and on the peartree, by Harrington. — T. D. A. Cockerell,
West Cliff, Colorado, U.S.A.

Species double-brooded in 1889. — The fine weather in May and
June brought out the spring moths earlier than usual, and as a
consequence of continued fine weather for several wrecks, many early
species produced a second brood remarkably early in the season, and
ordinarily single-brooded species have had a partial second brood.
The second brood (I presume this was so) of Cidaria silaceata was
getting worn near Yarmouth (I. of W.) at the end of July and beginning
of August, as also was that oi Ephyra porata. On the 31st of August,
I found near Strood in Kent, fine specimens of Metrocampa margaritata
quite recently emerged. The second brood of Platyptilia gonodadyla
was out in the middle of August, and continued to emerge up to
the end of September. Of Melanippe galiata I took the second brood
during the last two days of July at Freshwater, and Aspilates citraria
began to appear about the same time. A second brood of Ettbolia
lineolata was out at Deal on the 6th of July. — I. W. Tutt, AVestconibe
Hill, S.E.

Eupithecia togata TWO years in pupa. — I have just bred the
remainder of a lot of pupas of E. togata sent me in 1888. The greater
number came out during last April (1889). It is strange how many
Scotch pupce go over for two years before emergence. I have
previously had Scotch pup?e of Satur7iia carpini, Eupithecia venosata,
Emmelesta albulata and Heydenia auroinaculaia do so. This is the
more remarkable, as one would expect the higher temperature to which
they are subjected in the south would hasten their emergence, and it
suggests at once that many pupae in Scotland must normally pass two
years in the pupal stage. Last year these pupae were subjected to the

20 THE extomologist's record.

same heat as I apijlied to bring out Ddlephila gdUi in January. I
would suggest that Scotch lepidopterists should be pariicularly careful
not to throw away pupse which do not emerge the first year at the
normal time, — J. W. Tutt. March, 1890.

DOUBLE-BROODEDNESS OF ACIDALIA EMUTARIA. It may not be

generally known that the above very local Acidalia is double-brooded,
and as the bad nature of the ground frequented by the species is
certainly not an incentive to its being systematically worked, it probably
accounts for the fact not being more generally known. In the Isle of
AV^ight, where I have met with this pretty little " Wave " in considerable
numbers, I have found it on the wing about the middle of June,
continuing until the end of the first week in July, after which date but
occasional single specimens are seen, and these but for a few days
longer. After an interval of fully a month from the appearance of the
last stragglers of the first brood, the second brood commences to
appear, and may be taken until quite the end of August. I have
noticed that the early brood produce as a rule much finer specimens
than those appearing in August. It is also remarkable how very
difficult this species is to beat out, even where known to be abundant,
during the day time when the swampy nature of its favourite localities
permits such an invasion of its haunts.^ — Albert J. Hodges, 2, High-
bury Place, N.

EuPERiA FULVAGO AT SHEFFIELD. — I had the pleasure last year of
taking a few specimens of this local species, in a very small wood quite
close to this town. They were not at all plentiful, but much darker
than those from either Sherwood Forest or the neighbourhood of
Doncaster. I am very glad, in conjunction with Mr. Batty of this town,
to add this species to our ShetKield list. — A. E. Hall, Norbury, Pits-
moor, Sheffield. March, 1890.

P/ECiliocampa populi at Light. — Everyone knows how fond this
species is of the gas lamps. In a walk round to the lamps in the
suburbs of this town on a warm night about the middle of November,
one sees it dashing madly against the glass in its endeavours to get
inside the lamp ; endeavours which are too often successful, since the
trap door used for the purpose of lighting the lamp is generally left
open, or if it happens to be shut the chances are the glass is broken
somewhere and the moth gets in. When inside, of course it never
rests till it has been through the light. If the moth cannot get inside,
it rests not on the glass, but on the dark supports or framework of the
lamp, where its capture is easy; and in this case it is almost invariably
a good specimen. But three out of every four get inside, and ruin
themselves. Last November, after an unsatisfactory visit to the street
lamps, I thought I would see what another plan would do. I tried two
large lamps about 10 feet from the ground, and at the same distance
apart, placed in front of a large dark sheet hung up about 15 feet from
the lamps. I selected a dark sheet because the moths prefer a dark
surface to rest upon. I visited the sheet several times during the
evening, and the result was I boxed 20 P. populi and 3 Sphinx cassinea
in perfect condition the first night, all quietly at rest on the sheet.
After this no more two hours' march round the gas lamps for scorched

' I have taken both broods repeatedly at Deal. — J.W.T.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 21

specimens! — W. Holland, hi, Southampton Street, Reading. March
Ml, 1890.

Notes from Suffolk. — During last July I spent a fortnight at
Aldeburgh, and although not much regular collecting was done, I
casually came across a number of species. Larvse of Leucvma salicis
and Dicranura vinula were very common on their usual foodplants;
apparently Trochiliiim apiformis and T. crabroniformis occur abun-
dantly, for I found a fine female of the former on a tree trunk, and a
large number of empty pupa cases sticking out of the roots of poplar
trees, imagines of the latter species vvere here and there picked up in the
neighbourhood of sallows. Melanippe unangulata, Emmelesia dccolorata,
and Rivula siricealis were of general occurrence; the insect that
occurred in the greatest numbers was Eupithecia pumilata. This simply
swarmed on the trunks of trees, in the neighbourhood of the furze-clad
common, which stretch inland. I counted over 20 specimens on one
trunk, they were of course the second brood, and were a very fine
form, some of the females looking like small E. togata. Perhaps the
most unexpected catch was Acidalia emutaria, which was flying in small
numbers over some marshy ditches; they were, however, worn to shreds
Specimens of Myelophila cribriim occurred amongst thistles, on which
also the larvae of Vanessa cardui were common. Bryophila perla was
plentiful on walls, but no varieties worth speaking of occurred. Sugar,
and also the heads of marram grass were very unproductive ; the only
insect other than the commonest, that I took, was a very melanic speci-
men of Hadeiia dissimilis. I could hear of several larvte of Ac/ierontia
atropos being destroyed by potato diggers, and after my return home
had two sent me. Of course I made a special search for Sphinx piiia'i/?-i,
but without success. — W. G. Sheldon, 15, Alexandra Road, Croydon.
March 12 th, 1890.

Entomology in Suffolk, 1889. — From the 3rd to the 15th of
August I was collecting at Brantham a village on the southern border
of Suffolk, about midway between Colchester and Ipswich, and
immediately opposite on the other side of the estuary of the Stour, to
the town of Manningtree. The place is on an old river bank, and the
geological formation, London Clay, overlaid by a cap of sand and gravel.

There are no woods in the immediate vicinity, and the locality is
almost entirely agricultural.

The w^eather was fitful and uncertain, and not favourable to the
successful pursuit of butterflies of which 17 kinds were captured,
including Colias edusa, 5 specimens, all taken in one field — none seen
elsewhere ; Vanessa polychloros, a single specimen ; Pararge megcera,
very abundant and in fine condition. Of Bombyces, 3 species only
were seen, viz. : Lithosia lurideola, Lasiocavipa qtiercifolia and Cilix
glaitcata, all taken at dusk. Of Nocture 30 species were obtained,
mostly at sugar on the evenings of the 3rd, 7th and 13th, The most
notable were : Acrcnycta riimtcis, 8 specimens in very fine condition ;
Leucania comma and Calamia phragmitidis, flying among reeds at dusk ;
Hydrcecia nictifans both the dark and pale forms (paii/dis), but all with
ora. ge reniform ; Mamestra abjecfa, 3 specimens; Apamea didyma, a
perfect pest and in endless variety; Agrotis piita, i specimen; A. iriiici,
2 specimens of the ordinary type, and i of the pale form labelled as

22 THE entomologist's record.

A. aqiiilina in our lists ; Noctita pleda, 2 specimens ; N. rubi, very abun-
dant; TriphcEna janthina ; T. comes, several varieties (one very dark),
all having the reniform of a reddish colour; Amphipyra pyraiiiidea,
abundant and in fine condition ; A. tragopogonis and Mania mama, very
abundant ; Tethea subtusa, i specimen caught at dusk ; Hade7ia trifolii ;
H. dissimilis {suasa), i worn specimen; Gotioptera /ibatrix; Habrostola
tripartita, i specimen at dusk, flying over nettles; Catocala nupta, fairly
common. Of Geometers, 21 species were taken, mostly common
ones. The following alone seem worthy of record : Acidaiia imitaria ;
A. ema?-ginata ; Ligdia adustata ; Einmelesia alchemillata ; Eupithecia
subfidvata, and Cidaria picata.

The locality sugared was the circumference of an old duck-decoy
pond, surrounded by trees of several kinds and with a plentiful under-
growth of shrubs. The evening of the 3rd was the most prolific, and
was an illustration of the success of sugar after heavy rain. — Francis
John Buckell, M.B., 32, Canonbury Square, N.

Notes on the Early Season. — This year everything hereabouts is
unusually forward. Among lepidoptera, Phigalia pilosaria has been
out in our woods all the year, and a few were observed at rest on
December 26th of last year ; I have been breeding it freely all the year.
Anisopt:ryx cescularia first appeared in my cages on January 26th and
freely since, Hybernia progeinmaria on January 28th, and CymatopJwra
flavicornis on March 9th, though my friend, Mr. J. Batty of this town,
bred one three weeks previously. P. rapce. has been emerging freely all
the year, and the first Nyssia hispidaria — a female — emerged on March
9th. Tep/irosia crepuscularia, a male, came out on March 9th, and a
female Tmiiocampa mbricosa to-day, the nth inst. I may here state
all my breedings are conducted in a house of exactly the same
temperature as out of doors. I was out in a wood near here to-day,
but did not see or take anything worthy of notice. It was so warm,
one could have fancied it was May if the trees had only been in foliage.
Tortricodes hyematia was literally flying in hundreds everywhere when
the sun was shining, but directly it disappeared behind a cloud, they
all settled on the herbage, and not one was to be seen. C. flavicornis
was at rest, but not at all commonly. — A. E. Hall, Norbury, Pitsmoor,
Sheffield. March nth, 1890.

Abundance of Hybernl\ LEUCOPHyEARiA and other Spring Moths.
— Perhaps some of your readers' experience may be identical with my
own, regarding the abundance of Hybernia leucophaaria this year. I
took it here as early as January i6th on a park fence, and in
considerable numbers, taking about 40 that day, and over 200 $ and i
? in the course of a week. There was then a slight lull regarding
numbers, the weather perhaps accounting for this, but I took it freshly
emerged up to March 6th. Some of them were very good varieties, es-
pecially among the dark-banded ones, which occurred at the rate of about
20 per cent. ; a peculiar point being the later the emergence the darker
the variety, and the number of dark ones seemed to increase in propor-
tion, the later I found them. I have not had much experience with
this moth hitherto, as last year after very careful search (on tree trunks
not fences) for about 6 weeks, I only took i 1^ on the 19th of March,
and the year before about 30 in the same place, which abounded in

PRACTICAL HINTS. 23

very old oaks and elms, so was of course very surprised and pleased to
see them in such numbers this spring. Does this mean that we are to
have a plentiful year for insect life, or an early spring? Phij^alia
pilosaria was also earlier than usual, though not nearly as common as
leucophcearia. I took my first on December 30th, 1889, though last
year they were still earlier, my first being taken on the 4th December,

1888, which I suppose is abnormally early. This species I find varies
slightly; some being quite pale (green), while others are dark with
nearly black markings, the latter being much harder to see on the
weather-beaten fences. I have not troubled to look for them on the
oak trees in the Park, otherwise I should no doubt have found some

? $ , all my captures in both species being $ $ with the exception of
one specimen. Progemmaria I took as early as February ist, though
I have never taken it previously before March, and took it last year in
good condition as late as April 5th. The time of emergence of
leucophxaria seems to be about 11 a.m., as I found a great many drying
their wings about that time. Can anyone inform me how the female
should be captured? — R. B. Robertson, Calcot, Reading.

Sphinx ligustri in pupa two years.- — -Mr. Tugwell, in the Young
Naturalist for March, in an article on the probable origin of
Deilephila galii, says : — " I have had some species two or three years in
pupa, as Petasia nubeculosa, etc., but I never had a Hawk moth lie over,
and I think it is most unusual for them to do so." In 1887, I had
about 14 larvae of S. ligustri ^yhich pupated satisfactorily in 1888; 8 of
these came out at the usual time, and in clearing my breeding cages I
threw the remaining 6 pupae, which seemed quite stiff and dead, out to
be thrown away ; but instead they were put with some other rubbish
into an outhouse, where to my astonishment they emerged in June,

1889, and splendid specimens they were. All 14 were in the same box
from the time of pupation until some time after the emergence of the
first batch in 1887, so that they all had the same conditions of heat,
damp, etc., and Nvhy some came out in 1887 and some in 1888,
remains a puzzle which I cannot solve. — T. Baxter, St. Anne's-on-the-
Sea, Lancashire.

§gRACTICAL HINTS.

{a) During summer look in reed-beds for reeds in which the central
leaves are yellow and appear dead. Cut such close to the water, and
place reeds in a jug of water. Several species, including Leucania
obsoleta, Nonagria genwiipuncta, etc., will be found.

{b) During August look in beds of the Great Reed Mace {Typha
luijolia) for plants which have the central leaves yellow and dead.
Cut low down as possible, and place in water. Nonagria arundinis
(typJuf) will be bred.

{c) In May look on small birch trees and examine suspicious-
looking catkins. Some of the catkins (?) will probably be larvce of
Geometra papilionaria.

24 THE entomologist's record.

{il) When the birch leaves are well out, search for rolled-up leaves
Many will contain larvae of Asphalia fiavuornis.

ie) During the first week of June, beat low elm trees on the out-
skirts of woods, or on the borders of rides in woods. Large numbers
of larvae of T/iecla w-album may thus be obtained. Petasia cassmea
and Cosmia affinis are also generally obtained in some numbers at the
.same time and in the same situation.

(/) In April fill a large bag with catkins of the common birch,
keep bag tightly tied up for a week or two, and then turn into a large
close-fitting bandbox. Many of the birch-feeding species may thus
be obtained.

{g) In April fill a large bag with catkins of ordinary sallow.
Treat as above. Many Nocru.*; {Xanthias, etc.) and Tortrices
will be bred.

(//) Collect heads of coltsfoot {Tiessilago farfara) during May.
Place in large bandbox. You will probably breed large numbers of
Platyptiiia gonodactyla.

{{) On small oak-bushes during June look for large bunches of leaves
joined together, with some of the leaves whitened and eaten. Place in
band-box. You will breed RJiodophcea consociella.

{J) During the latter half of June and first week of July, look out
for any tall thistles (especially Carduiis palustris), which show, by the
drooping and sickly flowerheads, the effects of the internal ravages of
a larva. Cut about the end of June, and the pupa of Gortyna ochracea
{flavago) will be obtained.

^^OTICES.

"Monograph of the Varieties of British Noctu.'e." — Owing to
the greater number of subscribers to the above work suggesting that a
larger subscription should be charged, and that the work should be
illustrated, I offered the work to a well-known firm of West
End Publishers, and they have expressed their willingness to
take it and illustrate it with chromo-lithograph plates. Phis will,
however, delay its production and raise the subscription price. Mos
of the subscribers themselves suggested doubling the proposed price,
and the Publishers suggest the same arrangement. This would
make the vols. los. (or thereabouts) each. If any subscriber does not
wish to increase his subscription, I will arrange to send the letterpress
without plates as per my circular. I shall be pleased to increase the
list of subscribers, which already includes many of the leading British,
European, and American lepidopterists. — J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa,
Westcombe Hill, S.E.

^^"^ ^1.1. ^'■'"/^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 2. Vor.. I. May 15th, 1890.

NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
I HERE are two groups of insects which I should hke to
see worked up by our Entomologists, viz.: — Trichop-
TERA and Neuroptera. These two groups can
very readily be worked by lepidopterists, since they
are captured by the same means, have somewhat similar
habits, and are set in the same way. At the same time they
consist of so comparatively few species that they would give
but little additional trouble to the lepidopterist in his usual
work. The Neuroptera (dragon flies, lacewing flies, stone
flies, etc.), only number some 200 British species, and
many of them are very common. Their beauty causes us to
occasionally capture them for inspection, but lepidopterists
rarely go further. If they knew how few species there really
are, I think they would be more ready to work them up. I
was quite astonished myself when my friend Mr. Porritt urged
me to collect them ; I had a vague idea that each group repre-
sented a similar amount of work to that required to collect
lepidoptera properly, and was much astonished to find how
small a number of species there were. The Trichopteka
(caddis flies, etc.) are well known to all British lepidopterists.
In damp woods we beat them out of bushes, etc., when after
lepidoptera, and in marshy localities many of them come freely
to the sugar we spread for Nocture. The group itself is not
rich in its number of species, only about 160 British species
being known, so that they would require but little extra work.

Mr. Porritt will give any help that is needed in the naming
of species not readily made out, and will be thankful for
specimens (with data) tr.ken l)y lepidopterists, who will go no

26 THE entomologist's record.

further in the work. It seems a shame to waste material
which could be made of so much use by those who are
scientifically working up the group, and I trust that those who
find insects of these orders will set at least types and get them
identified.

Mr. McLachlan's Trichoptera of the European Fauna is by
far the best book on the Trichoptera ; but those who do not
care to go to the expense of the work will be able to study
fairly from the same author's Trichoptera Britannica, published
in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, in
Part I., October, 1865, and Part II., July, 1868, respectively.
Dr. Hagen's papers in the Entomologist' s Amiual, from 1857 to
1861 will be found most useful.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES.

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.
(Continued from page 4.)

'The three divisions into which the genus Acronycta thus
naturally falls do not, so far as I can find, precisely agree
with any sub-genera that have been proposed. Semaphora, Gn.,
for the psi group is the nearest, but this genus did not include
the whole group, and that Guende did not fully understand the
inter-relation of the species, having chiefly studied the imago,
is clear from his placing ahii and ligustri in the same group.
I feel constrained, therefore, very unwillingly, to provide names
for these groups ; and since the pupa most distinctly classifies
them, I take the character of the pupa on which to frame the
designation.

The first, or runiicis group, which is the most typically
Acronycta, I call Viminia {Viinen, a barrel hoop formed of a
split willow branch), from the hoop-like raised margin of the
segments of the pupa, which is present more or less in all, and
very marked in some species {vide Plate I., fig. i).

This group is characterised by the eggs being laid in groups,
usually in a very regular manner, imbricated, that is, in regular
rows overlapping each other, an arrangement which their flat-
ness permits, and which is precisely the same as in certain
Pyralid/E, but does not occur elsewhere, so far as I know,
among the Noctu^, the form of the ^gg rendering it indeed
impossible, though the typical Noctua group of eggs is laid in
the same order, but being spherical (more or less) are side by
side instead of overlapping.

THE GENUS ACRONYOTA AND ITS ALLIES. 27

The youn,e^ larva is of typical Acronycta form and colour, in
all the five British species being very nearly alike, and very close
to the newly-hatched larvae oi psi and tridens, having the 2.,
3.4, 6.7, lo.ii, and 13th segments pale, differing from the
other groups in having three or more hairs on the anterior
trapezoidal tubercles. The full-grown larva tends to be hairy
by having many hairs on the tubercles, the rest of the larva
being comparatively free ; auriconia and menyantJiidis are typical
in this respect.

The pupa is (with the disposition of the eggs) the most dis-
tinctive character of the group. It is black or nearly so, of a
rough, wrinkled, and warty surface ; the free abdominal segments
(segments g and 10) are of as wide, or even wider a diameter
than those in front of them, the tapering to the tail being done
in the remaining fixed segments 11-14, giving a peculiar
squareness to the pupa. There is a double nodule between
the eyes ; the posterior margin of each segment, most marked
in 9 and 10, has a raised band, just like those barrel hoops
that are made of a branch split and with the bark left on,
whose smooth surface contrasts with the roughness of the rest
of the segment. In many pupae (Noctu^ and others) there is
a tendency for this margin of the segment to be free from pits or
points, and in some a slight tendency to be raised above the
general level, but nowhere else does it assume so distinct a
barrel hoop form as in ruinicis and venosa. The anal armature
is a projection with somewhat quadrangular termination having
the points or spines nearly or quite obsolete, but clothed with a
brush of stiff brown bristles (Plate L, fig. i, pupa oi niviicis) .

This pupa is enclosed in a cocoon of tough, whitish silk,
fairly copious in amount, but of one simple layer, usually
clothed in fragments of grass, twigs, leaves, etc., and often
placed against a stump, stone, or post.

The second, or psi group, I propose to call by the name
Cuspidia {cuspis, a spine), as the pupae are distinguished by a
peculiar arrangement of long terminal spines {vide Plate I., fig.
2). In this section the eggs are always laid separately and, so
far as I know, in the wild state, are laid solitarily. They arc
not quite so flat as those of Vimiuia. Being laid solitarily, they
assume their natural dome shape, whilst those of Vimiuia being
laid overlapping each other, and consequently not on a flat
surface, take whilst soft a form in which some of the convexity
affects the lower surface and are therefore flatter above ; essen-
tially probably the eggs in both groups are equally dome shaped ;

28 THE entomologist's record.

indeed this is clearly apparent when an egg or two in Viminia
is laid solitarily, as happens occasionally in all species, perhaps
most frequently in myriccE.

The newly-hatched larvae in Cnspidia always have the eleventh
segment pale, but the tints of the other segments differ in
different species ; in psi and tridcns they are the same as in
Viminia. In nearly all species the anterior trapezoidal
tubercles have only one bristle, but two occur in one or two
species. The full-grown larva is in each species a law to itself,
but where the larva is hairy, as in leporina and aceris, the hairs
arise chiefly from the general surface, and the tubercles, as
bases for bundles of hairs are not easily distinguished, whilst
in the non-hairy species, such as alni, each tubercle has one
bristle.

The pupa, however, is again the most distinctive stage of
the group ; it is indeed hard to believe that there can be any
relationship between, say, runiicis and psi{ cf. Plate I., figs, i
and 2) ; the latter is of the ordinary Noctua, smooth, brown,
brittle-looking, semi-transparent, chitinous material ; it tapers
regularly from the thickest part of the thorax to the terminal
segments, which are somewhat rounded to finish with, and the
sculpturing, instead of being raised points, consists of the
ordinary minute pits (Plate I., fig, 2, pupa of tridens). The
anal armature consists of a system of spines, of which there are
a dorsal and a ventral series. I presume strictly, all are dorsal
as being dorsal to the cloacal aperture, but in relation to each
other, these groups may be most simply so described. The dorsal
set consists of two spines, one on either side, but not far from
the middle line ; only in aceris do these tend to be multiplied,
apparently by being split up rather than by others being deve-
loped. The ventral set is more variable, and consists of three
or more spines on either side. These pupae are not contained
in a silken cocoon, but in cavities formed by the larvas in
rotten wood, bark, etc. Some, as psi and tridens use rather
more silk, and will spin up in debris or even go down into
earth, if no other resource is available, whilst aceris, though
loving some dead loose bark or such material, spins an elabo-
rate cocoon almost anywhere ; in this respect, and in the anal
armature, perhaps, presenting a slight approach towards (or
from) the Vimitiia group, and the further gap may, for aught
I know, be bridged over by some exotic species.

The third group I propose to name Bisulcia {bis twice, sulcus
a furrow) from the double depression that crosses the back of

PL I.

Hora.ce Kiiic

It

A.f

Pupae of Gen-QS Acronycta.

Wpst,Newman lith.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 29

each segment of the pupa (Plate I., lig. j, pupa of ligustri).
Having only one species in the group it is difficult to say what
characters are generic and what specific. The c^'g is laid
solitarily, and is indeed very like that oi psi ; the young larva
is pale throughout, with only one bristle on each tubercle. The
full-grown larva does not at all suggest Acronycta, being green
and semi-transparent, and tapering regularly to each extremity.

The pupa is thick and squat, and has two transverse depres-
sions on the dorsum of each segment ; the anal armature
consists of short points. The cocoon is of a hard, tough,
but somewhat brittle silk, nearly black in colour, and with
always some indication of an opening at one end, and some-
times an almost distinct line of division forming a valve for the
emergence of the moth.

The perfect insect in Bisulcia has a tufted abdomen, and is
more polished in wing surface, and the wings are shorter and
rounder, so that altogether the moth has a different facies from
the other species ; but between the other two groups there is
no very decided difference. Viminia is more robust, and has
a rougher aspect than Cuspidia, but so indefinite is the distinc-
tion that, judging from the imago alone, there would be some
temptation to class viegacepJiala with Viminia and inenyantliidis
with Cuspidia.

The other pupa in Plate I., that of orion (fig. 4), differs con-
siderably from any of the \xwQ.Acronyctas, but not more so than
the several sub-genera do from each other. It will be best to
deal with it when treating of that species.
(To be continued.)
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

i Fig. I. — Pupa of Viminia rumicis.
Enlarged \ Y\p. 2.— Pupa of Citspidia tridcus.

about 3i -| -r.- ^ T) C 7T ! ■ T , •

diameters. i'^- ?>-—^^V^ oi Bisulcia lii,nistri.

\ Fig. 4.— Pupa of Moma ( Diphthcra) orioii.
Fig. 4a.— Pupa of y]/. orioti, 9th segment, enlarged about 15 diameters.
Fig. 5a. — Pupa of V. auricoma, natural size.
Enl.-irged ( ^ig. 5b.— Pupa of V. aicricoma ; dorsal view of anterior extremity,
about S \ F"ig. 5<-"- — Pupa of V. auricoma ; gth segment, lateral view,
diameters. ( Fig. jri. — Terminal segment and anal armature.

^^gciENTIFIC NOTES.

On the origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina. — Every British
lepidopterist is interested in the interesting green variety of A . pap/ua
which we call valesina. Every one who goes to the New Forest, and
feels he must tell his fellow collectors where he has been, mentions
valesina. If it be present he joyfully heralds the fact, if it isn't he

30 THE entomologist's record.

records its absence with a heavy heart, as if he hadn't been served
quite properly. But how many of our lepidopterists know that
probably a dozen specimens have never been captured in Britain out
of the New Forest. One or two odd specimens in Sussex and a few in
Devon are almost the only specimens that have been taken outside that
charmed circle in the New Forest. But strange to say the same facts
hold as we pass right through Central Europe, and through Central Asia.
In all the large wooded districts of this area brown and green females
occur {d/mi9r/)/n'c females, or females having two forms, as we term them).
In other more open areas north and south of this central area we find an
almost total absence of valeshia. It is absent in Scandinavia, Northern
Germany, Russia and Siberia, it occurs in Southern Germany, Armenia,
eastward into China ; but while throughout Central Europe and Asia
in the large forests the two forms of the female occur side by side, in
China the var. valesina appears to be the only form of the female
known. To the north-east of China in Japan the females are all brown
(somewhat darker than ours), but no valesina. Here then are some
strange facts. The more open northern districts in which paphia
occurs produce no valesina, the old wooded tracts of Central Europe
and Asia produce both brown females and valesina, but certain Chinese
districts produce valesina only. That more or less intermediate forms
should occur is only natural, and Mr. J. Jenner Weir possesses a series
of intermediate forms between the brown female and var. valesina taken
in the New Forest. That one of the forms, brown or green, was the
primitive form of the species is certain. Owing to the colour of the
male being brown, and the tendency in Rhopalocera to the production
of a more highly coloured male than female form, it would appear that
the brown female is the more highly specialised one, and that the green
{valesina) represents a more original form. There has been, no doubt,
therefore, a gradual displacement of the old by the new form which
has resulted in the general production of a brown female more closely
like the male, and this displacement is still going on. But the Chinese
females are all valesina. The condition therefore, in this district, must
have been more favourable to the preservation of the old form and less
favourable to the production of the new.

I would now point out that the var. valesina is more particularly
attached throughout its entire range to wooded tracts, and it at once
suggests itself whether this form is not perpetuated in large forests and
wooded tracts, and more liable to displacement in small wooded tracts
and more open areas. If so, we should look, it appears to me, for the
cause of its origin or production in the excessive moisture of the woods
and forests rather than in any other direction. We so frequently get
erroneous ideas and vague generalisations of these dark forms being
remnants of an arctic fauna, that it is refreshing to find a species which
completely overthrows these false assertions. If it were a remnant of a
glacial or arctic form, we should not find all the females in the northern
range of the species brown, with the green form only in existence in
the woods and forests much farther south.

That moisture directly influences the colour of Rhopalocera may be
gathered from the following : — " I lately met with a most interesting
experiment. Two totally different forms of an Indian butterfly have
been found to be a ' wet ' season and ' dry ' season form, and the wet

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 31

season form was bred in the dry weather by feeding the larvoi with
food placed on a wet sponge so that the atmosphere was kept thoroughly
moist" (J. Jenner Weir, F.L.S., /// liti.).—]. W. Tutt, Westcombe
Hill, S.E.

"Synonymic Notes on the Moths of the Early Genera of
NocTuiTES." — I have to thank Mr. Tutt for calling my attention
{Record, pp. 9-10) to what he considers to be three serious errors in
my recent paper on "the earlier genera of Noctuites."

One of these I am willing to admit may be a stupid blunder ; though
on the other hand it may be the result of a careful study of the original
description of Agrotis ypsilon. I do not remember, and therefore I
can do no less than agree with Dr. Staudinger and others that A. suffusa
shall be called A. ypsilon and not Peridroma saucia. Curiously enough
I arranged them in our collection under these names. ^

With regard to A. segetis it is the older name for the species and
must stand in preference to A. segetum.

Agrotis subgothica is admitted as a distinct species in Grote's check-
list. It is a common North American species, and if it was ever taken
in England (as Stephens says) it was imported. It is quite distinct
from A. tritici. — A. G. Butler, British Museum (Natural History),
South Kensington, S.W.

[If Mr. Grote considers A. subgothica a species it is hardly possible
to get from the fact that the species should be called A. subgothica,
Grote, and not subgothica, Haw. There is no doubt that subgothica. Haw.
is a variety of tritici, and if Grote has described an American species
under this name it should be on his authority not Haworth's. — Ed.]

Notes on Tortrix palleana, T. viburnana, T. teucriana
(n. sp.), and T. steineriana var. dohrnlana. — In Humphrey and
Westwood's British Moths, plate 79, are figures of: — (i). Tortrix
palleana {^g. 11) referred to Tortrix flavana. Haw. (No. 5); Haworth
refers this to Tortrix flavana, Hiib. (No. 157), and Dr. AVocke considers
this equals palleana, Hb. Vog. and Schm. 30 (1793)- This is apparently
the pale yellow insect we call paleana and used to know as icterana.
(2). Tortrix galiana (figs. 15 and 16), which repiesent male and female
specimens of what our northern friends get on their heaths, and which
Dr. Wocke says is viburniafia, Fab. var. galiana, Curt. These speci-
mens have in both sexes generally a more or less complete transverse
band on the anterior wings but occasionally the specimens (especially
males) are spotless and then become typical viburniana. Fab. (3). Tortrix
viburnana (fig. 12). This represents a specimen of the so-called
viburnana which we get on the south-east coast (Folkestone Warren,
Deal, Dover, Shoeburyness, etc.). The only foodplant of this form
that I know of is Teucrium and I have never found it away from the
coast. The anterior wings are of a shiny greyish brown. 'I his
viburnana of Westwood is said to be a synonym oi palleana {paleana, Hb.)
by Mr. South in the Entomologist list, but this is entirely wrong as it is
Westwood's palleana which is synonymous with Hiibner's paleana.
The two forms are perfectly distinct, and Westwood's viburnana is
undoubtedly a species intermediate between that author's palleana and

1 I think this is good ptiind facie evidence that an error was committed rather than
that a probable change of names should take place. — En.

32 THE entomologist'^ record.

galeana (our northern vibumana). It is the viburnana mentioned by
Mr. Standish {Entom., vol. x., p. 74) as feeding on Teucriufn scorodonia
in the Warren at Folkestone, but certainly not the viburnana which
Mr. Prest found near York feeding on Salix repens {Entom., vol. x.,
p. 49). I have only one specimen (?) of the so-called southern
viburnana with a transverse band and this is very different to the band
in the northern species, ending on the inner margin at nearly one-third
from the anal angle to the base, instead of almost at the anal angle.
For this well-marked southern species I propose the provisional name
oi teiuriana. Speaking to Mr. Sydney Webb about the species, I was
surprised to find he had already given the matter some attention, and
was quite satisfied that the species was not the same as that obtained
on the northern moors. I trust something very definite about the life
histories of these two species will be obtained this year so that a
satisfactory comparison may be made.

The males of all this group have a very close superficial resemblance,
and this brings me to another probable error ot determination respecting
viburnana. Among my Continental Tortrices are some very fine
specimens of Tortrix steineriana var. do/irniana, H.S., and there is
scarcely any difference between the males of dohrniana and the
unicolorous males of tencriana (hitherto called viburnana) although the
females are very different. But dohrniana feeds on Finns sylvestris,
and it appears to me that Madame Lienig's viburnana (referred to in
Entom., X., p. 49, by Mr. Fitch as feeding on Finns sylvestris) are much
more probably var. dohrniana than the allied viburnana to which she
referred her pine-feeding species. — J. W. Tutt, Rayleigh Villa,
Westcombe Hill, S.E.

^URRENT NOTES.

A new CoLEOPTERON {Neuraphes plani/rons), taken in Sherwood
Forest, has been described and named {Eni. Mo. I\fag.) by Mr. W. G.
Blatch ; whilst another species (Cardiophorus equisefi, Herbst.) is added
to the British list by Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, M.A., F.E.S.

Mr. Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., has written [Eftt. Mo. Mag.) a long
article differentiating Scoparia mercurella and S. cratcegella. I quite
agree with Mr. Bankes as to the distinctness of these species and the
comparative rarity (in the southern counties at least) of the latter
species.

A new British bee {Frosopis gena/ii, Thorns.) has been added (Enf.
Mo. Mag.) to our lists by Mr. E. Saunders, F.L.S.

Dr. Wood states that Swammerdamia griseo-capitella feeds not only
on birch but on Fyrus tormina/is and probably F. aucuparia. He also
describes {Ent. Mo. Mag.) the larva of S. liitarea, which he finds feed-
ing both on hawthorn and mountain-ash.

Lieut.-Col. L. Blathwayt publishes an interesting note on a dimorphic
condition existing in the Dipteron Volucella bombylans.

Two new species of Gelechiida, added to the British list by Mr. C. G.
Barrett, were exhibited by him at the South London Society's meeting

CURRENT NOTES. 33

of April loth: — (i). Bryotroplia obsciirella, Hein., of which I apparently
have specimens from Deal and Darlington. I do not believe Mr. J. B.
Hodgkinson's specimens to be specifically identical with the Deal
and Darlington specimens, although Mr. Barrett thinks they are. (2).
Doryphora elo?ige!ln, Hein., from Pembroke. This latter species is a
most obscure and unsatisfactory looking species, and appears to have no
very distinctive characters by which it might be recognized.

Mr. A. F. Griffith exhibited Penthi7ia greviUana at the Entomological
Society's meeting on March 5th. Mr. C. G. Barrett, Ent. Afo. Mag.,
vol. xxiii., p. 34, struck this name out of our lists, believing the supposed
species nothing more than a pale form of F. saucia/ia. Our ideas of
grei'illana appear to be getting rather mixed.

Mr. N. F. Dobree states most decidedly that Agrotis as/nuorthii,
Doubl., is specifically identical with A. caiidelarutn, Stdgr.

Mr. C. G. Barrett has exhibited at the London Entomological Society
a specimen of Botys vmtualis, Zell., taken by Mr. Gregson, near Bolton,
Lancashire.

Mr. Gerrard has obtained imagines from larvfe of an Ephestia feeding
on rice. To me it appears that the species is E. kiihniella.

Mr. Mansbridge has obtained imagines of a Tinea from larvce feeding
on fish guano brought from Norway. The imago appears to belong to
T. biselieila, but the specimens are large.

I understand that an account will shortly be published by Dr. J. H.
Wood of a remarkable discovery made by himself and Dr. Chapman
of the oviposition of Micropteryx, and the structure involved, which
suggests an affinity of that anomalous genus with the sawflies.

At the South London Society's meeting on April 24th, Mr. Adkin
read a most interesting paper, "• On the occasional abundance of certain
species of Lepidoptera ! " It is to be hoped that the Society will pub-
lish it.

On Tuesday and Wednesday, April 22nd and 23rd, Mr. Howard
Vaughan's collection of British Macro-lepidoptera was sold. The
varieties fetched high prices, three C. edusa vars. being bought one after
the other for ;^io each, and a fourth for^i^^io los. ; the latter price was
also paid for a var. of A. aglaia (damaged) ; £,\ for a var. of A.paphia ;
jQg I OS. for two vars. of V. to ; the same for a var. of V. atalanta^ and
;i<,io for a var. of cardui ; jQb 10s. was paid for a var. of C. dispar ? ,
whilst the Lyccenidce produced from 2 to 4 guineas per lot ; a specimen
of C. caja was sold for 1 5 guineas ; a series of P. piniperda vars. pro-
duced ]£2 los. ; a series of T. gothica jQi 15s ; a series of E. lutulenta
and E. viminalis combined,;;^ 2 5s. ; a series o{ E.luiiiknta^ j[^2 ; whilst
a var. of C. nupta brought ^4. Many others were worthy of notice,
but the sale was remarkable for the fact that almost all the high prices
were for varieties ; nor is this to be wondered at, when one considers
that it is one of the scientific branches of our subject which is yet un-
touched, unknown, and not understood even by the most intelligent of
our workers.

Our readers will be pleased to notice in our pages that Spi/onofa
pauperana has been captured liy Mr. C. Fenn, and Notodunta carnielita
by Mr. Holland:

34

VARIATION.

Tephrosia biundularia var. delamerensis in Nottingham. — T.
biundiilaria, so far as I am aware, only occurs in one locality in this
district. In this locality in some seasons it occurs in fair numbers,
while in others it is comparatively scarce. The time of appearance
differs from that given by Newman, who states that it occurs in April
and again in July. Here it only appears to occur during June. I have
found it from the ist to the 15th of the month in good condition, the
date of appearance varying with the season. We appear to get two
extreme varieties here, one very light, the other very dark. I have
found the melanic forms so far in greater abundance than the light
ones. The dark form is very dark greyish black in colour, and probably
occurs in about the proportion of three to two paler ones. Intermediate
forms of course occur. Last season I captured a pair of T. biundularia
in copula, one of the palest form, the other of the darkest, and from
them I obtained ova, now having pupae of this batch, the imagos from
which I am waiting anxiously to appear. The wood in which biim-
dularia occurs, is situated on a sandy soil, chiefly planted with oak ;
but it is in a small chestnut plantation that I take biiindularia, at rest on
the trunks of the chestnut trees. Here I believe the larva feeds on
chestnut, and pupates at the foot of the trees, as I have rarely taken the
imago on oak. Those I have reared I have fed on hawthorn. The
larvae grow very slowly and rarely pupate until August and September.
— W. Daws, New Wood Street, Mansfield, Notts.

[The time given by Newman is that for the allied T. crepuscularia,
not biundularia, which always occurs in the south from about May 24th
to June loth. Newman did not distinguish the species correctly and
hence is in error. I have reared the species on birch, sallow, oak,
hawthorn, and other trees and shrubs .^ — J.W.T.]

A SUFFUSED var. OF AcRONYCTA ALNi. — I havc a Specimen of A. alni
bred by the late J. G. Ross of Bathampton which has the black colora-
tion spread over the basal half of the fore wings. — C. W. Dale, Glan-
ville's Wootton.

A BLACK VAR. OF Brephos parthenias. — I have a specimen of B.
parthenias also from the late Mr. Ross, which is entirely black without
any trace of white or yellow about it. It is one of the best melanic
specimens I have ever seen. — C. W. Dale. March, 1890.

[I would propose for this the varietal name oi nigra. — J.W.T.]

Miana arcuosa var. morrisii. — Acosmetia niorrisii is described in
the Naturalist for 1837, p. 88. It is a white var. of M. arcuosa and
has occurred at Chermouth. — C. W. Dale.

Acronycta ligustri var. nigra. — Mr. A. E. Hall of Sheffield sent
me a perfectly melanic specimen of this species a short time since,
under the impression that it was ruinicis var. salicis. It is entirely
black, the paler markings of the type being entirely absent, the trans-
verse lines being more intensely black than the ground colour. Mr.
Hall writes : " I only took two A. ligustri, both on the same date, viz.
June nth, 1888, in Wadworth Wood near Doncaster. One I sent you,
the other I have myself." It is interesting to note what a number of

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 35

species produced melanic vars. in the wet season of 1888. — J. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Theristis mucronella (caudella, Sta.) var. striata. — Mr. W-
Daws of Mansfield, Notts, has sent me a beautiful specimen of this
variety. It has the anterior wings of the ordinary ground colour with a
longitudinal black streak extending from the base of the wing (parallel
to and at a short distance from the costa) to the apex, another black
longitudinal streak under the median nervure, joins the upper one just
beyond the centre, while a third transverse line parallel to this, extends
along the centre and base of the inner margin. Hind wings quite
normal. — J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Size Variation in Lycena alexis. — As this journal is partially
devoted to records of variation a few remarks on the variation in size of
L. alexis may not appear out of place.

In Mr. South's paper on "the genus Lycana'' he gives the average
size of alexis as 1.20" in the male and i.io" in the female (English
specimens), and mentions as extremes in size, ? 's taken at Folkestone
.75" to .85", and (J's taken at Ventnor from 1.30" to 1.40".

On looking through the series in my cabinet I found the following
specimens taken at different times and in various localities (as the
average in both $ and ? corresponds with Mr. South's insects I only
quote abnormal wing expansions).

Sex. Locality. Size. Date.

1. ? Hempsted, Gloucestershire... 1.75''

2. $ Painswick, „ 1.53" .. '87

3. r? Upton St. Leonards, Glo'shire 0.95"

4. $ St. Leonards, Hastings ... 0.625"

5. $ St. Leonards, Hastings ... 0.875"

6. $ St. Leonards, Hastings ... 0.812"
Thus it will be seen No. i is larger than Mr. South's (5"s 1.4 (Ventnor),

and No. 4 smaller than his Folkestone $ 's.

In fact No. i is the largest ? and No. 4 the smallest $ I have ever
seen.

No. I was not captured by myself, but I was present when it was
taken, all the others are of my own taking.

If any of the Record readers can beat above record it will prove very
interesting. No. 3 is the smallest I have seen in five years in this
locality. — M. Stanger Higgs, Upton St. Leonards, Gloucester.

[There were several dwarfs in Mr. Howard Vaughan's collection lately
sold ; I have some very small ones, but have taken no measurements.
—Ed.]

'87
'87

'87

jOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Spring Coleoptera. — "Spring's delights are all reviving. Haw-
thorn buds give joyful tidings " — at least, so the poet says — I do not
remember his name now, but that is of little conse(]uence, as he did
not write about beetles ; however, the news conveyed in the lines is
indeed welcome to the entomologist, who, with beating stick and
umbrella, again betakes himself to his favourite pastime of socking for
insects that are specially prevalent at this season. The pretty leaflets

36 THE entomologist's record.

and fragrant flowerets which clothe the trees and shrubs present great
attractions for beetle-hfe ; and, favoured by the bright sunshine
during his excursions, the coleopterist would not fail in obtaining a
bountiful supply wherewith to enrich his collection. It is in the gay
springtime, just as the delicate blossoms have burst their coverings,
that many brightly-coloured species of Curculionidce. are to be sought
for ; several Longicorn beetles also put in their appearance, besides
numerous other groups.

The hawthorn blossom of the year 1884 was certainly a magnificent
sight, and in the delightfully fine weather which prevailed at that
time I paid several visits to the bloom in the localities of Loughton,
Esher, and Farnham (Surrey). Loughton is rich in hawthorn, and on
May 1 6th of that year I made the first attempt to work this district.
In selecting the trees on which to commence operations, it is always
best to choose those that are not fully out, as the strength of the
aroma evaporates quickly. The beautifully marked Rhynchites
cequn/iis, Antliofwmus pediciilarius, and Adimonia sanguinea may be
obtained commonly in this neighbourhood ; a good series of Rhyn-
chites paiixillus may also be got, odd specimens of R. aliaria;, R.
pubescens, and indeed nearly all the species of the genus Rhy?ichites
occur at Loughton. Clytus mysticus likewise turns up occasionally ;
and its congener- — C. arcutitus — is reputed to have occurred here,
but I have never found it, and have no reliable information con-
cerning its capture in recent years. Tetratoma ancorce can be beaten
from hornbeam ; the prettily striped Apion genistce is found freely on
the yellow flowers of Genista anglica ; and, accompanying the latter
species, Strophosomus retusus is moderately common.

The Esher locality is disappointing to many people, but those who
know its nooks and corners are sure to find something worth bottling
even in the worst season. 1 remember once meeting a party of
entomologists out here for a field day, and their net results were far
from numerous. My own captures amounted to a considerable
number on this occasion. Field days, in my opinion, are of little or
no use for collecting purposes, and it is much better to hunt in
couples rather than in a body. In the first place, too many collectors
are a nuisance to each other ; and secondly, they get over too much
ground and also too quickly. It may be urged that these excursions
are mainly for prospecting new country, but surely work of this kind
is more adapted for other seasons of the year. For my part, I in-
variably make my surveys during winter.

To return to the hawthorn blossom. At this locality (Esher) many
of the commoner species of Longicorns frequent the bloom. On one
afternoon I obtained Gramnioptera ruficoriiis, G. tabaccicolor (both
commonly), Polyopsia prceusta, Clytus arietis, and nearly a dozen of
C. mysticus. In addition to these, Cychramus luteus and C. fmigicola
were obtained from a hedge skirting a patch of woodland ; it may be
as well to mention here that Dr. Sharp regards the two latter as sexes
of one species. The genera Epunca and Meligethes were in pro-
fusion. Some half-dozen Balaninus nucuin rewarded my efforts ; but
B. villosus was scarce on oak. Cleonus nchulosus is sometimes found
roaming on the heath, but more often is captured in the sandpits,
and in the same place also a number of commoner species.

NOTKS ON COLLECTING, ETC. 37

On June 2nd of the same year I journrycd to P'arnham with the
view of continuing operations at the hawthorn. 'I'he season had now
advanced considerably, and the bloom being fully expanded was not
so attractive to the insects. Nevertheless, besides meeting with many
species previously mentioned, I obtained several specimens of Pachyta
collaris, a species generally to be found in hop gardens, its habitat
being in the hop-poles. Owing to a slight argument with the game-
keeper at the Old Park, I made my way towards Moor Park, and
by beating the broom growing on the hillside of Moor Park House I
procured Balanifuis tessidatus, Gonioctena litura (commonly), and
Asclera canilea (this latter is likewise to be found on the trunks of
poplar trees). Proceeding onward, I ascended Crooksbury Hill, and
again insects were plentiful ; the most noticeable being Luperus
flavipes, which seemed attached to the young oaks. The water plants
were showing vigorous signs of life, and DonacicB were disporting
themselves in the sun, but this interesting genus deserves a separate
paper, therefore I will for the present defer any remarks on them. —
G. A. Lewcock, 73, Oxford Road, Islington.

Captures at "Sallows. — There is only one small clump of sallow
in Portland, which was in full bloom by March 13th, and was passe a
fortnight afterwards. At this I only meet with TaiiiGcanipa gothica,
stabilis, rubricosa, and Xylocampa areola. — E. \V. Brown, Portland.

On favourable evenings during the last fortnight moths have been
most abundant at sallow in some districts. Dr. Chapman at Hereford
has found them especially abundant in the Hereford district, and I now
have — thanks to him — long series of Tceniocampa leucographa, T. miniosa,
T. riibricosa, T. insfabilis, T. stabilis, T. cruda, T. gothica, and T. miinda,
on my setting boards, together with a few specimens of T. popideti and
T. gracilis, and one specimen of Ptcrophorns luotiodactylus. These were
all obtained during the latter fortnight in March. When the wind
changed to the north and north-east on March 31st the moths suddenly
became rare. This shows how a north or east wind influences the
activity of night-flying lepidoptera. — J. W. Tutt. April, 1890.

My experience of sallow this year has been an almost total failure.
I have just returned (April loth) from a three days' expedition in
search of Dasycampa rubiginea and the Tceniocampidce, my bag being
two TcBuiocanipa rubricosa and one Xylocampa lithoriza (areola),
whereas, last year, in the same place, I took four rubiginea and dozens
Q>i gracilis, mbricosa, lithoriza, and a few 'Irachea pi^iiptrda ; whilst the
year before I took seven rubiginea, and from ova which I obtained
from these I afterwards bred a beautiful series. Perhai^s the cold wind
accompanied by rain prevented their appearance. — R. B, Robertson,
Calcot, Reading.

Doubtless many of us were agreeably surprised this spring at the
unusual abundance of the Tceniocampidce, but as business engagements
and other arrangements prevent many from engaging in active collecting
so early in the season, I do not doubt that a few notes upon my ex-
perience a few weeks ago at Hereford will be read with interest. I
was induced to make so long a journey through hearing of the special
abundance of one or two of the more local species there obtained, and
further by the remarkably warm and favourable evenings, for the time of
year, which we were then, during the last week of March, experiencing.

38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Unfortunately, with the glorious uncertainty of our British climate,
the weather turned much colder and clearer just as I left London, and
the four nights I spent at Hereford were all more or less (usually more)
frosty, with a bright moon and cloudless sky. Leaving London on
Monday morning, 31st March, almost losing my train through my
laudable efforts to avoid delaying the basket of the Record Exchange
Club, which I received by post when packing, and just managed to
start again on its rounds, I reached Hereford about 3.0 p.m., a most
glorious sunny cloudless sky overhead, but with a clear atmosphere and
cold wind which augured badly for our sport, and, after unpacking
those few impedimenta without which the collecting lepidopterist cannot
travel, I hastened to the rendezvous to meet a well-known entomologist
resident in that neighbourhood, to whose courtesy and intimate ac-
quaintance with the locality I am indebted for much of my knowledge.
As the train left us at our destination rather too early to commence
working the sallows we spent the hour or so before dusk in looking
round, my friend most kindly pointing out the numerous features of
interest which the district presents to the entomologist. During this
cursory inspection we succeeded in finding a few BrepJios fwflia at rest
upon the aspen poplar {Popidiis tremula), including one pair taken in
ccp. The cold east wind evidently prevented notiia from indulging in
its usual wild flight, and all our efforts in shaking the taller aspens only
succeeded in dislodging one more that evening, although during the
bright sunshine of the following morning I managed to shake down a
few more, of which after an exciting chase fully half escaped. Although
the wood was plentifully dotted with birch trees {Betiila alba) I did not
see a single B. partlienias during the next morning which I spent there,
although the previous Saturday, in the London district, I had found it
well on the wing. On our way back we picked up an odd Cy-natopliorn
flavicornis, also resting on the twigs of the lower aspens, and by trunk
searching found a few Lobophora carpinata at rest, with Diurncea fagella,
both light and dark forms common as usual. As it was now rapidly
getting darker we made our way back to the inn, where, after a little
light refreshment, we got our lanterns and started.

I may here mention that in the woods we were then working, sallows
were far from plentiful and scattered far apart, which, while adding
considerably to the miles walked, yet renders each sallow more remune-
rative and consequently better worth visiting. It is a great mistake to
select as working ground spots in which too many sallows occur,
especially where some of these are in inaccessible spots, as the moths,
by some strange instinct, always seem to prefer the more inaccessible
trees. Although so clear a night, I was pleasantly surprised at the
sport we met with, Pachnobia leiicographa turning up in what I regarded
as a satisfactory manner, T. miniosa being rather more scarce. I need
hardly say that gothica, stabilis, and criida gave abundant proof of their
presence, while instabilis, viunda, and gracilis were decidedly scarce, the
ground being, I think, not favourable for the last species ; which also
is, in that locality, usually the last to emerge and may not have been
fully out. Of miinda I obtained one very nice variety, and was also
able to secure a couple of populdi. In working the sallows we found
the female blossom just as attractive to the moths as the male, which is
a fact, I think, not generally allowed ; but the uncertainty doubtless

NOTI<:S ON C'OLLECTIN(l, ETC. 89

arises from the fact that the female blossom not being so conspicuous
at dark as the handsomer bright yellow male is often passed by the
collector as being " over."

We did not see much of P. ruhricosa that evening, but before I left, it
occurred in greater plenty, although owing to each night being colder
than its predecessor, the moths grew less plentiful ; this, I think, is also
a later species to emerge, those that I took being in very fine condition.

On my last evening we were tempted out in a different direction, in
the hopes of taking opima, but it was a most unfavourable evening,
even gothica hardly caring to court the publicity of the moonbeams,
and but for some eight or ten Hoporitia croceago we had a very poor
evening.

However, as during my short visit I took specimens of each of the
Tceniocampidce except opima, and of each of the Pachnobice, excepting
hyperborea, I was on the whole very pleased with my few days' holiday,
although, had the warm evenings lasted, I should have doubtless been
far more successful in point of numbers. — Alberp J. Hodges, 2,
Highbury Place, N. April, 1890.

The sallows are well out now in this district. I have this evening
(March 31st) captured, among other species, fourteen T. populcti. —C.
Fenn, Eversden House, Lee, S.E.

Sallow work has not been as good as usual this spring with us here.
Cold north-east wind and bright moonlight nights nearly the whole time.
Sugar also did not pay so well for the same reason. I sugar for T. miinda
only at this season, as this species prefers it to sallow. I sometimes get
a dozen in a night on sugar and about two at sallow. — W. Holland,
Reading.

Up to the present (April i8th) the sallows are not yet in a condition
fit for beating, as the catkins, except in very sheltered places, have not
yet opened. — J.. Wylie, 12, Union Street Lane, Bridgend, N.B.

As far as larvse at sallow are concerned we have nothing to complain
of at Brighton. I should think I obtained by picking the catkins quite
100 Xanthia cerago. This was on the 30th of March, when the sallows
were mostly in full bloom. — Louis Meaden, Brighton.

Dasycampa rubiginea at Clevedon, Somersetshire. — For the
last year or two this local and beautiful insect has not been so plentiful
in the Clevedon district as formerly. On referring to my notes for
1885, I find my captures during that autumn numbered seventeen; in
the following year nine specimens were taken; in 1887 seven, four of
which were taken at sugar, after the ivy bloom was over; the autumns
of 1888 and i88g only produced one specimen each, though the insect
was well searched for. Of specimens taken in the spring after hyber-
nation, two were taken at sallow on April ist, 1885 ; two on April 2nd,
1887 ; and a single specimen at sugar on the 9th of April, 1888; so
that it would appear, from some cause or other, the species is much less
frequent in this district than formerly. The latter end of November
and beginning of December in 1888 were unusually mild, and, as the
ivy bloom was over early, I tried sugaring as an experiment, and was
very agreeably surprised at my luck in taking four beautiful specimens
on the evenings of November 28th and December ist, two on each
evening, but the weather becoming frosty I had no further success that
season ; a single frosty night at this time of the year is often sufficient

40 THE entomologist's record.

to kill or drive all moths frequenting ivy bloom into winter quarters,
and I have never found that a succeeding spell of mild weather ever
induced them to appear on the wing until the following March.

Ri/lu'ginea is what I should term rather a shy insect. You find it in
out-of-the-way places, seldom occupying a front seat on the ivy bush,
and it has the habit of seeking the sweets of blossoms partially hidden ;
in fact, the insect wants well searching for on bushes which are not
amenable to the beating stick ; it also appears to have a partiality for
small detached bushes of ivy with but few heads of bloom, and the
collector is as likely to find a rubiginea on a bush of this size as on a
large one close by with abundance of flower-heads. I have only on
one occasion taken it on the wing ; it is rather a sluggish flyer. This,
I suppose, partly accounts for the fact that the insect is always in good
condition ; and I believe I can say, without exaggeration, that I have
never seen or taken a worn or dilapidated specimen either in the
autumn or after hybernation ; for even those taken in spring, with the
exception of being slightly paler than autumn specimens, are quite fit
for the cabinet. Hybernated specimens sometimes appear in March if
the weather is mild. I once took a ritlnginea at rest in close
proximity to a pair o{ JInvicornis in cop. The female lays her eggs
during April. Captain Robertson, when living in the neighbourhood
of Winchfield, took several imagines at sallow in the spring of 1888,
from one of which he got a few ova, and was fortunate in rearing a nice
series ; the larvce were fed on apple. Instances of breeding this insect
are rare ; in fact, I have only heard of one other : in this the larvae were
fed on plum. In conclusion, I may say I have never seen any inclina-
tion to variation in the markings in any specimen of rubiginea ; some
few are lighter in colour than others, but age may possibly account for
this. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset. April 14, 1890.

Habits of Lobophora viretata. — In its localities in this district
the ova of this species may be found during the last week in April, on
the terminal shoots of holly, particularly those at the top of the trees bear-
ing flowers. The larvae are hatched out in from seven to twelve days,
feeding first on the flowers, if there are any, next on the green berries,
and lastly on the young leaves. In confinement they take readily to
common privet, and devour the bark as well as the leaves. The larvre
are difficult to beat, a sheet spread on the ground and a ladder being
necessary. In emerging the perfect insect is somewhat erratic in con-
finement, some appearing as a second brood in August and September,
others from the same batch remaining through the winter in the pupal
state. — H. Tunaley, Erdington Hall, Birmingham.

[This species is also partially double-brooded in nature. Such in-
stances have come under my notice at Deal and other localities, and
there are a few records in back numbers of the Entomological Monthly
Magazines — Ed.]

Moths at Flowers of Tritoma uvaria. — Have any readers of
the Record noticed the fondness of moths for the flowers of the
autumnal blooming Tritoma nvaria (popularly known as Red Hot
Poker, or Torch flower) ? I noticed this especially last autumn, taking
on one evening specimens of Aixchocelis litura, A. lunosa, Xanthia
citrago, X. cerago, X. sila^o, Agrofis saiuia, A. nig7'icans, Noctua xantho-
grapha, Tryplmna pronulni, T. orbona {comes), Amphipyra tragopogonis,

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 41

Cidaria russata, and Thera variata. The moths seemed quite as stupe-
fied by the flowers of this plant as by ivy bloom, and were boxed
quite as easily. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset.

NoTODONTA CARMELiTA AT READING. — I was fortunate enough on
April 25th to find four N^otodonta carjneh'ta at rest on birch trunks.
This is the first recorded occurrence of the insect in this neighbourhood.
— W. Holland, hi, Southampton Street, Reading.

[This species has been very rare of late years, and the record of its
occurrence is most interesting. — Ed.]

Time of appearance of Agrotis obelisca. — One possible reason
for the uncertainty which seems to attend records of captures of this
undoubtedly distinct species is not only its great superficial resemblance
to certain vars. of A. tritici, but also in my opinion that it is not
generally worked for at the right time of the year. My experience in
the Isle of Wight during the autumn of i88g, in which season all the
Agrotidce were unusually early, shows that quite the end of August is
the very earliest date at which it is possible to secure this species, which
I then captured sparingly until the middle of September ; but in the
previous autumn when I was delayed during the first two weeks of
September, I found it in about the same numbers and in good condition
on the 17th, and took it for about a week from that date, when the
early cold weather set in and effectually rendered sugaring useless. —
Albert J. Hodges, 2, Highbury Place, N.

[These dates are most useful, and will help our readers to form a
general opinion on any suspicious specimens taken. A. iritici '\% most
abundant during July and the first fortnight in August, good specimens
are rarely taken later in normal years. — J. W. T.]

Killing Lepidoptera. — Year by year, as England grows more
populous and the desire for higher education spreads, our favourite
science of Entomology gains more and more recruits. The Entom-
ologist's green net, which used to be a sort of " red rag " to the whole
country-side, attracts but little more attention than a passing railway
train; yet prejudice in this, as in many other matters, is apt to die very
hard. It is no doubt owing to the popular writings of such authors as
the Rev. J. G. Wood and Mr. A. R. Wallace, that the world in general
looks less askance at the pursuit of some special branch of Natural
History, such as that which it is the object of this magazine to promote.

Now there are various considerations which induce people to take up
the study of some particular science, but it is no doubt the surpassing
beauty of the world of butterflies and moths that first attracts the notice
of the outsider. Perhaps on some fine afternoon in May he happens
to be strolling in a country lane, and having a smattering of
knowledge about plants, he gathers a piece of water-betony that the
aroma may once more salute his sense of smell. Imagine his surprise
when on the underside of a leaf of this Scrophularia, he sees a large
chestnut brown insect, pendent with folded wings. His natural curiosity
prompts him to examine it more closely ; its hinder wings expand and
display their beauteous rosy tint, edged with a peacock's eye. For his
treasure is none other than the Eyed Hawk-Modi, Smerinthus ocellatus!
He is wrapt in admiration (as indeed who would not be ?) until his
ardent gaze is diverted to a lovely butterfly, with wings orange-tipped

C

42 THE entomologist's record.

that has settled on a wild parsley head in yonder flowery mead. How much
he wishes that his prisoner could be preserved by some method which
would make it remain " a thing of beauty and a joy for ever" — well not
quite "for ever" — but at any rate for his own brief lifetime. He
transports it safely home, and spends the evening in reading up all he
can find about the order " Lepidoptera '' in such books as his library
happens to contain ; most probably he can find nothing about the
subject except some very " general " information in an Encyclopaedia.
Then, perhaps, on the morrow he makes inquiries as to whether there
is anyone in his neighbourhood who knows about such things. The
upshot of his investigations is that Entomologists are very much divided
in opinion as to the best way of killing any insect they may catch.
Laurel leaves, cyanide bottles, chloroform and ammonia, all have their
advocates ! How is the tyro to decide when experts differ? There is
no doubt a good deal to be said for each of these four methods. Let
us say a few words on each, more for the sake of inviting comment
from our readers, than of settling such a knotty point.

(i). Young laurel leaves, crushed and placed in an air-tight tin, will
deprive an insect of life almost immediately, and will, so say its
advocates, keep an insect beautifully relaxed — for a moderate period at
any rate — until it may be convenient to set it out. Laurel leaves are
easily obtainable, which is a great point in favour of this system, but on
the other hand, it is a great drawback to their use that they require
renewing frequently, so that this method is but a clumsy one at best.

(2). It is the prussic acid in laurel leaves that proves so fatal to insect
life, and the same principle is contained in cyanide of potassium,
whereof the cyanide bottle is composed, a layer of plaster of Paris being
superimposed. These cyanide bottles are comparatively permanent,
most of them not requiring the cyanide to be renewed for some two or
three years, others not for ten or twelve, the difference no doubt being
brought about by a loose or closely fitting bung. The temperature,
also, affects the potency of the cyanide very much. The bottle kills
and relaxes insects much more rapidly in hot weather than in cold. In
any case, no sooner is the specimen dead than rigor mortis supervenes,
and does not pass away till about the twentieth hour in the case of
smaller insects, such as CRAMBiDiE and Tortrices, and not until about
the fiftieth in the case of larger species. But directly this rigidity
departs, the specimen is in a most beautifully relaxed state, and every
part can be moved readily and arranged in loco quo with the utmost
ease. Specimens treated in this way last for many years, and are
wonderfully exempt from mould, the lepidopterist's most deadly enemy.

Whatever mode of killing he may adopt, let the beginner most
earnestly beware of pinning his captures after they are dead, and
placing them in a zinc relaxing box. Most certainly such specimens
will mould in years to come, and then their pristine beauty will dis-
appear for once and aye.

(3). Some collectors object to cyanide, on the ground that specimens
subjected to it are very liable to verdigris thereafter ; it may be so, but
can they say that any system offers a remedy for this? Of course the
great objection to the use of cyanide, is that one cannot set out one's
captures immediately on coming home, and if they are not set out just
at the proper time, they become stiff again and difficult to manipulate.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 43

This no doubt is a serious drawback ; but the Entumolugist must be a
man of method in arranging his times, and should not endeavour to set
more specimens than he absolutely requires. Many collectors of the
Micro-Lepidoptera chloroform their specimens as brought home in pill
boxes, turn them out directly, pin and set them at once. Many even
of the smallest insects come to life again on the boards if they are
treated thus, and give a just handle for complaint to those who
object to Natural History on the ground that its votaries are cruel.
Chloroform is also very useful for killing green or delicately coloured
insects which it is not advisable to subject to cyanide of potassium.
The rigor morlis occurs at once (as in the case of cyanide) but passes
off in about half the time, i.e., 24 hours for an ordinary insect; but
under this system the wings are very apt to cockle, especially if the
weather happens to be warm.

(4). With regard to ammonia — by the way I know a celebrated but
illiterate collector who invariably calls it " harmonium " — I have had
but little personal experience, and, as I thoroughly believe in the
aphorism, expcrto c?-edc, I trust that some among your numerous readers
will step forth and champion its merits.— Rev. G. H. Raynor, M.A.,
Victoria House, Brentwood, Essex.

[I always use ammonia for killing all my specimens.— Ed.]

Local Natural History Collections. — These are without doubt
of the utmost educational value, when looked after by capable persons,
but when they are carelessly made up, wrongly named, etc., they
become positively harmful from an educative point of view. Folkestone,
the home of so many first-class lepidopterists, boasts a fine museum.
A small cabinet contains the butterflies (to illustrate the fauna of the
district). In it we find Papilio podalii-ius, Parnassius apol/o, Jrgynnis
niobe, Polyommatus chryseis, etc. ; in fact, all the species which are not
found in Britain, but which we ridiculously retain in our British lists.
Melitcua athalia is called M. didynia, and a long series of M. didyma is
called M. aihalia. Female specimens of icarus figure as bellargus, and so
on, ad nauseam. Surely the Folkestone lepidopterists can name the
butterflies in their own district ! — J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Notes on Heliophobus hispidus, with a Description of its
Larva. — Never having seen the life-history of the local Heliophobus
hispidus described, I venture to send a few notes on this insect as
observed at Portland.

The imago is found from the beginning of August until early in
October, being most common during the first half of September. It is
generally distributed over the island, but is plentiful in only some half
dozen localities — occurring singly elsewhere. These localities are steep
slopes, covered by long grass, and the insect is found at night sitting
on the stems of the grass. It is very quiet and lethargic, allowing itself
to be boxed off the grass and remaining motionless on the side of the
box. I have never seen them on the wing except when excited by the
lamp, and then they generally fly straight to it and settle on the glass.
I have never taken them at sugar, or in any other manner than by
boxing them off the grass, but I know they have been captured at
light in some plenty. I bred two in 1889 — one emerged on 26th and
the other on 30th August.

From a ? taken on 2nd Sept, 1889, I obtained some 200 ova —

44 THE entomologist's recoed.

deposited on the 2nd and 3rd, and on the 13th the larvae emerged ; but
after feeding them for ten days on lettuce, which I saw by the frass
they were eating all right, I determined to turn them out on the grass
at a marked place, and did so. During the winter, however, I found
that a party of convicts had been at work near my larvae preserve
(which was inside the Verne Citadel) and that the place had been
covered by rubbish, and in consequence I only found one larva there.
Wishing to know something of their habits, on the i8th Feb., 1890, I
began to search the grass in the localities where the imago had been
plentiful, and on that evening I found half a dozen, which, to my
surprise, were nearly full fed, and on the succeeding evenings I took a
few more. Like the imago, they are very lethargic, not falling off
their food plant when touched, but requiring considerable persuasion
to induce them to quit their hold of the blade of grass on which
they may be feeding ; indeed, some held on so tightly that it was
necessary to break off the blade of grass in order to take them. I
found them generally at the bottom of the slopes, on the tufts of grass
overhanging places where the soil had been crumbled away by the
action of the weather, and I imagine they would probably select these
places, where the ground is loose and friable, in which to pupate. On
2ist Feb., 1890, I placed eight of the largest of the larvae in a large
glass bottle, with some two inches of sifted earth at the bottom, and
saw that they buried themselves entirely in the earth during the day,
coming up after dark to feed on the grass which I gave them fresh
every day. These eight had all gone down by the loth March, and
on the 24th I looked to see how they had pupated and found that
they had spun a compact cocoon of silk and earth. I opened one
cocoon, but the larva had not then turned. The other larv^ I kept in
a large box with a layer of earth at the bottom, and gave them a sod of
grass, but, when it was necessary to renew the sod, I found, on breaking
up the dry one, that a number of the larvae were hidden in it, and as
there was great risk of injuring them in this way. I tried a different
plan. I left the second sod undisturbed, and when fresh grass was
required just cut a handful close to the roots and scattered it in the
box — a fresh handful every day — and after about a week, when there
was an accumulation of grass in the box, I cleared it all out, still
leaving the sod undisturbed, and started afresh. I find this plan
answers very well for grass feeders.

The following is a description of the larva :— Head light brown,
narrower than the second segment, and emitting several slender hairs,
with a shining black crescentic mark on each cheek. Body grey,
with a brown crescentic plate on the second segment, and pale narrow
dorsal and subdorsal stripes. The dorsal area scattered over with
minute short hairs, which are especially noticeable on the hinder
segments. The paler dorsal stripe is bordered by very slender darker
longitudinal lines, and at the junction of the segments (in these
darker lines) a pair of black dots are placed opposite each other ; in
the centre of each segment a pair of very small, back dots are placed,
one on each side of the dorsal line ; the paler subdorsal lines are also
bordered with darker lines, and in the upper line which thus borders
the subdorsal line is a series of short longitudinal black marks, one on
each side of each segment ; these dark lines appear to be cor.nected by

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 45

slender, dark, curved, dotted line (not at all conspicuous, but showing
under a lens) the curve passing backward on either side of the segment,
passing up over the dorsal area and uniting in the dorsal line, thus
forming a crescent on each segment, the horns of the crescent being
the dark marks and directed towards the head ; there is also a short
black diagonal line on the side of each segment (below the subdorsal
Hne) but it is not at all conspicuous. The spiracles consist of black
dots. The ventral area is yellowish, with a faint greenish tinge. — E.
W. Brown, The Verne, Portland.

Note on Eupithecia pumilata. — I fancy this species has regularly
three broods each season, in a state of nature. Until last year my
knowledge of it was as follows : — A brood of imagines flying in April
and fre([uenting sallow^ blossom and furze bushes, the larva; of this
brood (I presumed) fed upon various flowers, chiefly those of the
furze, and developed the second brood of imagines, which I was
accustomed to net in the summer. What I supposed to be the off-
spring of this summer brood, I had frequently beaten, as larvae, from
ragwort, etc., in September and October, and had reared from them
the spring brood the following year.

About the 20th of May last year, I beat some larvae of this species
at Croydon from the blossoms of furze, these produced imagines
during July, the last specimen emerging on the 20th of that month.
Whilst on a visit to Aldeburgh, Suffolk (as stated in this magazine last
month) I found the second brood of the perfect insect very common,
about the 12th of July, this date shows that the emergence of the
bred specimens was not premature. Erom some females captured at
Aldeburgh I obtained a number of ova ; these hatched by the end of
July, fed very rapidly, pupated by the middle of August, and emerged
on the 23rd and 24th of that month (two specimens only, the remainder
of the larvae dying).

Erom the result of the above observations the life-history of this
species appears to be briefly thus in the south and east of England.
A brood of imagines emerges in April, these deposit ova on various
plants, one of which, and probably the chief, is furze ( Ulex), the larvcX
from those are full fed by end of May, pupate and emerge about
the middle of July as a second brood of imagines, these in their turn
deposit ova by end of July, produce larvae in a few days, which develop
rapidly, pupate, and emerge as imagines by the end of August, as the
third brood. This generation, no doubt, consists of the parents of the
larvae we are accustomed to beat in September and October from rag-
wort, etc. — W. G. Sheldon, Croydon. March 12, 1890.

EOODPLANT OF TORTRIX FORSTERANA (aDJUNCTANa). — SomC ivy

plants in my back garden are quite brown with the work of the larva
of Tortrix forsterana. I never saw the insect in the garden until last
summer but it has soon made itself at home here. Treitschke says
that the larva of this species feeds on leaves of Finus picea, probably an
error ; while Zeller gives Vacdtiiuin myrtillus, a food from which Mr.
J. B. Hodgkinson has bred it. The larva hybernatcs when very small
in a little hollow formed by joining two leaves together. In the early
spring the larva comniences to feed again, fastening a part of one
leaf almost flat down on another, living between them, and eating

4(5 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

away the parenchyma of the leaves forming its home. It leaves the
epidermis, thus making large conspicuous blotches, which is increased
by the unaccountable fact that one of the leaves forming its abode,
is more or less dead and separated from the plant. I do not know,
but I believe that after the larva fastens two leaves together, the
stronger and more rapidly growing leaf, pulls off the weaker ; I
cannot understand otherwise why the leaf should always be dead. I
have before me now a larva living between three leaves, two of which
have been separated from the plant, and are quite brown, whilst the
other, to which they are attached, and on which the larva is feeding,
is a strong growing leaf. — J. W. Tutt. April isf, 1890.

Notes on Winter Moths. — (i) Hybemia aurantiaria. The male
sits on the twigs of the oaks and birches after dark, and pairing takes
place after about 9.30 p.m. The larva is common on birch in May.
(2) Cluimatobia boreata. The male sits on the leafless twigs of the
birches in November, the $ may also be taken in the same way, generally
ill lOp.^ directly it is dark. The species is abundant at Chiselhurst.
Larvit on birch in May. I have often found the ? of boreata in copula
with the male of brumata, and vice versa. The progeny are not to be
distinguished from brumata. — C. Fenn, Eversden House, Burnt Ash
Hill, S.E.

Notes from Newbury. — From April to November, 1889, the
Lepidoptera in all stages were exceedingly scarce in the Newbury
district. The Rhopalocera were especially poorly represented, Euchioe
cardamines, Nemeobius lucina, Lycce7ia icarus, and L. corydon being the
only species appearing in any numbers. I only saw about a dozen
specimens of the genus Vanessa throughout the season.

Sugaring proved almost a failure, the only capture worth recording,
being a fine specimen of Acronycta leporina which I took among lime
trees, June 8th. I did not see a single specimen of Agrotis cxclama-
tionis, or Apamea oculea, and only about half a dozen Cos/nia trapezi/ia,
and Ccrastis vaccinii, though sugaring the same grounds, where in
1888 these NocTQ.E were perfect pests.

The best insects that fell to my lot, were attracted by light ; during
the season I took, among many commoner species, JVola cucullatella,
Trichiura cratcegi, Neuria saponaria, Afiana arciwsa, Agrotis agathina,
Noctua dahlii, Habrostola triplasia, Petasia cassinea, Zonosoma orbicu-
laria, Acidalia holosericata, Enimelesia adctquata, Enpithecia pulchellata,
E. plumbeolata, E. satyraia, E. irriguata, E. sobrinata, Lobophora
viretata and Myelois advenella.

The larvae of the commoner genera of the Geometrina were generally
plentiful the two species of Cheimatobia being especially numerous.
While looking for Clostera reclusa larvae I was fortunate enough to find
a few larvae of Tethea retusa on dwarf sallow. Pupa digging in common
with the other modes of collecting was disappointing. I found nothing
worthy of mention except Notodonta trirnacula which occurs here not
uncommonly. I found several of my " prepared trees " had been care-
fully worked round by moles. These animals have been remarkably
plentiful in this neighbourhood for the last two years, and this may
account in part for the scarcity of Noctuce and Sphinges in the district
during the past season. — M. Kimber.

practi(;al hints. 47

Forcing Pup/E. — The simplest method to force pupre appears to me
to get a large flower-pot, half filled with mould (drain well at bottom),
make the top of the mould fairly hard, strew a thin layer of moss on
mould on which place the pup?e, then another thin layer, tying over
the top a piece of calico. I then place the flower-pot on the kitchen
mantel-shelf, and every morning pour about half a small teacupful of
water on the calico, and let it soak through into the pot. By this
simple means I have kept my setting boards occupied since Christmas.
Heat is apparently harmful to most species without moisture. ^ — J. W.
TuTT. April, 1890.

Spilonota pauperana. — I had the pleasure of taking a couple of
this species during the last week ; they were beaten from rose. — Chas.
Fenn, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, Kent. April zZt/i, 1890.

Species two years in pupa. — I had five splendid Asphalia ridens
emerge at mid-day yesterday (March 28tli), from pupae that I thought
were quite dead. The larvae were beaten in the New Forest in July
and August, 1888. — A. J. Hodges. March 29///, 1890.

Last month I suggested that many northern species remained nor-
mally in the pupal stage two or more years. I have bred another fairly
long series of Enimeksia albidata during the last week, from pupae
obtained by the Messrs. Salvage in Shetland in 18SS. I bred a large
number of specimens last year, from the same consignment of pupce. —
J. W. TuTT. April ij/, 1890.

RACTICAL HINTS.

{a) Where birches were cut down in the winter of 1S88-89, loo'^ care-
fully at the stumps between the wood and bark, during the early jiart of
May. The frass will at once show the presence of Sesia ailicijorinis.

{b) Where oaks have been cut down during the last two or three
winters, look carefully at the stumps between the wood and bark,
during May. The frass will show the presence of Sesia cy nip if or mis.

if) During June look in reed beds for leaves that show traces of
having been eaten. At night the larvae of Leuca/iia straminea will most
probably be found.

{d) During May watch carefully the flowers of Stcllaria holostea
(stichvvort). In the morning, when sunny, the flowers are frequented
in our southern woods by large numbers of Asychna modesiella.

(f) Open clearings in woods where the blue bell abounds are the
favoured haunts of Lyccena argiolus.

(/) During the first and second weeks in June the first brood of
Agdistis bennetii is to be found on salt marshes where St at ice livwiiiion
grows. They cannot be taken much before eight in the evening.

{g) During May look for plants of burdock, with little round holes in
the younger leaves ; the pale green larva of Aciptilia galactodaciylus will
be found on the under surface of these leaves.

48 THE entomologist's record.

_^

OTICES, REVIEWS, Etc.

Larva Collecting and Breeding, etc., by the Rev. J. Seymour
St. John, B.A. This handy Httle book is perhaps the best compilation
that has been put into the hands of the practical lepidopterist for some
years. The size of the book will increase the value, and the lepidopterist
who is not able to derive information from it must be in a very happy
condition. The index is a very valuable addition. No lepidopterist
should be without it. — Ed.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera, by E. Saunders, F.L.S.
This new and revised Catalogue, which should be in the hands of every
hymenopterist, can now be obtained either as a reference or label list
from Mr. W. H. Harwood, Colchester. — Ed.

fgOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological Society.— ^/y-// 17///, 1890, Mr.
J. A. Clark, F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Bellamy exhibited
specimens of Eriogaster lanesiris, and a discussion took place on the
habit of this and other species remaining in the pupal stage more
than one season ; Mr. J. A. Clark a bred series of Aleucis pictaria ;
Mr. Tutt three specimens of E. lutulenta from Sligo, which he suggested
might be a species distinct from lutulenta^ a strongly marked var. of
T. crepuscularia from Clevedon, and Halia wavaria from A\'isbech ;
Mr. Marsden larvfe of M. artemis and B. repandata. Messrs. Battley
and Simes also exhibited lepidoptera, and some preserved larvae by Mr.
Raine. Mr. Marsden exhibited Otiorhynchus te?iel>ricosus and Staphy-
linus c(esareiis ; Messrs. Lewcock and H easier many species of coleoptera
from Loughton, Chattenden, Brockenhurst, and Farnham. Mr. LfiA\xock
read a paper on behalf of Mr. R. Gill of Bath, " On the Coleoptera and
Geology of the Bath District." — G. Lewcock and E. Hanes, Hon. Sees.

May jsf, 1890, Mr. J. A. Clark, F.E.S., in the chair. Mr. F. Milton
exhibited specimens of Hydrophilus piceus^ Hydrous caraboides, and other
coleoptera, also the aquatic Ranatra linearis. Mr, Clark a series of
E. lutulenta from the North and West of Ireland, chiefly of the black
var. (usually called lunelnt?-gensis), but one of the slate-coloured variety
with a darker central band, Mr. Tutt making some extended remarks on
the variation of this species and its distribution ; Mr. Quail a very pale
coloured cocoon of S. carpiui (the silk almost white) from Cambridge,
a form which appeared to be almost unknown to the members present ;
Mr. Marsden a pupa of M. artemis ; Messrs. Raine, Quail, and Simes
exhibited excellently preserved lepidopterous larvae. A discussion on
the early appearance of some species also took place. — G. A. Lewcock
and E. Hanes, Hon. Sees.

#^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 3. Vol. I. June 15th, 1890

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F'.E.S.
{Continued frovi paoe 7.)
|efore dealing with the pecuharities of the meteorology
and ph3'sical geography of the British Islands, I should
like to quote a remark made by Dr. White {Eiit. Mo.
Mag. iv., p. 248), where he speaks of the peculiarity
of the fauna and flora of Western Scotland, although not then
referring to variation. He writes : — " No one who has studied
the ^ MmiuaV can have failed to have noticed a great similarity
between the fauna in the Lake District of England and that of
Rannoch in Scotland. In the Lake District we have a similar
elevated region of lakes and mountains, with a like western

situation Another fact worth noticing about Rannoch

is, that while it seems to appropriate to itself most of the
Alpine and boreal insects, yet it possesses but few (and these
the commonest) Alpine plants ; while the neighbouring district
of Breadalbane, lying immediately to the south, has more
Alpine and boreal plants than any other place in Britain, and
}et but few Alpine and boreal insects. Breadalbane, however,
has higher mountains and less wood, which may perhaps
account for the difference." I would point out how conclu-
sively in this extract Dr. White proves that food has nothing
to do with the peculiarity of the Rannoch, or, in a wider sense,
the Alpine fauna. Generalising, we find Dr. White again
writing : — " Botanists are aware that the plants of the w^est
coast are less brilliantly coloured than those of the east ; and
I think that it is in the west rather than the north that
melanochroism in British insects may best be studied."

The excellence of these observers is beyond question, and

50 THE entomologi.st\s record.

the extracts quoted will, I believe, help me to make clear m}-
argument.

I have already given a brief summary of the general
meteorological and climatic conditions of the Continent, and
shown the limited extent of melanism existing there. I would
now turn to our own country and examine its peculiar climatic
and meteorological conditions, and compare them with those
of the Continent. The following appear to be the chief points
to which attention should be directed : —

(i). The first thing that we must notice is the fact that our
climate is strictly insular, with an average temperature of
40*^ to 60° F., with very few extremes of either excessive heat
or cold. On the Continent great extremes are registered.^

(2). The meteorological, conditions of our Islands are
governed almost entirely by the influence of the Gulf Stream.
This Stream, which is a warm current with an average
temperature of 30° F. above the surrounding ocean, is a
branch of the Atlantic equatorial current. After passing
round the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf Stream runs round
Florida into the Atlantic Ocean, skirts the eastern coast of
the United States for some distance, and then strikes off in
a north-westerly direction across the Atlantic towards Britain
and Scandinavia, As I have stated, its temperature is
generally much higher than the surrounding ocean, hence
there is always a great deal of vapour rising from it. This
vapour, therefore, affects the atmosphere over this current,
and renders it moist and humid.

(3). The prevailing winds in Britain are from the south-west.
These winds blow over the Gulf Stream ; hence in their
course they become exceedingly humid, and laden with moisture
before they strike our western shores.

(4). The easterly winds, which blow from the icy plains of
Siberia, are so extremely cold that almost all the moisture has
been condensed before they cross the Continent of Europe.
The North Sea is too narrow to modify them to any very
great extent ; hence they strike on our shores as dr}^, piercing
winds, and thus affect our eastern coast in a contrary direction

' In Keith Johnston's Physical Geography, pp. 52 and 53, we find: — " Our
climate in the British Isles is a decidedly maritime one ; its average temperature
ranging from about 40° F. to 60" F. In Central Asia, however, in the same
laiitude, and at the same height above the sea, the average temperature ranges
from about o*^ F. in winter to about 70*^ F. in summer. The temperature of the
British Isles surrounded by the sea thus varies only 10° on an average during the
year, but that of the centre of the Continent in the same latitude changes to the
extent of 70^."

MELANISM AND MELANOCHIIOISM. 51

to the prcvailinj^ south-west winds, and so help to counteract
and modify the influence of the latter.

Now let us combine Nos. 2 and 3 above. The moisture
which has been obtained by the south-west winds in their
passage across the Gulf Stream is driven by them over
our western shores. The air has to rise to cross our hills and
mountains, and falls as rain. As the wind comes on, it loses
more and more of its moisture, until, by the time it reaches
our eastern shores, the quantity of moisture is comparatively
small. Hence we find that the west coasts of our Islands
have excessive annual i-ainfalls — sometimes from 70 to 80
inches — whilst the average of the south coast is less than 20.
Not only is the rainfall of our west coasts heavy, but the air
is much more humid than that of the east.

But it must not be supposed that the climate of the east
coast is not modified at all by the Gulf Stream. The humidity
of the air on the east coast is much greater than on the Con-
tinent, where the prevailing winds are east or north-east, and
even the easterly winds are slightly less dry than when they
cross the Continent, as the North Sea, narrow as it is, has
some little effect in modifying them in this way.

Summarising the result, we find— (i). That North and North-
western Scotland and Ireland are the most humid districts in
Britain ; Eastern and Southern Scotland, North-western
England and Wales following ; the Midlands next ; and the
South and Eastern parts of England least humid of all. (2).
That our least humid areas are much more humid than
areas in corresponding latitudes on the Continent, and all
high-lying areas have a greater rainfall than low-lying areas
in the same districts.

I would now direct attention to a few facts relative to the
distribution of melanism in this countr}-.

Mr. Percy Russ has shown us that a very great number ol
remarkable cases occur on the west coast of Ireland. At
Sligo a very large number of species are melanic, and probably
this is more noticeable among the Noctu-'E than any other
group. The greater part of Ireland is comparatively un-
worked. Collectors have from time to time stayed at different
places, and have at various times compiled lists of the different
species that have come under their notice, but this method
fails almost entirely in giving us scientific results. The
energy of our professional collectors has opened up to us the
wonderful melanic variation so frequent in the Hebrides and

52 THE entomologist's record.

other islands of our western shores, and also those from the
Northern Shetlands and Orkneys, where moisture reigns
supreme. Professionals and amateurs alike have recorded
the variation and general tendency to melanism in the
Rannoch district. Aberdeen, Perth, Dundee, and Glasgow
have each their own body of active workers, and Lancashire
and Yorkshire have long boasted a large proportion of the
leading lepidopterists of the United Kingdom, and these
have given us an immense mass of information relative
to the melanic variation in their various districts. Most of
these districts have an exceedingly humid atmosphere, and
they produce a greater or less number of melanic forms, but
the most intense forms are undoubtedly from the west coast
of Ireland, the Scotch Islands and Highlands, where the
humidity of the atmosphere is most excessive. There is a
great deal of difference between the degree of melanism on
the east and west coasts of Scotland. Repeatedly we hear
that " the fauna of the east coast is less Alpine than that of
the west." With regard to the distribution of melanic forms
in Britain, I will again quote Dr. White. He writes : — " That
there is frequently a difference between South England and
Highland examples of the same species, will be admitted, I
think, by every one ; and that this variation is, in the majority
of cases, in the direction of melanism has been generally
taken for granted. That it really is so, the following brief
analysis^ of the Highland Lepidoptera will show. In it I have
compared the majority of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Scotland
north of the Tay, with South England (and a few cases
with South European) specimens of the same species ; for it
must be remembered that North and North-western English
specimens frequently exhibit the same or even a greater
tendency to melanism than the Highland specimens " {Ent.
Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., p. 146). Mr. Birchall also in the same
volume, p. 131, after referring to the melanism of the High-
lands of Scotland, writes : — " It must further be noted that
melanic varieties of Lepidoptera occur very commonly in
Ireland, the Isle of Man, Durham, South Lancashire, and the
West Riding of Yorkshire, under various conditions of climate
and soil."

Now to turn from effects to probable causes.

As I have pointed out above, the western coasts of our

1 Dr. White [Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., pp. 145-147) gives a long list of
examples, as also does Dr. Birchall (vol. xiii., p. 133 of the same journal).

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 58

Islands are more humid than the eastern, and the Gulf Stream
exerts its greatest influence on the western shores of Ireland,
the north-western shores of England and Scotland and the
Northern Islands; and here, following out the connection of
humidity and melanism, we find that, in those districts, the
humidity ^ of which is so striking, we get our most pronounced
forms of melanism. The blackness and intensity of ccjlour
of certain forms of lepidoptera, especially among the Noctu.-e
from Sligo, Rannoch, the Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands
are most striking and remarkable, and here are our most
humid districts. In a lesser degree the lepidoptera of Eastern
and Southern Scotland and North and North-western England
show general melanism, but rather less intensity of develop-
ment in some particular species. Then comes the melanism
of Wales and the Midlands ; and lastly, the ordinary melanism
found in the species of our south and south-eastern districts as
compared with the forms of the same species obtained on the
Continent. In other w^ords, we find a certain gradation,
corresponding, in a general way, with the gradation in
humidity.

With regard to the insects on our south and south-eastern
coasts, it is rather remarkable that the difference between them
and those of the corresponding coasts of the Continent should
be so very marked ; but it is so, and I am not surprised that
Mr. Dobree {Entom. xx., p. 28) should have come to the con-
clusion that "the inference can be drawn that the melanism is
primarily due to the particular geographical position of these
islands." To complete the connection between the relation
which I have tried to prove exists between " humidity " and
" melanism," it would be interesting to know whether the
influence of the Gulf Stream makes itself felt sufficiently to
produce melanic forms on the western coast of the Scan-
dinavian Peninsula, I know nothing of the fauna of this
district ; but if melanism occurs there, it would do much to
strengthen the view taken.

That this melanism exists in Scandinavia the following note
from Professor Schoyen, Christiania, will show : — " The
tendency to melanism in our lepidoptera is certainly, as a rule,
more apparent on the western shores than in the eastern
districts of the country, even at a less height above the sea-
level ; in some cases this is as marked as in the mountainous
tracts, — e.g. Cidaria flavicinctata occurs at the town Molde in

^ i.c. "Humidity" apart from heavy rainfall.

54 THE entomologist's RECOiil).

Romsdale Amt, close to the sea-shore, much darker than at
Dovrefjeld, about 2,000-3,000 feet above the sea ; Agrotis
candelaruin occurs at Bergen as dark as on the Jotiinfjelds
(var. jotunensis, mihi). But in the majority of species, the
darker colour is generally found, however, either at a greater
height above the sea, viz., on the mountains, or in a more
northern latitude. Yet this may also be chiefly caused by the
more humid condition of the atmosphere, for the mountains
are generally covered with masses of cloud, making the
atmosphere much more humid than in the valleys and low-
lands, and in the northern latitudes, large quantities of rain-
fall and fog and mist are prevalent. Under these circumstances
the grey colour of many moths will generally be more or less
darkened " {in litt. 18/3/go). I need not point out how
valuable this confirmation of my theory is.

The melanism of Lancashire and Yorkshire deserves to be
considered separately. Mr. Dobree {Entom. xx., p. 28), con-
sidered the melanism of Yorkshire as " exceptional, and not
affecting the general question." Mr. Cockerell, on the other
hand {Entom. xx., pp. 58, 59), considered that the " melanism
of Yorkshire would follow the general rule, and that the
melanism of Yorkshire would be found coupled with a greater
degree of humidity in those localities where it occurs."

I am inclined to agree partially with both these statements.
The melanism of Yorkshire is " exceptional," as many places
apparently more humid (because they have a greater rainfall)
do not produce such extreme cases of melanism, while there is
no doubt that the humidity of the atmosphere in Yorkshire is
greater than its rainfall would apparently lead one to suppose
it to be. Hence I consider Mr. Dobree correct in considering
it " exceptional, and not affecting the general question ;" while
there is no doubt that Mr. Cockerell's suggestion is in the
main also correct, and that the atmosphere is sufficiently
humid to account for a great deal of the melanism which
occurs there. But I agree with Mr. Dobree in considering the
melanism of these counties exceptional, for a reason which
will appear directly. I have been informed by Mr. Porritt,
that " the rainfall of West Yorkshire is about 33 inches, and in
Lancashire much the same"; but "the rainfall in Cum-
berland is much greater ; and yet there are not such striking
melanic forms, although probably the soil retains the moisture
more in Yorkshire " (zV/ litt?). If this be so, although the rain-
fall of Yorkshire is less heavy, the general humidity of the air

]\ii-:lanis.m and melanochuoism. 55

would probabl}" be i^rcater. But some years ago (1877) there
was a discussion {Entojii., vol. x., pp. 92-96), in which some of
our leading lepidopterists took part. With all due respect to the
opinion of the others who took part in the discussion, I think
Dr. Buchanan White and Mr. Nicholas Cooke (so far as the
discussion in the Entomologist was concerned) took up the two
essentially strong sides of the question. Taking it up from a
purely insular point of view, however, neither of these gentle-
men appear to have come to any strong or satisfactory
conclusions. Dr. White took up the view of " natural
selection " and " protection." Mr. Cooke went against the
view of " natural selection " (which he seems to have made up
his mind was nothing more than a modified form of " sexual
selection," although I doubt whether anyone saw it in the
light he presented it), and argued that melanism was caused
by fumes, etc., acting chemically on the food, and physio-
logically on the larva. I cannot myself imagine smoke or
fumes, by means of food, affecting the organisation of any
animal in such a way as to produce melanism, and I doubt
whether melanism can be produced or ever has been produced
in this way ; but combining Dr. White's and Mr. Cooke's
theories, I can understand that smoke and fumes would darken
the objects in the localities where they are poured out in such
excessive quantities, and then by Dr. White's argument of
"natural selection" and "protection," I can understand how
melanic forms are perpetuated and intensified. Mr. Birchall
{Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., p. 131) took up the view of deficient
amount of sunlight owing to the " excessive moisture," as
being the exciting cause in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of
Man, and deficient sunlight due to " exhalations from furnaces
and chemical works " in manufacturing districts, and further
states that " the sun is obscured by the clouds of coal smoke,
and the vegetation defiled and destroyed by the deposits of
soot." He then argued that having obtained dark forms, " the
dark forms have greater strength of constitution, etc., and that
the light forms become eliminated." The larva of Agrotis ripce
lives underground all day, pupates underground, and yet the
imago is often pale ochreous or silvery white in certain
localities, never black ; yet as far as this argument goes, this
species (and all underground feeding larvse, etc.) should
produce specimens which ought to be specially black. Of
course, the white colour is in my opinion, due to the pale
colour of the sand in the localities where these forms are

56 THE ENTOMOLOGlhT S KECOKD.

found, and in which the imago hides by day. But Dr.
Chapman {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxv., p. 40), by some obser-
vations which he had made, and which he there related,
has given us another clue, and opened up a new phase of
the question. He suggested that a darkening of the surfaces
of trees and similar objects was produced by rain, and hence
the darkening of many species might be due to this cause
for the purpose of protection. But this appears only to
touch the fringe of the question as the surfaces are not made
permanently darker by rain. How does rain permanently
darken the tree-trunks and other objects on which insects rest?
It is well known to the most elementary student of chemistry
that rainwater rarely occurs pure, and that in large towns the
quantity of impurities is very great. The vast quantity of
smoke, gases, fumes, etc., in manufacturing towns, brought
down by rain, is scarcely credible, and it is from these
impurities I consider the permanent darkening comes. When
the water evaporates, the solid matter is left behind, and as a
result the impurities are left to darken the surfaces to which
they have been carried by the rainwater. The theories of
"natural selection" and "protection" now apply in their fullest
sense, the insects become darkened, "hereditary tendency"
perpetuating and intensifying the melanism. I believe from
this (and it appears to be a fair deduction), that Lancashire
and Yorkshire melanism is the result of the combined action
of the "smoke," etc., plus humidity, and that the intensity of
Yorkshire and Lancashire melanism produced by humidity and
smoke, is intensified by "natural selection " and " hereditary
tendency." As example I would cite the species AmpJiidasys
betularia, I'ephrosia biundularia, Boarniia rhomboidaria, B-
repandata, Diuni(za fagella and Hiberiiia viarginaria {pro-
geinmaria), which, occurring on trees, fences and similar
objects would thus be affected. Taking this view, I consider
the melanism of these counties "extraordinary ; " I also con-
sider it due to "humidity." The melanism of Staffordshire,
Derby, and other localities of a similar character, I consider,
is produced much in the same way, and the protective
melanism of London lepidoptera and of other large towns I
would refer to the same cause. Probably no better instance
of this kind occurs among London lepidoptera than Eiipithecia
rcctangulata var. nigrosericeata (another species which in the
imago state frequents tree-trunks).

(To be continued.^

57

fg)CIENTIFIC NOTES.

Trimorphic Colour Variation in ckrtaixV species. — As is well
known, Mr. l-'rohawk has a white-belted specimen of Sesia cuHcifonnis. I
find other records in the Eiit. Mo. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 153 and 183, of the
capture of similar white-belied varieties. The question now arises — Is
the coloration of the belt in this species trimorphic or not ? Normally
the belt is red, frequently yellow (var. thynniformis), and it is now
well known to be occasionally white. The belt then has three
forms, red, yellow, and white ; but is the white brought about by a real
pigmentary change similar to that by which red becomes yellow? iSlr.
T. D. A. Cockerell writes to me : — " In flowers white is not a pigment
at all, but is due to air in the cells ; in most animals also white is not a
pigment — in fact, Jeffrey Bell, in his Comp. Anat. and Phys. (1885),
says (p. 271), that no distinctive white pigment is known." That there
is a white pigment in certain lepidoptera has been demonstrated. I
believe myself that there is no appreciable white pigment in Pieris ; but
that there is pigment in the white of Lyccena and Melanargia appears
almost certain, as they are so readily acted upon by ammonia, etc.
^\'hether the white belt of -5". cuHcifonnis is of the same nature as these
or not requires proof. A case almost on all fours with the belt of
culiciforinis is the collar of Antia caia ; normally it is red, in some
varieties this and the hind wings are yellow, whilst Mr. Cockerell again
writes : — " I suppose you know that our American form (var. ainericana)
of A. caia has a white collar instead of a red one ; and according to
Strecker there is in Armenia and Tokat (Asia Minor) a form of A. caia,
in which the hind wings of the $ are pure white, those of the $ orange."
—J. W. TuTT. May 18M, 1890.

Colour of the Blood in Biston hirtaria. — I should like to
draw the attention of entomologists to the fact that the colour of the
blood differs in the two sexes of Bistort hirtaria — that of the $ being
yellow, of the ? green. Another curious fact is the frequent occur-
rence of sacular distension of the blood-vessels, especially towards the
hind margins of all the wings. I have never met with this condition in
any other inject ; possibly other entomologists may have done so. The
condition is not perpetuated in the dried insect, owing, I presume, to
the complete evaporation of the watery constituent of the blood. What
is the cause of this imperfection, and why is it limited to Biston
hirtaria 'i — F. J. Buckell, Canonbury Square, N. April i^th, 1890.

m

URRENT NOTES.

A new Jjritish Ichneumon, Pimp/a rufplciira, has been described by
Mr. G. C. Hignell, F.E.S. The species was bred from a batch of
cocoons obtained from Pygcera curtula.

Mr. B. Blaydes Thompson (one of our Exchange Club members) has
gone to the North-West Himalayas to collect the mountain forms of
Indian Rhopalocera.

58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD.

Mr. Porritt, F.L.S., has described the Lirva of Catocala fraxini.

Dr. Wood has written {E.M.Af.) a first-class life history of the three
GRACiLARiDiE (all of whicli appear to moult twice in the mine and twice
after leaving it) : — i. G. populetorum (which mines in and feeds on
birch, and probably not on aspen or poplar). 2. G. elongella (which
mines in and feeds on alder). 3. G. faclouipennella (which also mines
in and feeds on alder). Dr. Wood seems to think that what is now
supposed to be a birch-feeding form of elongella may prove a distinct
species.

In the Entomological News Mr. Cockerell has written a paper " On
the Uses of Bright Colours in Hymenoptera."

Our readers will notice that Dr. T. A. Chapman has divided
the genus Acronycta into three— Viminia, Cuspidia, and Bisulcia.

Notodonta carnielita has been very abundant in Central Europe this
spring.

Mr. Gurney exhibited living larvae of Geonieti-a sniaf'agda?-ia at the
City of London Society's meeting on May 15th.

Ocneria dispar has been introduced into Massachusetts. It is pro-
posed to take energetic measures to stamp it out, as it is considered a
pest.

I am informed that, owing to the floods, hundreds of females of
Endromis versicolor have been found drowned this year in one of the
large German forests.

The Micro-lepidoptera of Mr. Howard Vaughan's collection were
sold on Tuesday, the 20th of May. The species that fetched the highest
prices were C. alpinelliis, 13s. for three; C. verelliis, 22s. and 28s. each
specimen ; C. myelins, 26s. for two ; C. cassentiniellus, 45s. for three ; C.
rorellus, 14s. for two; two C. ocellea, 24s. and 26s. respectively; C.
argentelbis^ 26s. ; a lot of eleven containing the two original type speci-
mens oi H. saxicola, 42s. ; one T. pryerella, 22s. ; another, the original
type, 52s. 6d. ; a lot containing three F. adelphella, 20s. ; another with
two P. obductella, 52s. 6d. ; whilst the lots containing M. anellus sold
for 21s. per lot. Among the Tortrices 2'. semialbaua fetched good
prices; the series of P. cristana produced ^^17 7s., one variety alone
producing 40s., another 28s. The series of P. hastiana produced
;^6 5s.; two C. ravulana brought 21s.; whilst two lots containing^.
deflexana produced 42s. and 40s. respectively. The principal buyers
were Dr. Mason, Messrs. W. H. B. Fletcher, S. Webb, Adams, Farn,
Briggs, J. A. Clark, Bird, and Bankes.

The total sum produced by the sale of the Macro-lepidoptera in Mr.
Howard Vaughan's collection was above ^^700; the Micro-lepidoptera
(Crameid,^ and Tortrices) only, produced ;^i20.

The Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., has added a Coleopteron {Smicronyx
ccEciis, Reich. = cusciitce, Bris.) to the British list, and described it in
the E.M.M.

Dr. Wood has described the apparatus by means of which some of
the MicropterygidcE lay their eggs within the substance of the leaf on

^ This was taken by Mr. Button, of Gravesend, the gentleman who, some years ago,
took Lythria pnrp7iraria, Acidalia sirigaria, and other species, now well known iiof
to be British, in Essex and North Kent (E. M. M. v., p. 393).— Ed.

VAIUATIOX. 59

which the lar\a feeds. J/, semihirpiirella cuts a pocket in the under-
side of the leaf, M. purpurella on the edge of one of the lateral ribs.
The time which these species take to cut a pocket depends on the tem-
perature. In cold wQTiihtr piirpure/la exceeds 15 minutes, ^mimaculella
a little over 9 minutes, whilst in warm weather seinipurpurella only took
2^ minutes. Incurvaria miiscaleUa^ which cuts a pocket in the under-
side of a sloe leaf, Dr. Chapman records, only takes from 10 to 15
seconds. That part of the genus comprising calthella, seppella, etc.,
appear to be without this apparatus, and if so will have to be separated
generically from those that have it.

Lithocolletis betulce, Z., has been added to the British fauna by Mr.
A. F. Griiifith, and described in the E.M.M. I believe it would be
found to be common among birches in Scotland if searched for. It is
closely allied to corylifoliella, but not glossy.

I understand that the late Professor Frey's collection has been
acquired by the British Museum authorities.

Variation.

Amphidasvs betularia var. doubledayaria. — This is occasionally
taken at Wisbech, together with dark forms of a few other species. If
the " wet " theory of melanism be true, we can hardly expect to get
many black vars. in the Fen-land — the driest district in England. — G.
Balding, Wisbech.

Hybernia marginaria (progemmaria) var. fuscata. — The dark
forms of this species are common here, together with large numbers of
the type. — W. Mackmurdo, The Ferns, W anstead.

I have taken Hyber?iia progemmaria at Chingford, Walthamstow, etc.
It is my opinion that this species is certainly getting much darker in
these districts, being suffused with black, and losing the light buff
colour. Specimens exhibited by Mr. Battley at the City of London
Entomological Society's meeting, and taken in North London, were
even darker than those I have taken. — J. A. Clark, London Fields.
April i^th, 1890.

The dark form of Hyberriia progemmaria appears to emerge here a
little later than the ordmary type. It may have been an accidental
coincidence, but the last week this species was out I took four of this
form, whilst only one occurred, during the three preceding weeks. — G. A.
Harker, Huskisson Road, Liverpool. May 12th, 1890.

[This variety seems gradually to be produced in dist: lets where it was
formerly quite unknown. It is common, I learn from Mr. Harker, at
Liverpool, and it is certainly becoming common in the north-east of the
London district. — Ed.]

Argynnis aglala var. charlotta. — With the Argynnis ag/aia I
took last July at Borrodaile, I obtained a fine var. charlotta. — W.
Mackmurdo, Wanstead.

Varlation in Zyg.^na lonicer^:. — Mr. Stanger Higgs {a?ite, p. 12)

60 THE entomologist's record.

gives an interesting list of the varieties noticed by him in Z. frifolii,
and as I have during the last nine years had large numbers of Z. /onicerce,
sometimes as many as 800 in a season, I wish to place on record the
varieties of this species which I have noticed : —

1. Upper central spot very large. 10. Semi-transparent form (var.

2. Two central spots joined. cboracecE, Prest).

3. All spots just ni contact. 11. Outer or fifth spot very large.

4. Base of posterior wings orange 12. Black border of posterior wings

(var. seini-lutcsceus). narrow.

5. Right posterior wing with a 13. Black border of posterior wings

pale yellowish tinge. broad.

6. Two posterior wings orange 14. Left posterior wing with colour

(var. hitescens). of anterior, viz., a bluish

7. Two anterior wings abnormally bronze with the usual red

narrow. spots.

8. Two anterior wings abnormally 15. Anterior wings greenish in-

broad, stead of bluish.

9. Lower central spot very large. — \V. Hewett, York.

Pyrameis cardui var. minor. — This form (hardly to be called a
variety) was indicated from high altitudes in Canad. Enfom., 1890, 57,
but the first specimen I found was near Ula, Custer Co., Colorado,
7,670 ft. altitude, on the morning of June 26th, 1889. The wing ex-
panse of this small specimen is only about 42 mm. If my memory
serves me rightly there is a British example of this var. minor in the
British Museum collection. — T. D. A. Cockerell, West Cliff, Colorado,
U.S.A. March, 1890.

American varieties of British Lepidoptera. — The notes of mine
which have appeared in the first number of the Entoinologisfs Record
were written some time ago, and I could now add very considerably to
them, while one or two statements may be amended. Thus Alucita
montana, which has never been described, is a synonym of hexadactyla,
on the best of authority. Parnassius sinhitheus belongs with delius
rather than apollo ; in fact, Mr. Elwes regards it as a variety oi delius.
However, delius feeds on saxifrage, while the larva of sminfheus, re-
cently discovered by Mr. Bruce, feeds on ^edinu stenopetahun, and I
believe is not like that of delius, but we shall no doubt have this matter
cleared up by Mr. W. H. Edwards in due course. Mr. Edwards wrote
me on July 25, 1889, that if Zeller is right in saying that delius larva is
just like apollo, then smintheus is distinct, for the siniutheus larvte have
lemon-chrome spots. It may be worth while to continue the list given
on pp. 13, 14 of American varieties of British species. The following
are found in America : —

Pamphila comma, L. var. catena Stand, is recorded from Labrador.

P. Colorado, Scud, has been regarded as a variety of comma, and

under it falls a var. Idaho, Edw.
Coeiwnympha iyphoii, Rott. var. ? See Skinner, Canad. Enf., 1889,

p. 240.
Danais plexippus, L. var. fumosus, Hulst. Deep sooty brown taking

the place of bright fulvous.
Pieris rapce var. inimaculata. Skinner and Aaron. ( = immaculata

Ckll. nom. ant.) Described recently in Canadian Entomologist.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 61

Arctia caia v. americana is the usual American form of the species.
Mr. Hy. Edwards has described a var. utahensis.

Hydrcecia nictitaiis vars. erythrostigma and liicens are known in
America. I have found erythrosiig}?ta by Willow Creek, Custer
Co., Colorado. — T. D. A. Cockerell. April 28///, 1890.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Neuroptera and Trichoptera. — I have had several letters about
how best to study these groups. Mr. Porritt writes to me : — " There is
no book on the Neuroptera, but Ur. Hagen's papers in the Annual for
1857 (published by Messrs. Gurney & Jackson, i, Paternoster Row,
E.C., 1 believe for only 2s. 6d.) are most useful. The Eiit. Mo. Mag.
(by the same publishers) for 1872-73, (vol. ix.) contains a splendid
paper on collecting, etc., with a general survey of all the sections of the
Neuroptera and Trichoptera by Mr. McLachlan, which is most
useful to beginners. As for the Trichoptera, there is nothing at all
to approach Mr. McLachlan's book, which has carefully executed
figures of the neuration, appendages, etc., of all the knoivn European
species" {in litt.). I also understand that Mr. W. Harcourt Bath has
in the press an Illustrated Handbook of British Dragofiflies, which will
contain a full description of every species indigenous to the British
Isles, besides other interesting matter. It will be published by the
Naturalists' Publishing Company, Birmingham. — J. W. Tutt.

Spring Notes. — I have found insects rather scarce here this season.
In January I took a good series of F. pilosaria (including one very
nice dark var.), but since then the prevailing wind has been north-east,
and few things have been seen. In the absence of a livelier occupa-
tion I have employed my spare time in digging for pup?e of Hypsipetes
ruberata, which has been fairly profitable. — G. Balding, Wisbech.

So far the season in the South seems forward, but I have had little
time for work. Boarmia cindaria were very abundant on May 6th in
the New Forest, and on May ist Satur?iia carpini were flying, too fast,
however, to capture. I only saw 2 Lyccena argiolus and i 6". alveolus ;
Fidonia atoniaria were out in some abundance, also Satyrus egeria. I
took a few larvae of Cleora lichenaria, and plenty of small M. oxya-
canthcB. In an unhealed conservatory I have bred the following : —
Arctia mendica, in plenty (the $''% curiously enough being often
deformed); the ova were laid on May 2nd, 1889, emerged June 5th
(fed on groundsel), and spun up in about a month ; Selenia lunaria,
from ova obtained from Mr. Tunaley ; Hadena thalassina, ova from
female taken June 3rd, 1889, hatched June 10th, fed on groundsel and
buried about July 24th ; Nemeohius lucina, ova June 2nd, hatched June
14th, and pupated on July 27th. This species is very ea.sy to breed :
place a bell glass over a primrose root, put some ? 's underneath, and
leave them alone. Snierinthus tilice, ova May loth, hatched June 20th.
sleeved out on elm and fed well (55 of them), buried July 20th, and
onwards ; Orgyia pudibufida, larvas in October on the elms. I have
also been successful so far with Toxocampa pastinum. I received ova
from Herefordshire, laid on July 6th, hatched July i6th, hibernated on

62 THE entomologist's record.

the stems of purple vetch, began to clamour for food on March 27th,
and would eat nothing but the purple vetch which was just showing.
However, I managed to satisfy their demands, and they are now doing
well. Thera variata {obeliscata), larvae April 7th, 1890, pupated April
22nd. Imagines of II. abruptaria and O. bidentata have been taken (a
full week earlier than last year). Callimorpha dominula larvce have
spun up under the leaves resting on the ground. Ellopia fasciaria
larvse are just turning, but I have not taken many. — (Rev.) G. M. A.
Hewett, The College, Winchester. May lot/i, 1890.

Whilst at Hereford (during the first week in April) I was struck by
the sight of some stacks of hop-poles by the road side, freshly cut,
consisting principally of sallow and alder, of which a large proportion
were tunnelled and then inhabited by the larvae of Sesia bembeciformis.
Many were inhabited by two and even three larvae. — A. J. Hodges,
Highbury Place, N.

I have been unable to get out, but have had the following species
brought me : — lobophora lobulata, larentia salicata, several Odon.
bidentata and Cidaria suffuniata (both dark and light forms), some good
Melaiiippe fliictuata. var. Neapolisata ; also a few larvae of Ahlitcea
artetnis and Agrotis pyrophila. — W, Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen, N.B.
May io//z, 1890.

Very little seems to be stirring just now. I took Tephrosia biundu-
laria (ten days earlier than usual), with Pararge egeria, Pieris napi, Eiicliloe
■carda mines, sndi Plat, unguicula on the ist ; Teph. biundularia, T. crepus
cularia (the first time I have seen both species on the same day at the
same place — at Pangbourne), T. consonaria, Noted, camelina, and Strenia
clathrata on the 2nd ; Eiip. vulgaia, Hem. abruptaria, and T. biundu-
laria on the 3rd ; Cidaria suffumata (almost black) and Cor. uniden-
iaria on the 4th ; Eup. lariciata on the 5th ; Cor. ferrugata, Plat.
unguicula and larvae of Aciptilia galactodactylus on the 6th ; Notodonta
chaonia, Sphinx populi, Orgyia pudibunda, and Eup.vulgata on the 7th;
Aglossa pinguinalis on the 8th \ Notodonta chaonia and droniedarius to-
night (the loth). The latter emergences, I think, rather point to an
■early season. — R. B. Roberton, Greenwood House, Calcot, Reading.
May 10th, 1890,

I have already been at work, searching the birches for Asphalia
flavicorms at Rixton Moss, but without success. A friend who was
with me was more fortunate, and secured three examples at rest on
birch twigs and another on heather. On April 6th we " sugared," in
the hope of inducing A. flavicornis to its attractions, the night being
all that could be desired— from our idea of a favourable night — but of
no avail. Taniocavipa incerta, stabilis, and gothica, however, came, as
also Cerastis vaccinii, but these were only observed in the maturer parts
of the woods, where last year's bracken fronds formed a thick under-
growth, and suggested a probable hybernaculum for this species. — J.
C'OLLINS, Warrington. April 10th, 1890.

The last month has been most changeable, frosty, and much rain. I
have taken but few insects, and they have been mostly captured at
(lowers of Berberis in my garden (sugar being fruitless). Those taken
so far are : — lephrosia crepuscularia, Hybernia progemmaria, Diurtiaa:
fagella, Anticlea derivata and Trachea piniperda. — T. W. KiNG,j Pur-
brook, Dorking. April, 1890.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 68

I took Notodonta ziczac on April 23rd, and have already (May 1st)
seen several D. vinula — T. Baxter, St. Anne's-on-Sea, Preston.

You will perhaps be interested to know that I took Eubolia lineolata
(virgata) from the Cheshire sandhills on the 12th inst., which is very
early. — T, Tunstall, Warrington. April 22nd, 1890.

Having found ffybernia p}'ogeininaria ahMndd.ni here at the end of Jan-
uary and during February, I was surprised at taking a male at Dawlish
on the 17th inst. On the 4th I saw two specimens of l^ararge ei:;eria. —
R. M. Pkideaux, 9, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol. April 23^^,
i8go.

Biston liirtaria has been unusually abundant in London this month.
One afternoon, in three-quarters of an hour, I took fifty-four in the heart
of the City, and a friend who was with me took nearly as many. They
were all quite recently emerged. — C. Fenn, Eversden House, Burnt
Ash Hill, Lee, S.E. April 261/1, 1890.

Tceniocainpa gothica has been the only species of the group even
tolerably abundant here this spring ; we have had a long succession of
cold nights, with unusually severe frosts on several occasions, and with
the exception of three or four evenings the wind has been north-east
for the last month. Imagines have been seldom seen on the wing, but
hybernating larvae have been particularly numerous, especially on prim-
rose and arum. — J. Mason.

Tephrosia crepuscularia has been rather plentiful this month (April),
and a few good varieties have been taken, one of which is even more
distinctly marked than the specimen^ just returned in the Exhibition
box. These vars. I only find in one locality, and, strange to say, are
all females. I have never seen any specimens of the second brood vary
either in colour or markings, as in the first brood ; almost all are light
coloured, the markings indistinct, the specimens much smaller and less
plentiful. The locality where I take the species is situated on very
high ground, facing north ; the plantation is a mixed one, larch and
Scotch fir predominating, with a sprinkling of oak ; the undergrowth is
chiefly elder and hazel ; the soil is a sandy loam, overlying the Pennant
limestone. In confinement I find the larvte feed freely on sloe and
plum. — J. Mason.

I bred a batch of P. tersata the last week in March. The larvae were
fed up last autumn ; one of the females has produced a few ova, which
I hope will prove fertile, as it appears to me possible to rear three
broods in the twelve months. I may mention that the pupas have in
no way been forced, the breeding case having been out of doors since
February. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset.

I saw a specimen of Melitcea cifixia to-day, but several larvce were
still feeding on the cliffs. Some of my larvai pupated a week ago.
Theda rubi seems to be unusually abundant here this spring. — W, A.
Luff, Guernsey. May iTth, 1890.

I have spent three afternoons on our moors in obtaining mines of
Lithocolletis vacciniella and Nepticida tveaveri. The latter species re-
quires a lot of finding. The Nepticula mines the upper side of the leaves,
the Lithocolletis the underside. — J. Batty, Sheffield. M^ay 27///, 1890.

Owing to,the easterly wind my captures up to date have been very few.

1 This was a Ijeautiful variety, with the outer area of the fore wings dark ochreous
brown, but with very distinct lines. — Ed,

64 THE entomologist's record.

I have taken some nice Lobophora lobulata during thelast week, but sallows
this year have been quite a failure. — S. Walker, York. April 2qth.

I spent a couple of days at Easter in a wood near here. BrepJw^
partheuias was fairly common, but so extremely difficult to catch I only
obtained about half a dozen specimens. I found the best time to catch
them was about 4 p.m., as they then appeared to fly lower than at any
other time. They first appear about 10 a.m., but then fly high among
the tops of the birches, occasionally, however, settling on the partially
withered sallow blossoms. — A. E. E[all, Sheffield. May \st.

Brephos parthenias is plentiful here among birch, but its wild flight
and the height at which it flies makes it by no means easy to take. I
find it advisable to keep out of sight, for by concealing myself and sally-
ing out at such specimens as appeared to be low enough to render their
capture possible, I secured some dozen and a half specimens on one
occasion. They are more readily obtained by beating the boughs in
cloudy weather. — E. A. Atmore, King's Lynn. May ()t/i.

Mr. Milne and myself have been very successful with the larvse of
Retinia resinana. Both of us have filled our bags this afternoon with
fir twigs containing the larvae. This species does not appear to be
found in the immediate vicinity of Aberdeen, our larvae having been
obtained some miles out. — A. Horne, Aberdeen. May 27///, 1890.

I was on the Phorodcsma smaragdaria ground a few days ago, but
found the foodplant {Artemisia maritivia) buried quite 2 feet under the
drift left by the late high tides. It is curious how the larvae of this
species get through their hybernation, as, during the winter, they must
be covered by every high tide. There is no possible escape for them.
— J. A. Cooper, Leytonstone. April 2^th, 1890.

Captain Robertson sent me a long series of living Pancalia Ikuiven-
hccckella on May 15th, and another of Micropteryx calthella on May
22nd, both very early dates. I bred Plaiyptilia gcmodaclyla to-day (May
24th). This is the earliest date I know of. — J. W. Tutt, Westcombe
Hill, S.E.

A day at Chiselhurst on May 24th showed that very few Macro-
lepidoptera appeared to be stirring : —

Lyacjia argiohis, Arctia viendica, Macraria twfafa, Cabera pasaria,
Fidonia ato?naria, F. piniaria, Eupithecia satyrata, Panagria petraria
being almost the only species seen. Among the Tortrices, however,
Phoxopteryx uncana and Phlceodes tetraqiceirana were well out among
the birches, and the so-long rare Phoxopteryx jipupana was not un-
common around the tops of the oaks and birches, but almost impossible
to catch without a long-handled net. With the exception of Gelechia
ericetella, I saw scarcely any of the Tineina. The larvae of C. boreata
and H. aitrantiaria were very abundant. May 26th was spent with
Mr. Hope Alderson in the district about Shoreham in Kent, and the
results were rather disapiiointing. The Macros seen were of the very
commonest, comprising Euchlik cardaniines, T. tages, L. alexis, Eup.
saiyrata, E. S2ibn/id>rata, Cor. propugnafa, C.ferriigata, M. subtrisfala,
Asthena candidafa, Eudidia glyphica, and Phytometra ccnea. Tortrices
were almost entirely absent, and among the Tineina large numbers of
Ghphipteryx fuscoviridella, G.fischeriella and Elachista triatomella alone
were noticeable. A few hours on May 27th was spent in the neighbour-
hood of Strood, Kent, sufficiently long to show that Corycia laminata,
C. tei/icrafa, Cabera pi/saria., C. exa/it/ie/aana, Ephyra omicronaria^

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 65

Asthena candidata, Strenia chithrata, Eiipithecia castigata, E. phimbeolaia,
Melanthia ocei/afa, Coremia ferrugata, and Cidaria corylata were well out.
Phoxopteryx dhninutana, too, occurred with Argyrotoxa conzvayana,
Capua favi/laceana, and lots of Cnephasia miisculana. No '1'ineina
worth mentioning were in evidence, except Nemophora schzvarziella^
Incurvaria mascuiella, and equally common species. May 28th found
me at Deal, but an evening on the sandhills produced nothing better
than a few AspUates citraria, Eiibolia lineolata (virgafa), Phibalapteryx
lignata (one only), with Gelechia desertella well out, and G. dijjinis just
appearing. Among the Noctu/e only Apamea basilinea and Leucania
comma put in an appearance. May 29th at Kingsdown and St. Mar-
garet's Bay produced the best results of the week — -among the smaller fry
of course — the only larger species at all visible being Melanthia ocellata,
Alclanippe galiata, Eupithecia centaureata and Camptogramma bilineata,
(a very early date) ; but among the smaller things were an abundance of
DichrorJiampha plumba)ia and D. plumbagana, and Pterophorus micro-
dactylus (among Eupatorium cannabifmm). Other species noticed were
Argyrolepia subbaiimaimia?ia, Chrosis tesserana, XantJiosetia haf?iana,
Eupcrciha dtcbiiana, E. atricapitana, Crambus prcetellus^ an abundance
of Glyphipteryx fischeriella, a few Adela fibuklla and several Pyrausta
punicealis. Friday was a blank — wet and comparatively cold, and I
spent the day " setting "^but on Saturday I worked along the coast
from Deal to Dover and found all Thursday's species again, with
Scoparia dubitalis var. ingratella already out, an occasional Pkylometra
lenea, Gracillaria tringipetuiella^ etc., and one Lyccena alsus. Before
closing this note, I should like to place on record the great abundance
of Pieiis bf-assicce and P. rapce. They appear in large numbers every-
where throughout Kent. I counted above 100 between Wye and
Ashford railway stations on Sunday morning. They were equally
numerous all the way up, and are especially abundant in the S.E.
(London) district. — -J. W. Tutt. June 2nd, 1890.

I captured a fine Stauropui fui^i (female) on a beech trunk near
Reading, on May 27th. It had apparently just emerged from pupa.
Another was taken in the same woods the day previous. — (Mrs.) E.
Bazett, Springfield, Reading. June 2,fd, 1890.

Last week I bred a fine ^ Cerura bicuspis from a pupa found here
last winter. — T. A. Chapman, Hereford. Alay 28///, iSgo.

Habits of Tortrix forsterana (adjunctana).— Referring to my
previous note on this species {ante^ pp. 45, 46), I would add, that when
the larva is nearly full fed, it leaves its old home, rolls up one or more ivy
leaves, and pupates in the fresh green leaves of the ivy, or any other
plant. Any one, therefore, who collected the old conspicuous bunches
(in which the larvae feed before they are full fed) for pupre, would, I am
afraid, get but a small number of pupae for their pains. Probably this
habit of wandering from its food to pupate has been the means of other
plants being designated as its food. I have pupse in leaves of Tussi/ago
farfara, mint, Virginian creeper, honeysuckle, rose, eic. — J. W . Tutt.
iVlay, iS f/i, 1890.

I have taken the larvae of Tortrix forsterana for many years on
ivy in the garden here ; but never remember seeing it more plentiful
than this ; it is simply swarming on all the ivy we have, which is

66 THE entomologist's record.

considerable. I thought this insect was everywhere abundant, but if
not, and anyone desires it, will do my best for them. The imago
is always much rarer than the larvoe. — A. E. Hall, Norbury, Sheffield.
May, 1890.

Peach and Nectarine blight. — I should be much obliged if any-
one can tell me the cause of the leaves of peach and nectarine trees
becoming blighted yearly at this season. It seems to be due to Aphis
attack ; but I have never succeeded in detecting the insects causing
the mischief. — Joseph Anderson, jr.

[I am inclined to believe this is due to imperfect nutrition or root
action, but comments are invited from correspondents. — Ed.]

Killing Insects, — I captured, last Wednesday, a specimen of
Libellula depressa, drying its wings on a grass stem. On reaching home
I put it in a killing bottle, which I had prepared myself a fortnight
before. About an hour afterwards I opened the bottle again to put in
a specimen of Rumia cratcegafa, and was surprised to find depressa still
alive, espt'cially as I was sure the bottle was a very strong one, so I
timed the specimen of cratcegata, and it was quite dead in 25 seconds
from the time I put it in. Could any of the readers of the Entomologisfs
Record \.€i\ if all the genus Libellula are so tenacious of life or would
its recent emergence in any way account for it ?

I can fully corroborate Mr. Raynor's statement in his paper on
" Killing Lepidoptera," with regard to the effects of potassium cyanide
fumes in relaxing insects, for I left my specimen of Z. depressa in the
bottle for 48 hours, and when I then took it out to set, it could not
have been in a better condition. — 1). H. S. Steuart, Radley College,
Oxford. May iWi, 1890.

Last month I mentioned that I always killed my specimens with
strong liquid ammonia, and one advantage of this over cyanide of
potassium, has just presented itself to me. On April 26th I took 7
specimens of Biston hirfaria, and killed them with ammonia. These
were ready to come off the boards in a week. Mr. Hodges gave me a
dozen or more specimens killed the same day with cyanide of po-
tassium. Some of these are not dry yet, although almost a month has
elapsed. This would be a serious matter in the summer time when
one's setting boards are wanted.

I have had several letters from well-known lepidopterists saying that
they have used zinc boxes for many years, and have never had mould
in their collections. The writers must forgive me for not printing these
letters in extenso, but with the excepfion of suggestions that insufficient
drying before removing from setting boards, placing cabinets, etc., a few
inches only from an outside wall of the house, and having the cabinets
not standing free from the ground for some inches, are the most fruitful
causes of mould, there is nothing of importance to the general reader. —
J, W. Tutt. May 26th, 1890.

Rearing Lasiocampa quercifolia. — I bred this species some few-
years ago from the egg, and kept my larvae outside, but sheltered from
the rain. They were kept in an ordinary breeding cage and i\v-i larvae
lay along the dry twigs of the hawthorn. During the winter I lost very
few, but the greatest mortality occuired when they were full fed. Just

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 67

before changing to a pupa, many eaiitted a quantity of strong smelling
liquid, and this appeared to accompany, if it were not the real cause of
death. This I think could have been obviated, by allowing them more
space, but this suggested itself to me when too late. — A. W. Mera,
Capel Villas, Forest Gate, E.

Assembling with Siauropus fagi.— At the present time the above
Prominent has become very scarce in our woods, and it seems
opportune to record an experience of past years, which first taught
me that there were more of this species in a wood than might be
imagined. It was about the end of June, when a party of four started
about ID p.m. to a neighbouring wood, carrying a ? fagi with us, which
had emerged the previous evening. We knew that an elevated spot, in
fact, the ridge of the hill, was most favourable for the sport, and that
the time of flight was from a little before 1 1 p.m. till a little a'ter 12.
After reaching an open space in the wood and where three roads met,
we hung the muslin cage, with the moth asleep in it, on the branch of
an oak, about 4 feet from the ground, lighted our lanthorn, and stood
ready, two of us with nets, and a third attending to a large killing glass
with freshly-bruised laurels, and to the lanthorn. I feared we were
too early in the season, for pupge kept indoors are generally earlier in
coming out than those in the woods. Still the night was warm and still,
which was in our favour, for in a cold night fagi will not stir. Our
doubts were soon solved, for about 1 1 o'clock a ^ came flying past the
cage rapidly, and after two or three turns allowed himself to be netted.
The end of the net was then lowered into the killing-glass, and his
fluttering soon ceased. We took about half-a-dozen, and saw perhaps
two dozen. One was admitted into the cage, but, strange to say, imme-
diately became quiet, for this insect is very difficult to pair in con-
finement. This night's experience was enough to convince us thaty^^/
was more plentiful in the woods than is commonly supposed. Where
they hide during the day is a mystery ; possibly among the higher
branches of the trees or among the brushwood, as I rather susjiect.
Wet seasons seem favourable to this insect. In the wet seasons, about
i860 and 1 86 1, so fatal to most species, I took more larv?e of this species
than ever before or since. — (Rev.) B. Smith, INIarlow. April i^^rd.

FooDPLANT OF EupiTHECiA EXTENSARiA, — The Rev. J. Seymour St.
John, in his recent useful publication, gives Arfemisia ab^yuthiiun as the
foodplant of E. extensaria. Here, however, it feeds on A. viaritima. —
E. A. Atmore, King's Lynn.

Clostera anachoreta. — It may be advisable to put the following
fact on record: — In the year 1867 I captured a specimen of Clostera
anachoreta sitting on a paling at Downton, near Salisbury. This is the
only capture I ever made of the species. — T W. King, Purbrook,
Dorking.

Mines of Lithocolletis klemannella. — Can any one give me
an idea what the mine of Z. lilemainiella is like? I am acquainted with
the long mines of L. frcliciiiella which are to be found on the under
sides of alder leaves, sometimes as many as 4 mines (.ill tenanted by
larvae) are to be found in one leaf. I am also familiar with the mines

68 THE entomologist's eecord.

of L. ahiifoliella and L. stettinella. Having occasionally bred a sueci-
men of L. klcma)ineUa, I am curious to know the form of its mine so
as to be able to identify it. — E. Atmore, King's Lynn,

The Dianthceci^ at Howth. — The Diatithcecioe. will occasionally
come to light, but I think the only practical way to take them is to
stand and patiently watch, gazing intently at a clump of Silcne niari-
tima. Sometimes one watches an hour or so (letting Acidalia margine-
piaufa, A. bisetata, etc., fly away, lest Barrettii should be missed by
having the net otherwise engaged) before one sees in the dim light
something almost invisible, close to the flowers, and a rapid stroke
making sure of the prize, discloses generally that the capture is D. cap-
sophila. However, I captured a few Barrettii last year, but not very
fine specimens. The flight of these insects sometimes does not come
at all, and generally, when it does come, does not last for more than a
quarter of an hour or so. — G. V. Hart, 14, Lower Pembroke Street,
Dublin.

Notes on Xanthia cerago and X. silago. — In the September of
1888, noticing the complete absence of the Xanthias from my sugared
trees, I began searching flower-heads, etc., and found to my great
astonishment that the two common species mentioned above seemed to
prefer the dry-looking feathery heads of the very pretty long grasses,
which are to be found in most clearings in woods, and which, in the
spot I was working, were especially luxuriant — some of the stronger
stems reaching a height of about 4 feet. Silago was the more
plentiful, and could have been taken by scores, sometimes as many as
four on a single head, and were easily boxed. Cerago was far less
abundant, and the only other moths I found at the same heads were,
if my memory serves me, one Hydrcecia micacea, and a few P. meti-
culosa. Last autumn I was upon the ground at about the same time,
but I saw no traces of either species on the grass ; indeed, the only
specimen I saw at all was a single silago beaten out by chance in
the afternoon. — A. J. Hodges, 2, Highbury Place, N. May, 1890.

It is usual for me to collect both X. silago and X cera^:^o imagines
on " sallow " leaves, feeding on the honeydew which is on them, and
they are more especially abundant on dewy evenings. In the district I
work, the trees I "sugar" are parallel with a row of good sallow
bushes, a half mile in length, to which, when the sugar has failed, I
have devoted my attention with considerable success- — especially on
evenings following a fine day — when such species as Leiicania lithar-
gyria, L. pa I lens, L. impura, Apamea fibrosa, Noctua baja, N. aiigiir,
Triphmna comes, besides hosts of A. didyma {oculea) and N. xantho-
grapha may be taken. — J. Collins, Lilford Street, Warrington.

I took large numbers of X. cerago on sallow leaves during " foggy "
evenings last August. I should like to have known of it some years
ago, but only found it out in 1888, when, having travelled to Moreton,
12 miles from here, to sugar on the heath, a fog came on, my sugar
was unproductive, and I was anything but satisfied with my evening's
sport, until I found cerago and silago on the " sallow " leaves, although
I must own I have never found any other species there. It is only as a
last hope that I search the bushes,in fact I should probably not go out
if I thought I should be driven to that extremity, I have a fine dark-
banded cerago taken in that way.— A. Forsyth, Weymouth.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 69

[This variety of cerago is especially fine, with a complete rich red
band across the centre of the wing. It has been exhibited in one of
the baskets of the Exchange Club. — Ed.]

Unproductive Sugaring. — I took a fine dark variety (?) of
Agrotis lunigera here on ragwort in August, 1889. I find searching
the ragwort shortly after dusk, say from 9 to 10.30 p.m., more pro-
ductive at Howth than any other mode of capturing Noctu/E (imagines)
at that time of year. For the time sugaring becomes almost useless.
Of course one is greatly troubled with A. didyma (oailea) and N.
xanthographa. Geometers also come to the ragwort, but are not so
easily boxed. — G. V. Hart, Lower Pembroke Street, Dublin.

On the question of " unproductive sugaring," last August, night after
night, 1 tried several localities in West Somerset, and at last gave it up
in disgust, and searched the flowers. Of these, none were so produc-
tive as those of the common heath, although ragwort, St. John's wort
and golden rod gave satisfactory results. It was while working in this
way that I found Go7iopteryx libatrix feeding on over-ripe blackberries •
every night I went to the same brambles on a small patch facing the
sea, and was certain to find them ; so overgorged were they, that they
dropped like leeches into the chip boxes, which when opened were
frequently found much stained with the ejections of blackberry juice.
Noctua dahlii was common on the heath blossom, but, unfortunately I
was too late to get them in fine condition. The blackberry blossoms

were also attractive, and swarmed with Triphcciia janthina. H.

TuNALEY, Erdington Hall, Birmingham.

[I found, last August, in the Isle of Wight, that, though practically
nothing came to sugar, yet the flower heads of Eupatorium caniia-
binnin produced large numbers of many Noctu.« and some few
Geometers. — Ed.]

Agrotis agathina in the Midlands. — I took a larva of A.
agathina on May 22nd, 1889, in Sutton Woods. Three days after-
wards it went down, and the imago emerged at the end of July. As
the above locality is in the heart of the Midlands, I should like to know
if there is any other record of its capture so far inland, or whether the
form differs from those usually taken. — H. Tunaley, Birmingham.

[The specimen is much like those obtained at Shirley by Mr.
Sheldon. It is paler than the Perthshire specimens, but quite as laro-e
and bright.— Ed.]

Notes on Biston hirtaria. — The observations of Mr. Alderson, in
his interesting note in the Entomologisf s Record, p. 18, with regard to
the pairing of Amphidasys strataria {prodromaria), are fully borneout by
my experience of the kindred insect, Biston hirtaria. The imagoes of
this species emerge about noon, pairing takes place the same night, and

the sexes remain in cop. until the afternoon of the following day. F. [.

BuCKELL, Canonbury Square, N.

EupiTHEci^ in Surrey. — During the past year or two I have de-
voted some attention to this interesting group, and have found no
difficulty in procuring many species in this district ; where no locality
is given in the below-mentioned species the one meant is Croydon.
Eupitliecia venosata, larvse and imago common ; E. linariafa, larva;
common some years, totally absent others ; E. puichellata, larvie very

70 THE entomologist's record.

common at Leith Hill ; E. oblongata^ larvae not uncommon on Fwi-
pincUa saxi/raga ; E. siiccenturiata^ one specimen only at present ; E.
sttbfidvata, larvae very common; E. scabiosafa, to be beaten commonly,
from yew trees in June at Boxhill ; E. isogrammata, in countless
millions ; E. safyrahi, the remark about E. scabiosata, applies to this
species also ; E. casiigafa, very common ; E. frisignata, larvae very com-
mon at Boxhill in September, feeding on Pasiinaca sativa (wild parsnip) ;
E, pimpinellata, larvae very common ; E. pusillata, not uncommon
amongst spruce in May, West Wickhara ; E. indigata^ scarce amongst
Scotch fir, West Wickham ; E. nanafa, very common at Shirley, there is
a second brood of this species flying in August; E. vulgata, very
common ; E. albipuudatd, larvae in September at Boxhill and near
Caterham, feeding on Pitstinaca sativa and Angelica sylvcstris ; E.
cxpallidata, larvae local and not common; E. absy/iihiafa, common;
E. inunitata, Shirley, common ; E. assiuiilata, in ray garden on hops,
common ; E. siibciiiafa, Boxhill, rare ; E. lariciata. West Wickham,
not common ; E. abbreviata, frequent ; E. exiguata, common ; E.
sobriiiafa, common amongst juniper ; E. piimilata, common ; E. coroiiata,
rare ; E. reifangiilata, not common. — W. G. Sheldon, Croydon. March
12 fh, 1890.

Notes on Dasydia obfuscata. — Whether viewed simply from a
collector's point of view, or considered in more scientific aspects, I
have not come across any insect more interesting in its habits than D.
obfuscata. According to my experience it is extremely local, but if
looked for at the right time in its special haunts not by any means rare.
One may, however, collect for years over ground precisely similar to
and within a very short distance of spots where it occurs commonly
every season without being able to find a single specimen. It frequents
rough heath-covered ground at a moderate elevation, where there is
abundance of bare rocks cropping up here and there. On these the
moths rest during the day, with wings spread fully out, in which posi-
tion their strong protective resemblance to the stone cannot fail to
strike any one seeing them in situ, the difficulty indeed being to see
them at aU. In colouring the species varies very considerably from
light granite grey, in which the appearance of the rock, where it is bare
and clear, is very closely imitated, to a dark leaden form, almost
indistinguishable from a lichen growing plentifully on the rocks, the
resemblance being heightened by the rounded wavy lines on the wings
corresponding to the outlines of the lichen. When disturbed from its
resting place, after the first fright (and flight) is over, the insect in-
variably makes its way to the nearest rock, not by flying, but by walk-
ing or ruiming along, using its wings as aids^, in the manner of an
ostrich. It seems to have a very special aversion to being " blown
upon," not only keeping to the lee side of the rock, but creeping in to
the shelter of any overhanging part, always provided there be a flat
surface on which to spread out the wings. In the course of collecting
in one special locality which the species frequents, I have come to know
one or two corners, forming miniature caves, where, if there has been
any wind at all during the previous night, I can almost certainly reckon
on finding several. I remember on one occasion turning out no less
than nine from a retreat of this kind of such limited space that there

PRACTICAL HINTS. 71

was no room for the whole wiihout the extended wings overlappinfj.
By dint of caution I succeeded in boxing the lot one by one without
he aid of the net, they being very averse to leave such comfortable
(juarters. — T. J. Henderson, Glasgow,

§Jractical hints.

By C. FENN, Y.E.S.

(a) June (nniddle). Larvae of S/>i7. aceriana may now be collected.
They feed in the terminal buds of poplars and ;Tspens. The presence
of the larva is indicated by a tube of frass projecting from the end.
Insert the cut twigs in damp sand.

[l)) June (middle) to July (middle). T. amataria may now be taken
in abundance flying at dusk in weed\' lanes ; and after dark at rest on
the grasses and hedge plants.

{€) June (on to end). Fhorodesma bajidaria flies high at sicnset in
oak woods ; prefers broad rides and woodsides.

id) June (end). Tortrix brauderiana may be obtained freely, flying
high from sunset to dark over the tops of aspens in woods.

(e) June (end). 1 arvse of C. chamowiUce are now nearly full fed on
Matricaria. Search for them in the morning sun on the plants.

(/) June (middle to end). E galHcolana is now out, flying swiftly
over the tops of oak trees and bushes, from 2 till 7 p.m.

[i\'^^.— The Practical Hints for July will be written by Mr. W. H.
Tugwell. — Ed.]

fM^OCIETIES.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— May i^i/i, 1890, Mr. J. A. Clark, President, in the chair. Mr. Bel-
lamy exhibited specimens of D. pulchella, from India, the insects being
rather smaller and more heavily marked than the English form ; Mr.
Tutt a fine variety of S. c/athrata, from Winchester ; a melanic form of
C. inwianaia, from Warrington, and some large specimens of M. artemis ;
Mr. Clark dark specimens of X. poloyodon and H. micacca, also very
strongly-marked si^ecimens of A. lubricipeda., from Germany ; Mr. Simes
a variety of the larva of C. caja, the hairs at the side being black instead
of red, the larva thus being quite black ; Mr. Gurney larvte of P.
smara):^darin ; Mr. Milton series of Dytiscus marginalis and D. circutti-
iiexus. Mr, Clark, on behalf of Mr. Wilmot, of Hackney, exhibited an
albino specinien of a bird, supjiosed to be a thrush, but in the opinion
of the meeting it was a very fine variety of the redwing {Tardus iliacus,

72 THE entomologist's record.

Lin.). Mr. Hanes, on behalf of Mr. Lewcock, exhibited a series of
Aphodms Inridiis, from Riclimond Park, Eastbourne, and Bournemouth,
showing a variation in colour from almost fulvous to quite black. The
specimens were captured by himself, Mr. Gillo, of Bath, and Mr.
Cripps.

June C)f/i, 1890, the President in the chair. Mr. Sampson exhibited
a bred series of Angerona pruiiaria from Epping Forest, and two
specimens of Melanippe hastata from "\\^inchester. Mr. Bellamy an
extremely large specimen of Orgyia pudibnnda. Mr. Smith a female
specimen of Saturtiia carpini from Wicken Fen, and remarked upon
the light colour of the cocoons of this species from that locality. Mr.
Clark a specimen of Smerinihus filice, the hind wings being much
darker than ordinary. Mr. Raine exhibited various preserved lepi-
dopterous larvae. Mr. Lewcock's box of coleoptera contained several
specimens of Harpalus tenebrosus from Plymouth ; Mr. Heasler
exhibited several species of Necrophagous beetles from Honor Oak,
and a series of Berosus affinis from Mitcham. Several members
referred to their recent excursions in search of insects, and mentioned
the frequent occurrence of white specimens of P. napi. Mr. Lewcock's
attention was attracted by a very strongly marked imago of this species
at Claygate, on May 24th. A discussion also took place respecting the
scarcity of various insects this season. — G. A. Lewcock and E. Hanes,
Hon. Sees.

South London Entomological and Naiural History Society. —
Nothing interesting to entomologists took place at the South London
Entom. Society's meeting of May 2,th, except the exhibition of Mr.
Fenn's specimens of Spilonota paupera?ia, recorded last month.

At that oi May 22nd, Mr. Hawes exhibited ova of Gon. rhanini in
situ, and Mr. Frohawk some coloured drawings of ova of the same
species. Mr. Fenn exhibited some fine Satui7iia carpini, bred from
Bournemouth parents, the females very large, the males exceedingly
strongly marked ; a long series of very large dark Cidaria russata, the
remarkable fact being that the female parent was an exceptionally pale
specimen (almost white), but that no single specimen showed any ten
dency to assume this form. Mr. Fenn's best exhibit, however, was a
series of some three dozen Arcfia fnendica, the males varying from the
ordinary sooty black southern type to a bufT form, almost as pale as
the Irish var. of this sex ; the females showed in some instances a
tendency to buff colour, and in one specimen, on the left side, a great
increase of black markings, reminding one of Mr. Porritt's magnificent
specimens {Trans. Ent. Soc, 1889). Mr. Fenn states that the only
explanation he can give of this variation is, that the larvae and pupte
were subjected to a very great deal of damp and cold during last
summer and autumn. The ? parent was quite normal. A long dis-
cussion on the part played by insects in the cros.s-fertilisation of flowers
was carried on by several members.

[Pending arrangements to get the Reports of this Society up to date,
instead of presenting them to our readers six or seven weeks behind
time, I propose making notes myself of the matters of interest to ento-
mologists generally, instead of publishing the stereotyped official re-
ports.— Ed.]

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 4. Vol. I. July 15th, 18S0.

BOOKS ON NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA.

By G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.

|r. Tutt, by inadvertently misquoting my letter {ante,
p. 6i), fails to give the meaning I intended to
convey. I did not say, " There is no book on the
Neuroptera."^ What I wrote was, " There is no
book on the British Dragonflies nor on the British Neurop-
TERA as a whole." There are several monographs on separate
groups, and the works by McLachlan, The TricJioptera of the
European Fauna, and Eaton's Monograph of Recent Epheine-
ridoB, the latter forming Vol. III. of the Transactions of the
Linnean Society of London (Zoology, 2nd Series), are beyond
all praise. On various groups, too, McLachlan's Monograph
of the British Neiiroptera-Planipennia, including the Sia-
lidcB, RaphidiidcB, OsmylidcB, Hemerobidce, ChrysopidcB, Panor-
pid(B, etc., published in Part II. of the Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London for 1868 is most useful ; and
so are Dr. Hagen's Synopsis of the British Psocidcs, Synopsis
of the British Dragonflies, Synopsis of the British Planipennia,
and Synopsis of the British EpJienieridcE, published in the
Entomologisfs Annmls for 1861, 1857, 1858, and 1863 respec-
tively. Mr. McLachlan's Trichoptcra Briiannica, published
in Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1865, will be found
very useful in the absence of the same author's more recent
and bigger work. There is no separate monograph on the
British Perlidcu, and this is much needed. But perhaps what

' Mr. Porritt wrote " On the Dragonflies," as he says. The error was decidedly
mine. —Ed.

74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

is most wanted at present is a good monograph on the British
Dragonflies, written by a competent person. It should con-
tain coloured figures of all the species, drawn from living
specimens, and in the case especially of Agrioji and the
allied genera, should have magnified figures, clearly showing
the shapes of the markings on the second segment of the
abdomen, as well as of the anal appendages, which form the
best distinguishing characters in the group. But it would be
worse than folly for anyone who has not for some years had
experience with and paid close attention to the order to
attempt anything of the kind.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES.

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

(Contimied from page 29 j.

Acronycta {Viminia) aiiricoma. — This species, so far as my
experience goes, is the least common of all our British species;
at least I have so far failed to secure living British examples,
and have had to be satisfied with the study of specimens
derived from continental ova. It appears to be somewhat
localised in a few spots in the south of England, where it
occurs occasionally, tolerably freely at sugar, and though I
have heard of no considerable captures of recent years, I
have heard nothing to show that it is dying out. The in-
formation I have obtained from several correspondents goes
to show that it is double-brooded, probably invariably so,
and its being confined to the extreme south is most likely due
to this circumstance, the temperature further north being in-
sufficient to secure the double brood.

Several of our Acronyctas appear to be usually double-
brooded on the continent, or at least in many of the warmer
districts ; but in England it is their normal habit to be single-
brooded, and only aiiricoma appear to insist on being double-
brooded. It is therefore somewhat curious that last year I
■obtained continental eggs of the spring laying, that is, the
summer brood that ought to have emerged at the end of July
and August, but not one did so, all remained over till this
year — proved, in fact, to be simply single-brooded.

It may be convenient to put together my observations on
the other species in this matter. Riimicis and tridens are the

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 75

only species that I have observed make fairly successful at-
tempts to be double-brooded, but I fancy, in a state of nature,
they are usually unsuccessful ; that is, that the specimens that
emerge in the autumn do not do so early enough to give their
progeny time to certainly feed up before winter. The Brst
brood of tridens that I reared in 1886 divided itself into two
portions, one of which came out at the beginning of August,
the other remained over till the following year. This expe-
rience has not occurred to me since, nor have I ever had an
autumnal emergence of psi. Ruinicis very commonly affords
an autumnal specimen or two, and it not unfrequently puts in
an appearance at sugar in August, in the south of England.

Sundry species occasionally remain two or more 3'ears in the
pupa state. I never had any of the Viminia group do so
successfully. Psi and tridens have presented two or three
pupae that remained alive till the following year, but failed to
emerge. Alni, strigosa, and aceris have never shown any
tendency of this sort ; but with megacepliala it is quite frequent,
half of a brood sometimes going over to the second year, and
emerging as satisfactorily as in the first year, and some take a
third winter in the pupa state. Leporina also goes over a second
year easily and successfully, but in a smaller proportion of
cases, and rarely takes a third year. Ligustri remains over
sometimes, but has so far in my hands failed to emerge.

The Q.^^ of ani'iconm is laid in the imbricated manner
characteristic of Viminia, but, like my rices, in smaller groups
than in the others, and with more frequent single specimens. It
is I.I mm. in diameter, and about two-sevenths of this in
height, the ribs are fifty-seven to sixty in number, and are
waved or crenulated as in the other species ; pale creamy
when first laid, it passes into a rich reddish chocolate brown,
with numerous white or creamy spots, which are more regular
and distinct in outline and distribution than the pale markings
are in the other species of Viminia. In several instances my
drawings of the eggs of Acronycta have not been taken at the
best point in the development of the markings, which, after
reaching their best and most perfect stage, rapidly became
confused and obscure again as the young larva within matures.

In this clearness and distinctness of the rounded white spots
this &^^ comes nearer, in general aspect, to that of alni than
do any of the other species of Viminia, but the spots are
smaller and more numerous than in alni, the outer or marginal
set forming a tolerably complete ring of small spots ; the

76 THE entomologist's record.

remainder are small enough, but hardly regularly enough dis-
posed to be described as forming two inner rings, besides a
few central spots ; the central spots are much larger than the
others.

The larva when newly hatched is pale, but very shortly the
tubercles become black, and are so closely set together as to
make the larva appear quite black ; it is indeed only as it
feeds, so as to separate the tubercles a little, that its proper
coloration is clearly seen. It is then apparent that segments
3.4, 6.7, lo.ii, and 13 are paler than the others. The form
of the tubercles is that due to their being closely packed
together, the posterior trapezoidal being wedge-shaped, and,
so to speak, pushed in between the anterior trapezoidal and
the superior spiracular. As the larva grows from ij mm. long
to about 3 mm., the tubercles float apart, and the whole larva
looks paler ; it is now of a chocolate brown, with black
tubercles and lighter markings. The pale segments have what
seems to be a white mark below the trapezoidal tubercles, and
on these segments there is very distinctly a paler area around
each tubercle ; this is also visible on the dark segments, but
very obscurely. The head is black. The anterior trapezoidals
are very large, and so assume a very dorsal position, thrusting
the posterior trapezoidals into an almost lateral position ; they
(the anterior trapezoidals) have five to seven hairs each, the
other tubercles each one hair ; the posterior spiracular and
marginal tubercles are very small ; the tubercles of segments
5 and 12 are very large, as are the segments themselves, whilst
II, and to a slight degree 10 also, is small, with small dorsal
tubercles with only five hairs, very decidedly shorter than
those on the other segments, which in length rather exceed
that of the larva itself (when full-fed in this skin), i.e., about
3 mm. The dorsal plates on 2 and 14 have each eight hairs.

In the second skin the length is from 2\ to j^\ mm. ; before
feeding it is, as in previous skin, black, from the large size and
close packing of the tubercles. The anterior trapezoidals are
especially large. As the larva grows the pale segments again
show themselves, and the skin of the dark segments is seen to
be brownish, and not black ; the 5th and 12th segments are
now very large (humped), the nth is markedly small, and,
viewed dorsally, looks meagre and slender from the smallness
of its tubercles. The hairs are all black ; about a dozen on
the large anterior trapezoidal tubercles, and several on all the
others except the posterior trapezoidal of 11, which has only

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 77

one, as also the posterior spiracular tubercles, which are
dwindling, the subspiracular and marginal tubercles are longi-
tudinally linear ; the paleness of the pale segments especialh-
appears as a white area around the posterior trapezoidal
tubercles, and as the larva becomes full grown (in this skin),
the paleness of these segments looks no longer a weakness or
defect, but takes the form of a bright yellow area around the
posterior trapezoidals. All the tubercles appear to have a pale
line round them ; this is most marked in the subspiracular,
where the paleness on their upper margins forms a pale lateral
line, apparently continuous across the dorsum of the 13th
segment, where the paleness is whitish instead of yellow, as
noted above in regard to the other pale segments.

In the third skin the larva is again black at first, from close
setting of the tubercles ; its length is 5 to g mm. The pos-
terior spiracular is now a mere dot, but the other tubercles are
large, the anterior trapezoidal the largest, with twelve hairs.
The posterior trapezoidal and subspiracular tubercles now
have a few shorter pale hairs in addition to the longer black
ones. The 5th and 12th segments are still much the largest,
perhaps hardly to be called humped, and the nth is still
weaker than its place in the series requires. The colour of the
skin is a light rufous brown, the pale segments 3.4, 6.7, 10.
II, have a brilliant yellow area below the anterior trapezoidals,
and reaching down to half-way between the posterior trape-
zoidal and the supra-spiracular tubercles. (On 3 and 4 it
reaches the tubercles that appear to correspond with these.)
A pale whitish area surrounds the black spiracles, the yellow
marking crosses the back of 13, and is continuous with a
lateral line above the subspiracular tubercle as in previous
skin, and yellow markings exist anteriorly and posteriorly on
the dorsum of the 12th segment.

In the fourth skin (length g to 15 mm.) the larvae are no
longer of uniform colouring, all have the rmnicis form of high
(if not actually humped) 5th and 12th segments — head black,
some are coloured as in previous skin, i.e., the tubercles all
black, and with a bright gamboge area in the pale segments
between the trapezoidals. Some are inclined to lose this
colouring, but none are absolutely black. In others the yellow
tends to form a continuous band through segments 8 and g.
In these more highly coloured larvse the trapezoidal tubercles
are orange instead of black ; in some even in the 5th segment.
The most striking have very little yellow on the skin, but have

78 THE entomologist's record.

all the trapezoidal tubercles brilliant orange. The hairs vary
from entirely black in a few of the darkest to orange on the
trapezoidals. In most of them the lateral hairs are cinereous.
In a large well-marked specimen the subspiracular and mar-
ginal tubercles are surrounded by a greenish yellow line or
ring, and there are a few scattered marblings tending to con-
nect these into a longitudinal lateral line. Each tubercle has
twenty-two to twenty-five hairs, half the diameter of the larva
in length, except the post-spiracular, which is a mere dot.
Amongst the varieties, some of the darkest specimens have the
orange markings replaced by lemon yellow, and one specimen
is entirely black, except the orange tips and hairs of the trape-
zoidals of 4 and 6 to 13, the hairs of 5 being also orange.

These larvae were hatched on May 22nd ; on June igth many
were laid up for fourth moult, and it is noted that of these
some few are nearly three times the bulk of others, certainly
much more than twice ; they are nearly one-fourth longer, and
nearly twice as thick; length respectively 11 mm. and 15mm,,
diameter 2|- to 33- and 3 to ^h mm. The event proved that
these large larvae only moulted four times, passing now into
the last skin, whilst the majority moulted five times.

In the fifth skin the form is still that of runiicis, i.e., with
large 5th and 12th segments, and they are much more uniform
in colour than in the fourth skin. The larva is black, with the
trapezoidals of the segments from the 4th backwards, orange
golden ; slightly also the dorsal tubercles of the 3rd ; in most
the space between the trapezoidals is also orange, in 6.7, 10.
II, and the incision between 12 and 13 also. The variations
are for the posterior trapezoidals to be black, especially in 5, 8,
and g; and for the orange on 10 and 11 to be a broad, con-
tinuous streak across both segments. The posterior trapezoi-
dals are the smallest tubercles, the length of the hairs is little
more than half the diameter of the larva. The hairs on the
tubercles have not the tufted stellate aspect that they have in
menyantJiidis ; this appears to be due to some extent to the
tubercles being flatter, not so rounded and knobbed as in
menyantJiidis, but chiefly to the colouring, the dorsal hairs
being red, the lateral pale cinereous, but with a sprinkling of
black ones, and also there being some longer hairs interspersed,
especially in front and on the 12th segment.

June 28. In last skin the full-fed larva is very handsome,
being black, with a double dorsal row of orange red tubercles,
and hairs of the same tint. At first it suggests H. dispar, but

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 79

on a closer view, notwithstanding the abundant hairs, a striking-
likeness to Acronycta aliii suggests itself, chiefly, perhaps, from
the colour and apparent texture of the black velvety sides, and
the orange tubercles, recalling alni's yellow lozenges. There
is no longer the outline of riimicis, the 5th is the largest seg-
ment, and that is all that can be said for it. The 12th is in no
wise larger than those in front of it; behind 12 the form is
somewhat truncate. The segments are rounded, of a glistening
velvety black, becoming dull and sooty at the incisions ; the
tubercles and hairs are also black, except the anterior trape-
zoidals, which, with their hairs, are of a golden red ; the dorsal
tubercles of 3 and 4 are included in this set, but 2 is black ; the
posterior trapezoidal of 12, and four tubercles in 13 belong to
the coloured series. In some specimens the posterior trape-
zoidals,' which are smaller than the anterior, are also coloured,
those of the 5th segment are usually so. The majority of the
hairs are 2\ to 3 mm. in length, but a few in each segment,
chiefly the supra-spiracular, are 5 to 6 mm., and some on 2, 3,
and 12 are as much as g mm. in length. The uncoloured
hairs are chiefly black, but some pale ones are interspersed ;
the posterior spiracular tubercles have three small hairs.

Jul}^ 3rd. They are spinning up.

The cocoon is of rather whiter silk than in most of the other
species of Viniiiiia, and leaves, twigs, etc., are drawn together
to cover it. It presents no distinct structure to facilitate the
emergence of the moth.

Details of the pupae are figured in PI. I., 5.

The characteristic hooped margin of segments is least
marked in auricoma of any member of the Viminia group.
This portion of the segment is distinctly marked off by its
smoothness from the rest of the segment, and looks raised ;
but as a matter of fact it hardly rises above the level of the
rest of the surface. It also differs in having the nodules be-
tween the eyes closer together than in the other species, and
occasionally the nodules are united together (the ordinary form
in Siviyra nervosa). The anal armature, and indeed the whole
pupa, is so close to the other species that an absolute descrip-
tion would apply almost equally to any of them. As compared
with rmnicis the mesothorax is not so overhanging, the incisions
of the free segments are black. The bristles of the anal arma-
ture are shorter, stiffer, darker, and look more regularly placed
than in riimicis, the upper corners of the square extremity are
znore rounded than in rumicis, and each have two minute

80 THE entomologist's record.

points ; the fine hairs are smaller than in rnmicis, and being
black easily elude notice, at least on segments 12 and 13.

Acronycta {Viininia) myricce. — My acquaintance with this
species is not of that intimate character that results from
frequently meeting with it in its natural home. I have only
once captured the larva in Great Britain, and not unfrequently
the same or a closely allied form in Switzerland. I have,
however, several times reared the larva from the Q.gg.

I have not learned the precise limits of its range in Great
Britain. Its head-quarters appear to be at Rannoch, and that
portion of Scotland to the north-east of Rannoch. Whether
it occurs in the north-west of Scotland I do not know ; it does
not occur in the south, and as regards the west and south-west
my solitary capture was made in Argyle shire, where it must be
excessively rare, probably an occasional immigrant, or I should
have seen more of it.

It appears to emerge in its northern habitat as early as
ruinicis and its congeners do in the south, that is to say, in the
first half of June, or later in some seasons.

The &g% is laid in the imbricated manner characteristic of
Viininia, but in smaller batches, and more often solitarily than
in the other species. It differs also by varying in size more
frequently than any of the others do. Two adjacent eggs, for
example, measured in diameter i mm. and 1.33 mm., the
average being about 1.15, and the height 0.5 mm. ; the ribs
are about 66 in number. The colour is somewhat richer than,
say, rnmicis has, the yellow soon becoming of a pale salmon pink,
and passing on to a purplish brown, with paler reddish brown
spots ; these pale areas are smaller and more irregular than in
anricoma, but preserve more the form of separate roundish
spots than they do in ruinicis, where they run together and
form bands and streaks.

The ribs unite together somewhat regularly as they approach
the vertex; there are no transverse stris, but the ribs are
waved or crenulated much as in the other species of the genus.

The newly hatched larva is almost impossible to distinguish
by description from that of the other species of Viniinia ; after
it has fed a few days each species differs somewhat in the
aspect of the pale markings of the pale segments, and can be
distinguished when compared together. These differences are
fully shown in the drawings of these larvae. The length is
2 mm., with hairs as long, the hairs are black and vary in
thickness, looking nodulated when magnified. The predomi-

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 81

nance of the anterior trapezoidal tubercles is as fully pro-
nounced as in any other species of the section, presenting
themselves as two great dorsal bosses on each of the 5th to
I2th segments, and each carrying six hairs, the other tubercles
each carrying one, except the posterior trapezoidal, which has
a second short hair. They tend to be angular, as if fitted to
each other (as is really the case), as in the other species. The
2nd segment has a plate carrying long hairs, the dorsal
tubercle of the 3rd has three hairs, and of the 4th four. The
dark segments are rufous in colour, the nth is the palest of the
pale segments, the tubercles are only just less pronounce 1
than in the others. The darkest segments are 5, 8, g, and 12,

After the first moult the larva may be easily distinguished
from its congeners ; it is hairy and looks black from the black
tubercles and hairs, but the skin tint is rufo-fuscous ; general
aspect cylindrical, with prominent tubercles and deep incisions.
There is a yellow line between the spiracles and the sub-
spiracular tubercles, the hinder part of the dorsum of the 3rd
segment is yellow, forming a transverse line. Each posterior
trapezoidal tubercle is enclosed in a whitish patch, which
reaches round to the front of the anterior trapezoidals. The
supra-spiracular tubercle is surrounded by a pale or white
circle, most distinct as a line above it, and on the paler seg-
ments 4, 6.7, 10 and II. The marginal tubercles also have
pale circles round them, and there are some other pale irregular
mottlings ; the anterior trapezoidal tubercles now have ten to
twelve hairs.

After the second moult (in third skin), it is at first the same
as in the other species of Viininia, very black, from the crowd-
ing of the tubercles, but is distinguished by the orange line
across the 3rd segment, and the narrow lateral line ; but, as it
grows, the paleness of the dorsal area shows itself, being in
some specimens nearly white, the dark tubercles standing out
very conspicuously. The anterior trapezoidal tubercles are
very large, the others smaller, and the posterior spiracular has
dwindled to a point much like the spiracle. The yellow lateral
line is now broad, and includes the subspiracular tubercle.
The white dorsal area consists essentially of white rings round
the trapezoidal and supra-spiracular tubercles ; the larvae differ
much in tint : in a few dark ones these rings have to be care-
fully looked for ; in others the whole back, or nearly so, is of
porcelain whiteness, and there are all intermediate varieties ;
the area between the trapezoidals on each segment, and the

82 THE entomologist's record.

pale segments among the segments, are the whitest in those
intermediate varieties which are the most numerous. In some>
for instance, the inter-trapezoidal area is quite white on the
pale segments, but has a line on the dark segments separating
the anterior from the posterior trapezoidal ring.

After the third moult (in fourth skin) the orange line is
broader, the w^hite markings of the back are much as in the
previous skin, but more pronounced, in that the darker forms
are less numerous and the white marks less clearly result from
rings round the tubercles ; the hairs and tubercles are still
black. There is now a distinct trace of the ruviicis form, that
is, the 5th segment is the largest, and the 12th is unduly large
for its position in a dwindling series. After the fourth moult
(in fifth skin) the larva loses the riiviicis form, there are now
shorter whitish barbed hairs plentifully intermixed with the
black ones. These were indeed present in many larvae in the
previous skin, and give the larva a hoary look. It is very
possible that in some individuals this skin is the last, as in the
other species of Viniinia, but I failed to detect an instance,
probably because I was not on the look out for it ; and in
actual practice it is no easy matter to be sure of the number
of moults of more than a few specially watched individuals.

I have kept no detailed description of the full-grown larva :
it has no rmnicis outline, though it is thickest at the 5th seg-
ment, the white hairs largely overpower the black ones in
giving the general tint of the larva, and the white marking is
even more variable in amount and distribution than in the
third skin. A few larvae are almost entirely creamy white,
others have a trefoil white mark on each segment, and a few
have even less white coloration.

The cocoon is of similar construction to that of rmnicis, the
silk is paler, but not so pale as in auriconia, where it is some-
times quite white ; cocoons from Rannoch have usually bits of
burnt heather attached to them ; why the larva should select
places where the heather has been burnt to pupate in is not
clear. Most probably we get such cocoons because those in
such situations are more easily seen and collected. There is
at the top of the cocoon a weak place left for emergence, the
external debris is brought together closely, but silk is sparingly
used ; there is, however, nothing that can be called a valve or
lid.

The pupa is black, ver}- like that of riniiicis, but less pro-
nounced in its markings and processes. The knobs between

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 83-

the antennas are slight elevations, closer together than in
rumtcis, less so than in auricoina. The " hoops " of the
abdominal segments are broad and flat, and would hardly be
described as hoops, except for the homology with the other
species, and the warts of the dorsum are less large than in
rniiiicis, and fade away towards the margin sooner. The
membrane of the incisions is nearly black. The apical por-
tion of the pupa is larger, more round and blunt than in
riiuiicis, the brown bristles are darker, sparser, and shorter,
and the hollow in the ventral aspect is deeper ; the apex might
almost be described as hemispherical, but that the ventral
portion of the hemisphere is wanting, owing to this hollow — it is
rough, and has several indistinct points along its dorsal margin.

The hairs are exceedingly minute, almost microscopic,
especially those at the antennal base : there are also a few
hairs on the prothorax.

In Plate II., the details of the pupse of Viininia are shown
{auricoina is in Plate I.). The differences between the several
species are well represented, but are, if anything, somewhat
exaggerated. The two anterior nodules are large and near
together in menyanthidis, smaller and further apart in rumicis
and venosa. The difference in sculpturing shown {a) is rather
due to a slightly different aspect of each pupa having been
taken, all have a tendency to this decided marking on the
prothorax shown in rumicis, and rumicis rareh' has it in so
pronounced a degree. The " hoops " {b) are most marked in
rumicis and venosa, least in myricce and auricoma. As regards the
anal armature {c) the differences are not really quite as marked as.
shown ; all have the stiff brush of brown bristles, and all have
certain nearly obsolete spines or points, which in venosa and
rumicis are so placed as to form the angles of a somewhat
quadrangular end, in myricce, and still more in menyanthidis,
the end is larger, more rounded, and the spines or points are
less marked and terminal, but they are not so decidedly
different from rumicis and venosa as the drawings suggest. In
menyanthidis the bristles are less pronounced and easily lost,
but they are usually rather more abundant than shown in the
figure. Indeed the degree to which these bristles persist
makes much more difference between the species in appear-
ance than the actual pupa, apart from the bristles, really pre-
sents ; they are, however, more abundant, larger, and more
persistent in rumicis and venosa than in the others. All these
pupae have two small hairs at the base of each antenna ; these

84 THE entomologist's record.

are also to be found in the other A cro?ij'ctas, and indeed in many
NocTUA (and other?) piipte, but are often so tine as to be
easily overlooked.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Natural Size.— Fig. I, — Pupa of Viminia niyrica:.

Enlarged fF'ti- i^. — Pupa of V. myriccE ; dorsal view of anterior extremity,
about 8 -| Fig. lb. — Pupa of V. myriccc ; 9th segment, lateral view.

diamettrs. \^Yig. ic. — Pupa of V. iityriccc ; lateral view of posterior extremity.
Natural Size.— Fig. 2. — Pupa of Viiniiiia nienyattthidis.

Enlarged f Fig. 2a. — Pupa of V. vienyanthidis ; dorsal view of anterior extremity,
about 8 -)' Fig. 2b. — Pupa of V. vienyantliidis ; 9th segment, lateral view.

diameters. L Fig. 2c. — Pupa of V. Vienyanthidis ; lateral view of posterior extremity.
Natural Size.— Fig. 3. — Pupa of Viminia venosa.

r.nlarc'ed f Fig. 3a. — Pupa of V. venosa ; dorsal view of anterior extremity,
about 8 "! Fig. 3b. — Pupa of V. venosa ; 9th segment, lateral view.

diameters. I Fig. 3c. — Pupa of V. ve:iosa ; lateral view of posterior extremity.

Enlarged (^ Fig. 4a. — Pupa of V. rti7nicis ; dorsal view of anterior extremity.

about 8 1 Fig. 4b. — Pupa of V. rutnicis ; 9th segment, lateral view.

diameters, v Fig. 4c. — Pupa of V. riuiiicis ; lateral view of posterior extremity.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. \V. TUTT, F.E.S.
{Continued from page 56.)
DuT there is no doubt that another local condition, at least,
is brought into play in aiding " natural selection " in its work.
I refer to the presence of large wooded tracts in districts where
this artificial (so to speak) darkening of surfaces is occurring.
It is well known that large arid tracts of land in different parts
of the world have been planted with trees to increase the
water supply of such districts, and it is as well known that the
action of these trees on the atmosphere is such, that vast
quantities of vapour are condensed from it, and the atmosphere
in such a district becomes charged with moisture and very
different to its previous dry condition. It is also well known that
all large wooded areas have a moister atmosphere than areas
in immediate contact with them which are open in character.
Probably no trees have a tendency to hold so much moisture
as the different kinds of fir trees. I have long noticed this
tendency, and there is no doubt that the presence of moisture
in such localities, helps to make the natural dark colour of
these trees still darker ; add to this that fir trees, by means of
their foliage, shut out an immense proportion of light, and we
can readily understand that " natural selection," would leave,
to a great extent, only the darker insects in such situations. I
find it an actual fact in the south of England, that such localities

PI I

, <•■ :'* ^

■ 't '25

:;?^^.

Horace K>,.9>,tad«at. del

Pupae of Genus Acr

onvcta

'^«st,Ne-„n«n,liil,

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 85

give us a greater proportion of darker specimens of many
species that naturally rest on tree-trunks, than do compara-
tively open woods of more mixed growth. If we add to these
natural conditions the presence of chemical fumes, smoke, and
other atmospheric impurities w'hich are specially characteristic
of large manufacturing districts, we can see how intensified the
tendency to melanism would become in such districts. Only
those insects that become positively black, would have in many
places the slightest chance of escape, and " natural selection,"
by weeding out the paler specimens, would leave only the
darker, and " hereditary tendency " would play its part in the
intensification of the colour of the species. I would now cite
examples which I think will tend to prove this view.

Thanks to the generosity of Mr. Sheldon and Mr. John Hill
of Derby, most of us I suppose, who are interested in this
subject, possess specimens of TepJirosia biiindularia from this
locality. Those I had some years ago from Mr. Sheldon are
dark, but comparatively pale compared with some sent me
a few years later by Mr. Hill. Some time ago Mr. Sheldon,
who is one of our most observant lepidopterists, told me
what he considered the history of the melanism of Tephrosia
biiindularia in the neighbourhood of Derby,^ and for the
purpose of this paper, I wrote to Mr. Sheldon, asking him
to give me the particulars. I now quote his statement,
which is as follows : — " Some 12 or 13 years ago, I found
that biundularia occurred freely in a wood near Derby. The
growth was composed of spruce, and Scotch firs, larch, oak,
etc., and would be then some twenty years of age. The
biundularia were of all shades, from the light southern type to
a form about as dark as typical T. punctulata. A large
percentage, 50 per cent., would be the light form. This was
from 1876-1879. In 1880 I left the district, and did not do
any more collecting in it till 1885, when I found a difference in
the biicndiilaria ; not only w^ere the extreme dark forms darker
than any I had previously noticed, but the percentage of pale
ones was much less, not more than about 15 to 20 per cent, of
the whole. I have not done any collecting there since, but I am
told by a resident collector that it is now difficult to find the light
type, and so the darkening process appears, to be going on."
With respect to the cause of this, Mr. Sheldon writes : — " I
consider it to result from two reasons : — (i). The gradual growth
of the trees makes the wood darker than formerly. (2). The dark

^Vide Ent, Mo. Mag., vol. xxiii., p. 6.'

86 THE entomologist's record.

specimens being much more protected from their enemies by
their greater resemblances to objects rested upon, have by
'* natural selection " gradually assumed their present state. Note
also, the wood has been much collected of late years, and the
light specimens naturally are taken in much greater numbers
than dark ones." This really is my own view, except that I
think the darkening of the trunks arises perhaps less from the
shutting out of light, than to the natural increase of humidity
due to increase of age of trees and greater condensation, and
to the gradual increase of Derby as a manufacturing centre.

Another extreme case, almost on all fours with this, is a most
extraordinary development of extreme melanism in Boarmia
repandata, near Huddersfield {Ent. Mo. Mag.,vo\. xxv., p. i6i).
Mr. G. Porritt, F.L.S., in 1888, bred from a wood in that dis-
trict some black forms of this species. So intensely black are
these extreme specimens, that insects commonly called black,
appear brownish beside them. The larvae from which these
specimens were bred came from an intensely dark fir wood, in
the midst of what is one of the largest manufacturing districts
in Britain, and where the vapour must hold in suspension large
quantities of carbon and other impurities. An almost parallel
case was cited by Mr. N. Cooke {Entom. x., p. 94) in a dis-
cussion of this subject, where he writes: — "The most interesting
case of melanism that has come under my observation — and
my friend Mr. Greening, of Warrington, can say if I exaggerate
the facts — is the total change in the colour of TcpJirosia biundu-
laria, in Delamere Forest. Some thirty years since, when he
and I visited Petty Pool Wood, this species was very abundant,
appearing in March, and was to be found through April and
May, but all were of a creamy white ground colour ; dark
varieties were so scarce that they were considered a great
prize. Now it is the reverse, all are dark, smoky brown,
approaching black ; a light variety is very rare. The same
change, and nearly to the same extent as regards numbers,
has come over AmpJiidasys betularia. Throughout the district,
from Petty Pool, including Warrington, to Manchester, the
black form is now usually found. I am inclined to suspect
that climate and manufactures have done more to bring about
this change than anything else. During the past thirty years,
what large towns have sprung up to the west of this district !
Runcorn, Widnes, St. Helens, Earlstown, Wigan, etc ; all
pouring forth from their tall chimneys chemical fumes and
coal smoke, which emanations are carried over our collecting

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 87

,i^rounds by every westerly wind ; and the wind is westerly ^
for nine months out of the twelve. This may have effected a
change in the climate {Entom. x., p. 94). And yet, after
coming to this reasonable and satisfactory conclusion, Mr. Cooke
would not allow that " natural selection " had any hand in
the matter, because he could not see the difference between
"sexual selection" and "natural selection." Had Mr. Cooke
seen the line of argument taken by D. F. B. White {Entom. x.,
p. 126), I think he must have been driven to the conclusion
that I have (in common, I believe, with many others) arrived
at. Dr. White {Entom. x., p. 127) says himself: "But what
is the exciting cause of this tendency to variation ? I think it
is (in some cases, at least) meteorological, that is to say, cold
or heat, dryness or dampness, presence or absence of sunshine,
etc." So that even in these earlier discussions, atmospheric
effects held a place, but generally a most subordinate one. In
Entom. X., pp. 152, 153, Mr. Cooke also writes : " I have also
lately become acquainted with the fact that TepJirosia biundii-
laria of the dark form, occurs in the "black district" of
Staffordshire — in Burnt Wood — not far from which an immense
quantity of smoke is produced, by the manufacture of iron and
pottery." Criticising Mr. Cooke's article {Entom, x., pp. 92-96)
Dr. White says : "This aberration Delamerensis var. of biundu-
laria, and the ab. Doiibledayaria, Mill., of AmpJiidasys betularia
are, however, exceptional cases, and cannot be considered as
throwing much light on the origin of the majority of melano-
chroic forms " {Entom. x., p. 128).

Here I differ from Dr. White. They throw a great deal of
light on the origin of the melanism in tree frequenting species.
The colours of these species lend themselves more readily than
those of most species to this peculiar form of variation. Being
of a white ground colour with the principal markings black, it
follows, that any darkening of surface will be more favourable
to those specimens which have an excess of dark colour, than
to those which have an excess of light. " Natural selection "
will complete the work, and "hereditary tendency" will ensure
its intensification. Again, the same species has undergone the
same change at Derby {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxiii., p. 6), and
has lately exhibited itself to some extent at Birmingham, and
in the neighbourhood of Mansfield, Notts.

To show that these are not isolated cases of melanism of
this particular class, and that the results obtained in Boarmia
^ South-westerly would have been more correct. — J.W.T.

88 THE entomologist's kecord.

repandata, etc. are capable of generalisation ; I may add that
B. rhoviboidaria var. perfwiiaria, DiiirncBa fagella, Hybernia
marginarid {progeinmarid), and other tree frequenting species
are excessively dark from the Huddersfield locality, and some
of the specimens of Cidaria ritssata are blacker from this localit}'
than from any other locality I know, except perhaps from the
neighbouring one of Sheffield. Arctia inendica has also under-
gone a remarkable change near Huddersfield, vide Trans. Ent.
Soc, pp. 441, 442, and PL xiv. (1889).

I will cite one more example from our literature on this
subject. It is written by Mr. Edelston, and refers to AmpJii-
dasys brtiilaria. It is as follows : — " Some sixteen 3'ears ago,
the " Negro " aberration of this common species was almost
unknown. Last year I obtained the eggs of a female of the
common form, which had been crossed with a "Negro" male ;
the larvae I fed on willow, and had this year some remarkably
pretty aberrations, the connecting link between the " Negro "
and the usual form, but far before either as regards beauty. I
placed some of the virgin females in my garden, in order to
attract the males, and was not a little surprised to find that
most of the visitors were the " Negro " aberration ; if this goes
on for a few years, the original type of A. betiilaria will be
extinct in this locality " {Entomologist, vol. ii., p., 150, and Ent.
Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., p. 131).

I will now quote a statement of Mr. Cooke {Entovi. x.,
p. 151), which appears to me to illustrate the effect of damp-
ness due to woods on the development of dark forms of lepi-
doptera. Mr. Cooke says : — " Since my paper appeared, I
have bred two dark varieties of a light-coloured species from
the chalk. I never saw or heard of a dark specimen of the
species before last year, and it puzzles me to account for them,
as other dark specimens have been procured from the same
wood on the chalk. Had it not been so, I should have con-
cluded that the soot on my tree was the cause of aberration ;
but it is not so, for it is evident there is a dark race of this
particular species occurring on the chalk a long distance from
any manufacturing district." Just so, I can cite parallel cases
in Kent, but there is no doubt the wood is the cause of it ; the
dark race is more readily protected in the wood, where the
light race would be prominent, on the other hand, on the chalk
itself the white race would be protected ; hence, by " natural
selection," the darker wood variety would be perpetuated in
the wood, although the greater number of specimens, if it were

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 89

a generally exposed species, or one that usually rested on the
ground, would be of a lighter race ; Gnophos obscurata, Eubolia
bipunctata, Anaitis plagiata offer almost parallel cases in Kent.
I would here again call attention to the fact that Dr. F,
Buchanan White {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. iv,, p. 248) suggested
the absence of wood from Breadalbane, as one of the reasons of
the difference between insects from that locality and Rannoch: —
" Breadalbane, however, has higher mountains and less wood,
which may perhaps account for the difference."

In Ent. Mo. Mag. xxv., p. 40, Dr. Chapman writes; — " Melan-
ism appears to be a western, rather than a northern form of
variation ; to be associated with a wet, rather than with a cold
climate ; and it has certainly been more common of recent
years, which may be attributed to the long succession (unpre-
cedented) of wet seasons we have recently passed through.
My observation was on D. fagella. Twenty years ago this
species afforded here an occasional dark or even black var.
Happening to meet with one of these, I searched carefully for
two seasons, but only got one black and two dark specimens.
For the last year or two (result of wet seasons) they have been
fairly numerous. Visiting certain oak trees with a lantern one
night, lately, and the same observations might, occasion
favouring, no doubt have been made during the day, I found
the dark var. quite numerous, and about one to three of the
ordinary form." Strange to say, the same thing has happened
in this locality, the dark var. of this same species may now be
frequently obtained in this district, and the general colour is
undoubtedly getting darker ; in fact, last March, I obtained a
specimen in Shooter's Hill Woods, near here, as black as the
Huddersfield specimens. Many other species, Cnspidia {Acro-
nycta) psi for example, are darker in London than a few miles
out, and I have little doubt that " natural selection " does this
work, considering the general darkening of surface, which
objects in London undergo. But the smoke of London has
less intensifying force, so to speak, than that of Yorkshire,
because the atmosphere is less humid, and hence the melanism
of lepidoptera in this district is less general and intense than
in localities, where, with an equal quantity of smoke, there is
a greater rainfall or more humid atmosphere.

I have heard many observant and thoughtful lepidopterists
attempt to correlate dark forms occurring in woods, etc., such
as I have previously referred to, with the deficiency of light in
such situations, and attempt to argue that this deficiency acts,

90 THE entomologist's recokd.

in some unknown way, on the larvse which Hve in these dark
situations, in the production of these forms. I cannot under-
stand myself, how hght can affect larvse in this way, and I
believe, there is nothing in the absence of light, which can
lead us to assume that it is a primary influencing cause in the
production of these forms. Again, I have heard the same
reason advanced as an explanation of such dimorphic forms as
those of Hypsipetes eliitata, where a generally larger and more
brightly coloured form feeds on willow and sallow, and a
smaller and generally darker form occurs on bilberry. The
two forms often occur side by side in the same districts. The
(Ufference in size, I believe to be entirely phytophagic, but the
difference in colour, ^ I assume to be due to the same causes as
in other melanic forms, viz., the darker surroundings which
protect darker forms, and thus by " natural selection " give us
a darker race. The large eliitata of the south rest among the
leaves and on the willow stems, the moorland forms chiefly on
the ground. Mr. Birchall's opinion, before referred to {Record,
p. 55), would be much of this character, and throughout his
paper {E7it. Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., p. 131) we find that he
considered the absence or deficiency of sunlight, by some occult
action on the larvae to be the cause of melanism.

{To be continued.)

Scientific notes.

Notes on the Synonymy of Haworth's " Plumes." — I have lately
had occasion to pay considerable attention to the synonymy of our
British " plumes," and have made a few notes about the synonymy of
the "plumes" in Drs, Staudinger and Wocke's Cataloo, and the
" plumes " described by Linnceus and Haworth, which I think it may
be advisable to put on record.

It has been frequently urged by those British lepidopterists, who do
not care to adopt Staudinger and Wocke's Catalo^^, that very insufficient
attention has been paid to British authors, and that their not being
conversant with our British species has frequently led them into error.
This I was disinclined to believe, and still consider there are very few
errors in Dr. Staudinger's part of the work, but reference to the synonymy
of the " plumes " by Dr. Wocke has convinced me that Haworth's
Lepidoptera Britannica has received but scant justice at his hands.

Mr. Stainton, in the Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. i,, pp. 11-14, points
out some of the difficulties attending the proper application of
the Linuccan descriptions. Of the species in the Sysiema NaturcE,
loth edition, p. 542, the 12th edition, pp. 899-900, and the Fauna

1 In some districts the large form is quite as dark as the smaller where such a
coloration is of advantage to the species.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 91

Suecicce, p. 370, "lonodactyla, pentadacfyia, and pterodactyla (fusais) are
fairly well-defined as British species, although I would point out that the
Linnaean description of monodactyla, Sy sterna Naturcc, loth edition, p
542 : "' Ahicita, alis patentibus linearis indivisis," is unsatisfactory, as
fir as the "indivisis" is concerned. But the description, "infer. ores
fere tripartitte," etc., in the Fauna SueciccB, p. 370, No. 1452, makes it
(juite clear that it cannot belong to the Agdistis group.

(i). Didac/y/a, Linn. This species is happily settled and fully deter-
mined by its foodplant. Linnceus gives, Systenia Naturce, 12th edition,
p. 899 : " Habitat /// Geo rivali." Mr. Stainton, Eni. Mo. Mag., vol. i.
pp. 12-14, gives a full account of the plume in Geiun rivale — the
Alucita didactyla of LinnKus. This is not a British species, and there-
fore cannot be the didactyla of Haw., which I shall refer to again.

(2). Telradactyla, Linn., and tridaciyla, Linn. ; fetradactyla, Haw., and
iridaciyla, Haw. About the species tetradactyla and tridactyla of
Linnaeus, there is, as Mr. Stainton pointed out {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. i.,
p. r2) some difficulty. The Linnaean species tetradactyla of the Fauna
Siiecicce, pp. 370-37 1, is without doubt the species we know by that name.
"Aire superiores lineares : linea albj, longitudinali, ut soli margines
obscuriores, immaculata. Pedes albi." The " linea alba " is most
characteristic of 1^ tetradactyla, but in the Sy sterna Natural, both loth
and 1 2th editions (loth, p. 542 ; 12th, p. 900), tetradactyla gets a fresh
description : " Alucita alis patentibus fissis flavescentibus," which fits
o ir species nowhere ; but to muddle matters, the tetradactyla descrip-
ti )n of the Fauna Sueciccc is applied to a new species tridactyla, and
therefore the tridactyla of the Systenia Naturip becomes synonymous with
tetradactyla of the Fauna Suecica;, both representing our ^ tetradactyla.
The difficulty now remains what is the tetradactyla of the Systenia
iVaturce ? The " flavescentibus " is the puzzle. It might refer to the
closely-allied baliodactylus, but this is not a Scandinavian species, and
therefore very improbable. It might be an entirely different species —
" osteodactylus,'" or some other — or finally, it may be that Linnaeus is
practically correct, and the tetradactyla of the Systenia Natures is the
$ of that species, as the ? is very different to the $, and is of an
uniform dirty yellowish-white colour. Haworth, in the Lepidoptera
Britannica, p. 477, uses the Linnjean diagnosis for tetradactyla from the
Fauna Suecicce, and afterwards adds the description {vide above) from
the same work, and which, as I have before said, is most distinctly our
tetradactyla. But we have to remember (as I have also pointed out)
that this species is sexually dimorphic, that the male has dark costal
and inner margins with a longitudinal white line, while the female
has the anterior wings entirely whitish. Linnaeus may have (as I have
previously stated) described the sexes as distinct ; Haworth, I think,
certainly did. Haworth (quoting Fabricius) describes tridactyla as :
" Alucita alis fissis ; anticis bifidis albis, posticis tripartitis fuscis, Fab.,"
and then adds : " Parvus, distinctis alis anticis fissis totis albis, posticis
trifidis fuscis" {Lepidoptera Britannica, p. 477). This I consider a very
fair diagnosis of the female tetradactyla.

(3). Tesseradactyla, Linn., and tesseradactyla. Haw. We now come to
another species, tesseradactyla. This species is given as British by
Haworth, but the species known on the Continent by this name is not
a British insect, the name being applied to a species closely allied to

92 THE entomologist's record.

^flfiodactylu. The Linnaean description, Systema Naturce (12th edition,
p. 900) might mean anything : " Alucita aUs patentibus fissis cinereo-
nebulosis ; posticis fuscis." Haworth (quoting Fabricius' description)
writes : " AHs patentibus fissis cinereo-nebulosis ; posticis fusco nebulosis,"
which is (except the last two words) exactly the Linncean description ; but
Haworth adds : " Habitat prope Londinum at rarissime." If the Con-
tinental lepidopterists are right in their assignment of the correct species
(a non-British one) to the Linncean name tesseradactyla, it becomes clear
that Haworth's tesseradaclyla (a British one occurring near Lonuon) is
not the Linnaean one. Haworth places the species between punctidactyla
and his didadyla ( = distans, according to my determination), and the
only British species which has occurred continuously near London,
which is "ashy grey," or clouded with "ashy grey," is liihodaciyla, a
iipecies which our early collectors must have known, and taking the feu-
British species, now known, that Haworth does not distinctly describe,
I think it is impossible to apply the description to any other British
species. Referring to the Continental tesscradactyla again, I dare say
the Continental lepidopterists have a species, distinct from but closely
allied to go?iodaityla ; but I have some specimens of Continental tesser-
adactyla, which are entirely indistinguishable from some l^nxge. gonodactyhi
I have bred. At any rate, I feel no doubt that the tesseradactyla of
Haworth is the lithodactyla of our present lists. This makes no differ-
ence to our nomenclature, as tesseradactyla, T^inn., is prior, and therefore
tesseradactyla, Haw., simply becomes synonymous with lithodactyla,
Treitschke. There is still another point in Wocke's synonymy of litho-
dactyla, which wants clearing up. Wocke makes isodactyla, Zell.,
synonymous with similidactyla, Dale. But Dale's description of simili-
dactyla is a first class one of lithodactyla, and has nothing in common
with isodactyla, Zell. To make matters more mixed. Dr. Staudinger, in
his trade list, has sometimes for sale y-Ed. lithodactyla, Plat, similidactyla,
and Flat, isodactyla, so that Dr. Staudinger's idea of these species is
rather muddled, and it would be apparently very unsafe to place the
slightest reliance in the correctness of his nomenclature of any of these
more difficult species which he may obtain.

(4). Phceodactyla, Hb. = leucadactyla. Haw. ( $ ), lunczdactyla. Haw.
{$). Another sexually dimorphic species — phceodactyla — appears, like
tetradactyla, to have had the sexes named as distinct species by Haworth.
The female, from its pale colour, h€\\\gc?\\&di''^ leucadactyla'''' (the lemon
plume) ; the male, from the characteristic lunar mark on the anterior
wings, being called ''' lioia;dactyla" {\hQ crescent plume). Both these
names sink as synonyms of Hiibner's phceodactyla, Hiibner figuring
(14, 15) both sexes of this species under the latter name. Wocke, in
his Catalog, gives '■^ luiKzdactyla, Haw., 477," as synonymous vf'\\\\ pha:o-
dactyla, but not leucadactyla, the paler female form.

(5). Pallidactyla, Haw. = bertrami. Roes., = ochrodactylus, Sta. Mr.
Stainton, E}it. Mo. Mag., vol. ii., pp. 137, 138, explained that his ochro-
dactylus was synonymous with bertrat?n. One readily understands, when
there was supposed to be only one species, why this author dropped
Haworth's name entirely to take up the prior name of Hiibner, but
when our common British insect, the ochrodactylus of Stainton = palli-
dactyla, Haw., became synonymous with bertrami, Roessler, and the
ochrodactyla of Hiibner was restricted to the dichrodactylus of Miihlig,

SCIENTIFIC NOTi-;s. 9B

a new difficulty was created, as undoubtedly the yeiloA'-ochreous species,
known to Stainton {ochrodaciy/iis), was the species known to Haworth
{pa/lidacfyla), neither author then having differentiated the new species
dichrodactylus^ Muhlig, which was afterwards referred to ochrodactyla, HI).
It therefore becomes pretty evident that our British name pallidactyla,
is prior to bertrami the new Continental name. The diagnosis of
Kaworth is very distinct. It is " Alucita (the pale plume) alis anticis
ochroleucis, nebulis aliquot saturatioribus. Expansio alarum i unc.
.\!3e anticK bihdfe ; posticte tripartitte fusco-ochraces." Wocke refers
this to ochrodactvia, Hb., = dtchrodacfyhis, Miihhg, although it is well-
known that Miihlig's dichrodactylus was not known in Britain until a
comparatively recent date.

(6). Migadactyla, Haw. Wocke (as I have just pointed out) not only
refers Haworth's paUidactyla to Hiibner's ochrodactyla, but more
mysterious still, refers Haworth's mii!;adaciyla, a species with " white
wings" and "white body," to the same species. Now we have, I
suppose, only three species with really white wings and white body —
peniadactyhi, gaiadodacly/n, and spilodaciyla, two are perhaps approxi-
mately white, but only in the slightest degree — tetradactyla and bnlio-
dactyia. But Haworth describes three white species — pentadactyla,
gtlactodactyla^ and migadactyla. He also describes tetradactyla^ but
not baliodactyla. This latter species is not white, and does not agree
with Haworth's description: — '•'Alucita (the chalk-pit plume) alis
fissis albidis fusco maculatis, anticis fissis posticis tripartitis fuscis,
FabP " Habitat Cretacis ut valde infrequens." " Statura prteceden-
tium. Corpus album. Alse anticse albidae, fusco maculatae, posticse
fuscfe. Pedes albi, fusco maculati, FabT {Lepidoptera Britajititca,
p. 478). There is no British species but sptlodactyla, to which this
descri[)tion could reasonably apply, and Haworth's remark : " Perhaps
the last two {paUidactyla and migadactyla) species would more
naturally range immediately after galactodactyla'' applies very strongly
to spilodactyla. How Wocke could suppose that one of our white
species might possibly be synonymous with Hiibner's ochrodactyla, I
am perfectly at a loss to understand. The migadactyla of Haworth is
prior to the spilodactyla of Curtis. I have left entirely out of account
the Fabrician migadactyla, as there may be a white Continental (not
British) species to which the description might apply, but that does
not influence Haworth's use of the name for our species.

(7). Calodactyla, WdiVi.^acanthodactyla, Hb. Here Wocke is correct,
in referring Haworth's calodactyla to Hiibner's acanthodactyla.

(8). Piinctidactyla, Haw. Of late years this has been treated as
synonymous with Hiibner's cosmodactyla, but in my opinion, erroneously.
Wocke, of course, dropped Haworth's name as a synonym of Hiibner's
The two great characters of our piinctidactyla are: — (i). The green
colour of the wings; (2). The falcate apices of the anterior wings. I
have carefully studied Hiibner's cosmodactyla (figs. 35 and 36), which
are without the characteristic colour, and appear to represent a mucli
more stumpy species even than acanthodactyla. How any one can
make Hiibner's figures satisfy Haworth's : " Alucita. Alis anticis
virescenti-cinereis albido nebulosis, punctis costalibus numerosis,
strigatjue postica obsoleta, albis." " Aire anticte bifidoe, posticas tri-
parlitixi atrce ; " is beyond my comprehension 1

94 THE entomologist's record.

(9). Didactyhi, Haw. No. i dealt with the Linna;an dldactyla which
feeds on Gemii rivale, and is not British. Haworth's didactyla (taken
in Norfolk) is a British species, therefore the two species of didactyla
are distinct. Haworth describes his species as : — " Alucita (the
spotted rusty plume). Alis patentibus sordide ferrugineis, fascia punc-
tisque albis, anticis bifidis, posticis trifidis. Habitat apud nos valdc
infrequens. Etiam in Com. Norf, Rev. J. Burrell." This reference
to Norfolk is very suggestive of distans, and the description " sordide
ferrugineis," could only be applied to this of our British species,
distans, too, is par excellence a Norfolk species. Haworth's remark,
after describing parviductyla, is very interesting, and affords the
strongest possible clue to his didactyla and heterodactyla. He writes
of parvidactyla : — " This is the smallest of our " Plume " moths, and
it is also one of the rarest. Its characters are almost exactly the
same as in the two preceding articles ; yet its diminutive size as a
species, renders it very distinct." This remark, coupled with the
description and locality he gives, seems to settle the species con-
clusively as the species we know now as distans, Zell. Of course
didactyla, Haw., sinks as a synonym oi distafis, Zell, there being already
a didactyla, Linn.

(10). Heterodactyla, Haw. In Entomologist, xxii., pp. 139, 140, Mr.
Briggs discussed the priority of this name versus teucrii, and decided
aeainst heterodactyla. Haw., because it could not be proved that
Haworth's heterodactyla = Villars' heterodactyla, but although our
species may very questionably be Villars' heterodactyla, I do not think
there can be any doubt of its being Haworth's heterodactyla, which is
the matter we are concerned with. Even if it can be proved that
Haworth incorrectly used Villars' name and description, yet the new
use of a new author makes him responsible for this use. Now,
Haworth only described British species, and there is only one British
species with markings similar to parvidactyla, to which the descrip-
tion : — "Alis patentibus fissis, nigris, maculis albis," could possibly
apply, and that is teucrii. I quite agree with Mr. Briggs that if we
consider Villars' species we may well be in doubt, but if we restrict
ourselves to British species we can scarcely be in doubt about
Haworth's, The name might well read : —

heterodactyla. Haw., Vill. (?).
teucrii, Greening.
Haworth assumed (from description) that Villars' species was the same
as his own, just the same as he assumed his didactyla was the Linntean
didactyla, which we know well now, could not have been the case
(because didactyla, Linn., is not a British species), yet, Haworth's
didactyla is British, and would replace distans, were there not already
another plume named didactyla, Linn. On this ground alone, there-
fore, Haworth's heterodact\la, which we know represents teucrii — both
from description and from Dr. Mason having Haworth's actual type
with the name attached — must in correct nomenclature, rejjlace the
later name of teucrii, whilst Villars' he:erodactyla, about which Mr.
]'>riggs very properly expresses so much doubt, could be ignored, or
"Villars (?)" added after the name.

I am afraid this is very technical, but it shows how little Dr. Wocke
knew of our British species, when he compiled his list, and also shows

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 95

that in any new synonymic list which may be compiled, the British
authors ought to he more carefully studied. — J. W. Tutt. June, 1890.

Aneurism in Amphidasys betularia. — On June 8th I bred a
specimen of Aiiip/iidasys betularia $ , with similar saccular distension of
blood vessels to that mentioned by me in the Record for June as
occurring in Biston hirtaria ; whilst on June 27th I took a recently
emerged Zeuzera pyrina ?, with similarly distended vessels. — F. J.
BuCKELL. Jmie 28///, 1890.

Aneurism in Aplecta tincta. — 'Referring to Dr. Buckell's note
(ante, p. 57), on the saccular distension of the blood vessels towards the
hind margins of the wings of Biston hirtaria, I may state that I have
noticed it in this species, but it occurs to a much greater extent in
Aplecta tincta. This species appears to emerge about 5 p.m., and if left
until the following morning, the specimens have no scales on the thorax,
besides being a great deal the worse for wear, owing to their flying
about and injuring themselves. Consequently I always kill them tl.e
same evening (perhaps they have not had time to get rid of the super-
fluous moisture), and when I set them the following morning, the hind
margins (especially of the fore wings) are always distended like miniature
bladders ; my plan after setting in position, is to prick them with a very
fine needle, and soak up the moisture by pressing a piece of blotting
paper over the wing, which afterwards shows no perceptible trace of tlie
operation, in fact every tincta in my series has undergone the operation,
and it is entirely unnoticeable. — Hope Alderson. Jum i2>th, 1890.

I believe this saccular distension is more common than might be
supposed, but, as is usual with so many facts of scientific interest,
wants attention directed to it. I have noticed it in Notodonta dodonea,
Leucania obsoleta, as well as Biston hirtaria. I am rather of opinion,
too, that I have noticed it occasionally in Abraxas grossiilariata. — J. W.
Tutt. June iqth, 1S90.

Copulation of Smerinthus ocellatus and S. populi. — On
Saturday, May 31st, on looking into the boxes in which my pupa^ are
kept, I found a fine, strongly-marked female of Smerinthus populi in
copulation with a male S. ocellatus. I have since obtained a very large
number of ova, the rearing of which should prove interesting (should
they be fertile). I have never before heard of hybrids between these
species, and should be pleased to hear if any have been reared in con-
finement.— P. Kirk, 28, Dura Street, Dundee. June loth, 1890.

[Numbers of hybrids between these two species were bred some
years ago by more than one collector. Two were sold at the sale of
Mr. Howard Vaughan's collection, on April 22nd. My friend, Mr.
Hope Alderson, got a similar pairing two years ago, but the ova, if I
remember rightly, proved infertile. — Ed.]

Probable Parthenogenesis in Dicranura vinula and Noto-
donta dict/EOIdes. — Some two years ago I had a ? X>. vinula out in
my breeding cage, and, so far as J could discover, she was never ///
copula with a male, yet some of the ova proved fertile. At the time I
searched carefully, and could not detect a male secreted anywhere in
the cage. When the ova hatched it struck me as being very wonderful,
but I did not take notes as to what proportion of the ova were fertile.

96 THE entomologist's record.

This year, in May, I bred a ? Notodoiita didceoides, and have
observed the same phenomenon, and I am totally unable to detect a
loophole by means of which we can suppose copulation could possibly
have taken place. The box in which the $ emerged is about 14" long

X 6" high X 6" wide, the bottom being covered with a layer of soil 2"
or so deep, with a smooth surface, so I cannot see where a $ could
well conceal himself without detection, as they are not much in the
habit of hiding on the ground unless exposed to strong sun. The above

? I retained alive for two days in hopes of a J" emerging, which result
did not come to pass. On the morning of the third day, I found she
had commenced laying ova on various parts of the cage. I then killed
her, and also scraped the ova from the sides, etc., into a pill-box. I
should state that I found a ^ and $ , which had apparently just
emerged, in cop. the same morning as I killed her, but these had not
separated when I collected the ova. The majority I left in a large
piU-box in a shed, but I took a dozen of them into a greenhouse into
the heat in a glass-topped box, to see if they would hatch. As a
result I found in the course of about a week that all in the glass box
had collapsed, so turned them out, and went to empty the larger box.
At the first glance I thought all the ova were in the same condition, as
far as I could see, but on turning the box up I noticed one larva at the
bottom, and examined closely, finding one ova empty, and two larvae
just on the point of coming through. I did not count the quantity
laid by the $ , but at a rough guess it was considerably over one hun-
dred, all except the -three that hatched proving infertile. The point,
however, requires yet more careful experiment than the above, to place
it on record as an undisputed fact. There possibly may be a slip some-
where, although I don't know how it could be. The strange part to
me is, if the $ chanced to be in cop. at all, how is it that only three
out of such a number turned out fertile ? One would be inclined to
give a much larger proportion, however slight the connection. I men-
tioned to you, I believe, that I had heard of such a thing happening,
from an old entomologist (Mr. Adcock), but did not myself place much
reliance on what he said at the time, still, my experience seems to con-
firm his statement. Next time I may have occasion to communicate
with you on this subject, I shall take good care that there is no mis-
take about any chance copulation whatever, but at the present moment
I would not give a decided opinion until I have proved it beyond
doubt. — Hope Alderson, Farnborough. June i^fii, 1890.

^URRENT NOTES.

In my paper on " Melanism," my argument in a nutshell is as follows : —
" Humidity produces melanism ; the environment of the particular
species determines how far and in what direction melanism may or may
not be developed ; the manner of rest (habit) determines whether the
upper or underside shall principally exhibit the phenomenon ; 'natural
selection ' may either entirely counteract, or modify, or intensify any
tendency to melanism."

Mr. Cockerell's papers in the Entoniologisfs Record on the
'■'' American Varieties of BritisJi Lepidopfera" axe taken as the text of

VARIATION. 1)7

an article on " Geographical Variation," by Dr. Skinner, in the
Entomological Neivs for June, 1890. The part dealing with Vanessa
antiopa is very interesting to British collectors.

Anotlier proof that there are very few rarities, if we only know the
complete how, when, and where of the species, has been proved by
Messrs. A. Robinson, B.A., F.E.S., and Bird, F.E.S., taking a large
number of Sesia sphegiforniis . principally by " assembling" in Sussex.

It will be with the greatest regret that our readers will hear of the
death of Dr. R. C. Jordan of Edgbaston. I have been greatly indebted
to him at many times for information, which was always most freely
given. The Pterophorina were his favourite group^ and many of the
extracts in the Monograph of this group, that I am now writing in the
Young Naturalist, are from his pen.

Eupithecia consignata is recorded from Harleston l)y the Rev. C. T.
(Jruttwell, M.A. ; Eupacilia vianniana and E. geyeriana from the Isle
of Purbeck, by Mr. Eustace R. Bankes, M.A.

Lithocolletis anderidcs has been bred from larvte feeding in birch,
obtained at Bloxworth, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, M.A.

Messrs. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., G. Dennis, C. G. Barrett, F.E.S., and
E. A. Atmore, F.E.S., have bred Eipithecia extettsaria rather freely this
summer.

Mr. B. A. Bower, F.E.S., acting on the suggestion of Mr. W. Warren,
F.E.S., found the larvae of Phoxopteryx upiipana last September feed-
ing on birch.

A list of the British Orthoptera is published in the Ent. Mo. Mag. by
Mr. Eland Shaw, F.E.S.

The collection of the late Dr. Signoret has not been kept in France,
but has gone to Vienna.

Dr. P. B. Mason records that the females of Coremia niunitata often
have the ground colour of a creamy-white in Iceland.

I captured a specimen of Sesia allantiforniis crawling over privet
blossom in a, wood in North Kent.

Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell has returned after a long stay in Colorado.
As will be seen in our adverti'sement columns, Mr. Cockerell desires a
Natural History engagement if possible.

^^ARIATION.

Black Variety of the larva of A. caia. — On Saturday, May
loth, I was searching for the larva of this species near here, when I
took a very fine variety feeding on stinging nettle {Urtica dioica). In
this variety the usual red hair on the first three segments and along the
sides is replaced by black, thus rendering the larva completely black —
m fact, were it not for the black legs, it might be mistaken for villica.
Thinking that this variation might probably be only external, and have
no bearing on the future imago, I made sure of it by preserving the
larva. — James A. Simes, Lower Clapton. June igth, 1890.

Lyc^na medon var. salmacis. — This variety is found only on the
sea-coast in the neighbourhood of Castle Eden, where the foodj^lant
of the larvte {Helianthemum vulgare) abounds, and although this plant
also grows plentifully at some places inland, I have never found v.

98 THE entomologist's record.

sal Iliads at any other place, nor more than loo yards from the sea. —
T. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham.

EucHLoE CARDAMiNES VAR. — I capturcd near Mansfield on May
28th, a (J specimen with the orange colour of the tips rather lighter
than usual, and the wing rays running through that part of the wing,
distinctly and boldly marked with a rich deep orange colour, which has
a striking effect. — W. Daws. June 2nd, 1890.

Small variety of Euchloe cardamines. — On May 24th, I took
a specimen of this species near Doncaster, which measures only one
inch and an eighth from tip to tip. Is not this unusually small? —
A. E. Hall, Sheffield. May, 1890.

Variation in the larvae of Chesias spartiata. — Beating for
larvae of C. spartiata on Wanstead Flats, I found three varieties : — (i).
Green, beaten from plants with little bloom ; (2). Yellow, where the
blossom was very plentiful ; (3). Black, from old plants with little
foliage or blossom. These three varieties seemed to exhibit a most com-
plete response to their environment. — J. A. Cooper, Leytonstone.
June 2^th, 1890.

Varieties of Argynnis adippe and Arctia villica. — I have just
had the pleasure of seeing the following varieties belonging to Mr.
Maddison, South Bailey, Durham: — (i). Argynnis adippe underside
var., with the two silvery spots in the discoidai cell of inferior wings,
joined to form a long silvery mark, also the two spots nearest the body
on the inferior wings joined to form another long silvery mark parallel
to body. Both the sides are similarly marked. (2). Arctia villica var.,
with the creamy spot at the base of the anterior wings joined to the
costal spots to form a cream-coloured streak under costa ; the lower
part of same basal spot joined to the two spots on inner margin so as
to form a cream-coloured line parallel to inner margin. The basal spot
therefore forms the origin of a large creamy bifurcating mark extending
from the thorax half way across the wings. — J. W. Tutt. Ji/'ie, 1S90.

Var. of Smerinthus ocellatus. — On June 21st, I took, close
to my house, a. ^ S. ocellatus which has the right underwing without
the ocellus or eye-like spot, but has instead a dark triangular mark.
All the other wings are normal. — W. Daws, Mansfield. June 24///, 1890.

Cidaria suffumata var. piceata. — This variety appears to be in
greater numbers this year than 1 ever remember having seen it before. —
A. HoRNE, Aberdeen. May 21st, 1890.

Suffused Variety of Acronycta alni. — With reference to the
variety of Acronycta alni, mentioned ante^ p. 34, I may say that I have
bred one this year, which has the forewings suffused with black ; it
also has a decided buff tinge, and the fringes of both wings are more
decidedly spotted than the type. — G. W. K. Crosland, Huddersfield. —
June 2Afth, 1890.

Hybernia marginaria (progemmaria) var. fuscata. — H. margi-
naria is decidedly getting darker in this neighbourhood. The deepen-
ing in colour seems to be in the direction of blackish through a warm
chocolate brown. One of the best marked specimens I have observed
lately, 1 took about a week ago (May ist). Though so late it was in
fine order. — C. Fenn. Alay gt/i, 1890.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 99

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Collectors. — " Only a collector ! " With a slightly cynical smile or
a still more meaning look, this phrase frequently falls from the lips of
one entomologist to another, as they are picking to pieces the scientific
character of a mutual acquaintance. You may wonder how the indivi-
dual speaking differs in his manner of entomological work, from the
individual of whom he is speaking, but courtesy forbids asking for an
explanation. We have roughly four classes of entomologists : —

(i). Those who collect the beautiful insects they admire, set them out
more or less carefully, and preserve them, make observations which tend
to self-improvement, but have insutKicient education or insufficient time
to draw deductions from their observations, or to record them for the
value of others.

(2). Those who fulfil most of the preceding conditions, and in addi-
tion, draw more or less satisfactory or unsatisfactory deductions from
their observations, and record the latter in a more or less satisfactory or
unsatisfactory manner for the mutual benefit.

(3). Those who know nothing about collecting, but who, using the
observations of others, make books that very few read, compose lists to
" muddle " the collector, and describe species from odd specimens
obtained in far away countries by paid collectors, the said species pro-
bably being — in nine cases out of ten — different sexes, or local vars. c f
the same species ; such people of course considering themselves the
cream of those who label themselves " scientists."

True science correlates facts, and makes fair deductions from careful
observations. How those, who do not collect and do not make obser-
vations, can possibly draw correct deductions, I am at a loss to imagine !
But there is a fourth group of men who are totally distinct from those
in Class 3, who collect, or have collected themselves, who write
books recording iheir own observations, advance our study generally,
and who are "scientists " in the true sense of the word. I need hardly
particularise, but IVIessrs. Stq,inton and the late Edward Newman were
both active collectors ; Mr. McLachlan, who has done so much for the
Neuroptera and Trichoptera, and Mr. Verrall for the Diptera, have
also been active " collectors."

Why then should the term " collector " be considered such a dis-
paraging one ? Is not the man who makes observations for himself
improving himself, and thus benefiting the community? Is not the
man who collects insects, and makes observations, and gives both the
msects and observations to those who have more time and a better
opportunity for using them, a scientist in the truest sense ? Is not
every brother of the net who does this doing his share towards the one
great whole, on the principle of " Little drops of water," etc. ?

But I would ask those who despise the collector one practical ques-
tion : What would they do without him? How long would it take one
man to write a book only like Newman's Butierjlies, without the aid of
the collector? Could it be done in a lifetime? I think not. The
real collector is a scientific force in our study, and a most valuable
unit too.

For the mercenary collector who collects insects like a man collects
old "pots" in an auction room, or for the business-like man (?) who

100 THE entomologist's RECORD.

offers you Lycana alexis or Chrvsophaniis phUva^ for some rare species,
which have cost you time and money, and who does not consider he has
done a day's work unless he feels he has " had" you, the poorest and
most illiterate collector has the heartiest contempt in common with his
more educated brother. Some of our best collectors and best observers
are working-men, who could not translate a line of German, and have
never seen the inside of a Latin grammar, but they may be " scientists"
for all that, although they are "collectors." — J. W. Tutt. June, 1890.

Sesia sphegiformis in Essex. — On June i6th I captured a fine
freshly emerged female of S. sphegiformis in Essex. It was quietly
resting on an alder leaf. My friend, Mr. Thurnall, took one in the
same locality two years ago. — J. A. Cooper. June, 1890.

Sesia allantiformis in Kent. — I captured a specimen of this rare
Sesia crawling over privet blossom in a well-known locality in Kent.
The specimen had one of the posterior wings malformed, and attached
by some means to the leg, so that it is more interesting than beautiful. —
J. W. Tutt. July, 1890.

Notes of the Season. — Lepidoptera. — I find insects are not very
plentiful with us at York yet. 1 was at Bishop's Wood, ten miles,
from York, on Monday last, when I captured the folio vving
imagines : — Asthena litteata, A. candidata, Eupisteria heparata, Cidaria
silaceafa, Abraxas niniata, Platypteryx fakiila, and Argynnis euphra-
sy ne. Besides these I obtained a number of larvae from oak, birch,
and poplar, amongst others about 60 TcRuiocampa populeti, almost
full-fed from aspen (this species is some 8 or 10 days earlier than in
previous years). I also think I have larvae of Tethea subtusa, but it
is difficult to separate this species from T. populeti. Newman says
they spin two leaves together, but I am under the impression that
subtusa spins up on one leaf, merely turning over one side of the leaf.
I should be plensed to have information of this matter. — R. Button,
York. June \th, 1890.

The weather here has been altogether unfavourable for collecting —
cold nights, and during the past week cloudy days. Sugar has so far
produced absolutely nothing. By heating, a few things have been
obtained — Acidalia remutata, Asthena candidata, and Jodis iacteana,
commoner than usual ; on the other hand, Ephyra omicronaria, and
Numeria pulveraria have been very scarce for this district. I ha\e
known the time when the former came out at almost every stroke of the
beating stick. I have taken a few Minoa euphorbiata, but this species
likes hot sunshine, of which there has been a lack. Alelitcea artemis}
sometimes very abundant, I have not seen ; either it is very late or
absent this season. Procris geiyon, last year so abundant, I have not
observed, possibly the absence of sunshine will account for this. Leuco-
phasia sinapis has been fairly common, but Lyccena argiolus unusually
scarce. I hope an improvement will soon be seen. — (Rev.) E. C.
DoBREE Fox, Castle Moreton Vicarage. June 'jth, 1890.

Up to the present sugar has been a blank, but the Geometrina are
more plentiful than usual, I have taken Nola cristu/alis in two locali-
ties, from which it has never before been recorded, and I hear that in a

^ Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., told me P.gcryon was out in large numbers at Lewes
on the Tuesday in Whit week, and that M. artemis was very abundant in Gloucester-
shire a very little later. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 101

favoured wood in Shropshire the same species has occurred very freely
this year. These insects need careful looking for on tree trunks, and I
believe are most generally abundant in the afternoon. — M. Kimbek,
Cope Hall, Newbury. June 12th, 1890.

I had a splendid night's collecting with light last week, taking,
amongst other species, 4 Aplecta iincta, i Notodonta didceoides, i Asphalia
Jluctuosa, several Eittheinonia russula, and Macraria nofatci, etc. — A.
Robinson. June iSi'/i, 1890.

I was out yesterday, and took, among other things, 3 Eupithecia
pygmceata. I understand Hadena adusta and H. rectilinea are appearing ;
I used to take both very abundantly near here. — W. Reid, Pitcaple.
June I'fth, 1890.

I have been to Cuxton, but failed entirely in finding larvce of Rhodo-
phaa suavella ; but near Hailing Euchclia jacobcBCB was in great abund-
ance. I have taken many Lyaena adonis and aiexis, but the early broods
are nearly over. Scoria dealbata is rather commoner than usual, I took
sixteen fine specimens on one day. — J. Tyrer, Jeffery Street, New
Brompton, Kent,

I was in Arran from Saturday to Monday last, and brought home
some I70 or more specimens, including Eupithecia puniilata, E. nanata,
and two other species of Eupithecia, Scodionct be/giaria, Coremia uniden-
faria, C. propugnata, and many common species, including Fidonia
atomaria, of which we got some very fine varieties. I also got nume-
rous small "fry "not named yet. I believe Arran to be one of the
most prolific collecting grounds in the British Isles. — A. Stew.^rt,
Ferguslie, Paisley. June \']th, 1890.

I was out during April for Tephrosia crepuscuiaria, but they were
comparatively scarce. I took a few from larch trunks in fairly good
condition, but the high winds had blown a good many down and
destroyed them. Cidaria suffumata is in great abundance everywhere,
but the dark variety {piceafa), which generally occurs, I have not seen
this year. — J. Wylie, Perth. May 22nd, 189c.

On the 1 8th May I was at Benfieet, and had the pleasure of taking
my first larva of Ehorodesma sviara^^daria. I little thought, when I
picked up what appeared to Be a few withered leaves, that I had picked
up a caterpillar, so perfectly was it concealed. Near Canvey, on the
25th, I found larvae oi Lasiocampa quercifolia, and a nest oi Eriogaster
lanestris on hawthorn ; also three nests of the latter species at South-
end on blackthorn, hx Shoeburyness, on the 26th, I found a nest of
the larvae of Bombyx caslrensis. Hyponomeuta pade/lus^ larvae are quite
stripping the blackthorns in this neighbourhood. — F. G. Whittle, 6,
Lothbury, E.C June ^th, 1890.

Yesterday (June 24th) I took part in a very enjoyable excursion of
the Entomological Section of the Bristol Naturalists' Society to some
attractive and picturesque country in the neighbourhood of Dursley,
(Gloucestershire. Upon the hills Lyacna alsus reigned supreme in point
of numbers ; Ehecla rubi was present, though rather worn ; a fair
number of specimens of Nemeophila plantaginis were seen and cap-
tured, all in [grand condition ; Procris geryon occurred, though rather
sparingly, and past its best, whilst Euclidia mi and E. glyp/iica were

' This species is swarming everywhere in the immediate neighbourhood of West-
combe Park. The hawthorn hedges are in many places leafle.-s from its attacks. — En.

102 THE entomologist's record.

also captured. Hesperia sylvanus, Lycccna agesfis, Acidalia aversata, and
A. reftii/taia were in more or less abundance, whilst other captures in-
cluded Cidaria si/aceata, Hecatera serena, Plusia pulchrina and Phyto-
metra cenea. Amongst larvae a few Niidaria mundana were found, whilst
the larvffi of the two plumes Pterophorus phceodadyla and Aciptilia
galadodadyla^ were in great abundance. — G. C. Griffiths, Clifton,
Bristol. Jut^e 25//?, 1890.

I have found the commonest NoctU/E very plentiful at sugar, but
Geometers have been very scarce. I have obtained a good series of
Agrotis ripce, but I was late in finding them, and half those I looked
over were too worn to be worth settmg. I found Mamestra albico/on,
too, at the same time, rather plentifully, but almost all worn ; I took
several pairs in cop. however, and have ova, so that I hope to breed it.
— E. W. Brown, Portland. June 2\sf, 1890.

Orgyia fascelina has been very abundant in Aberdeenshire this
season. Mr. Esson and myself have taken large numbers, both of
larvce and pupas, the former being much more abundant in the evening
than in the daytime. I have never known them to be so abundant in
this locality before. — J. NicOL, .A.berdeen, N.B. June 27//;, 1890.

Channel Islands. — On May 29th I left London for a week's stay in
Guernsey on business, hoping, however, to do a little collecting. This
1 did, but found few species in any abundance, with the exception of
Alelihca cinxia, wliich seems so fairly established in the Channel Islands
that I trust it may never become so scarce as it has become in the
Jsle of Wight. On my arrival at Guernsey I found the winds very
cold, and the weather looking anything but promising, so I made up my
mind to do my business first. On the following Monday I started for
Sark, where I stayed a few days. Whenever there was a little sunshine
I invariably found abundance of Diurni, of which the most abundant
were M. dnxia, Pararge ege?ia, tnccgcEra, Lyccena alexis, and Theda
rubi, the last-named being very abundant but much worn. Lyccena
argiohis was unusually scarce ; Aspilates citraria were fairly plentiful
oae afternoon on the cliffs ; but the following night was wet, after
which I found this species had completely disappeared. As regards
M. cinxia, although distributed all over Sark, yet it is far more plentiful
in certain small localities than in otheis seemingly similar ; in Guernsey
it is very local indeed, and, excepting in one or two spots, is, I believe,
becoming rarer there. I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Luff for
my knowledge of one locality in Guernsey where it abounded. As far
as my observation goes, there seems to be a continuance of emergences
from middle of May till nearly the end of June, so that fresh speci-
mens are almost always to be had. The ^ seems, as a rule, earlier
than the ? . Owing to the great lack of sunshine, I could not observe
the flight of this species as much as I could have wished, but noticed
that early in the day the males seemed particularly fond of leaving the
upper steep flowery slopes of the cliffs, which are their usual haunts,
and frequented the hottest parts of the hollows, especially delighting
to settle upon the dusty road, and were easily caught. Later in the
day they return to the cliffs and fly about the flowers, often settling and
expanding their wings. Towards evening they were especially partial

^ Specimens reared from larvae sent from Reading, by Captain Robertson, were off
the boards at this date. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 103

to the higher heads of blossom, especially selecting those of the dog-
daisies. Sugar was duly tried, but was entirely unproductive, with the
exception of one Tceniocampa stabilis, in good condition, although so
much behind time. Trunk searching produced a few Nola confusa/is,
it my memory serves me, upon trunks of ash trees. As I have never
met with this insect before, I am unable to say whether it is of unusual
occurrence in the Channel Islands. — Albert J. Hodges, Isle of Wight.
/une 2']th, 1890.

Insects seem to be very early in the neighbourhood of Epping
Forest. On May 13th I took Fanagra petniria, Numena pitlveraria,
and saw Lyccena argiolus in large numbers ; I also found larvae of
Bombyx quercus feeding on blackthorn. I also took the week follow-
ing this date, Drepa?ia cu/traria, Eurymene dolabraria, at rest on oak,
a fair number of Lyccena argiolus, and four Nola confusalis at rest on
oak and hornbeam. May 15th seems to me an early date for the
latter species. — W. Mackmurdo. May igfh, 1S90.

t have found this season so far very good. I found but few spring
moths, but have been kept busy with larvte. May 20th I spent a few
miles from this town, and took from heather larvje of Noctua neglecta,
Agrotis porphyrea, Plusia mterrogationis, Larentia ccesiata, Cidaria
n/ssata, Bombyx calliince, and Nemeophila planiaginis, but did not find
Liparis fascelifia, which usually occurs there. In the evening " sugar "
was useless ; I netted Enpithccia indigata, Coremia ferrugata, Spilo-
sotna fiiligtnosa, Bombyx rubi, Cidaria suffumata, and its var. piceata.
On June 21st I was out "sugaring" on the moors here, and had
splendid sport. I took Acronycta ( Viminid) myricce, A. mefiyanthidis,
Hadena adusta (abundant), H. suasa, H. rectilinea (commoner this
year than I have seen it since 1882), Rusina tenebrosa, Apameu rurea
and vars., Thyatira batis, Agrotis suffusa, Apamea basilinea, A. didy/na,
Caradrina cubicularis, Matnesfra gemina, M. aticeps, Noctua plecta,
Agrotis porphyrea, and many others. Among Geometers I took
Mdcaria liturata, Boartnia npandata, EupitJiecia pumilata, E. satyrata
var. caliunaria, E. iaricia/a, E. fianata, E. pulchellata, Cidaria cory-
iata, Larentia pectinitaria, Coremia ferrugata, and very many other
species. From the heath I gathered a few cocoons ot Dasychira
Jasce/ifia, Plusia inferrogationis, and Nemeophila plantaginis, together
with larvce of Lriciiiiira crataegi and Larentia ccesiata. Altogether I
had good sport, and have never seen insects more plentiful than they
are this summer. The prospects are certainly encouraging. I hope
my southern friends are finding it the same. — A. Horne, Aberdeen. —
June 2T,rd, 1890.

The season here is very encouraging, larvce in some cases seem
superabundant. Fascelifia has been much more common than usual,
i'or imagines the east winds have been unfavourable, but several
Micros have occurred abundantly, among others, Eiachista argentella
and Chorentis scititillulana. Leucania littoral is has already appeared. —
H. Baxter, S. Anne's-on-Sea. June 2i^th, 1890.

I went out yesterday on the cliffs after Af. cinxia, and have pleasure
in sending you the result. It is curious that nearly all my captures
were females, most of the males, some in cop. with fresh females, were
in very battered condition, although I did not see a worn female. I
found a healthy larva still feeding on the cliff, which I enclose.' I
^ This has since disclosed a batch of ichneumon cocoons. — Ed.

104 THE entomologist's RECORD.

do not remember taking larvre so late before. I also enclose the first
specimen of Hipparchia semele I have taken this season. — W. A.
Luff, Guernsey. June 22nd, 1890.

Since I have been here the weather has been most unsuitable for
collecting, I have taken Hydrelia imca and Selenia liiimria, and tried
sugaring once, when I obtained Grammesia trilinea var. l>ilinea. 1
forgot to menti n that I took in two nights 14 specimens of Chcerocampa
poi'cellus and 2 C. elpenor hovering over rhododendrons. I saw dozens,
but they were too quick for me. — R. B. Robertson, Skelty Park,
Swansea. Jime i^th, 1890.

CoLEOPTERA. — Beetles have been as abundant as usual here. Moss is
usually very productive, and was quite up to the average this season.
From the Mullinare meadows, which are low and marshy, I took Bem-
bidiuin Clarki, Quedius seiniccnciis, Mycetoporus splendidus, Mega-
cronus ci/igidatus, Hypocyptus pyg?/UEus, Myllana brevicornis, Lathrobium
longii/iiin, Scymniis discoideus, Trogophlmis foveolatus, with hosts of
commoner species. In moss and fungi from Palace Demesne, Amara
OTufa, Sitnplocaria semisfriata, Phtlonthus sordidi/s, P. pi/ella, Ence-
phaliis co/nplicans, LathrimcEum unicolor^ Aiegarthrus afflnis, M. de-
pressiis, Proteiiuis ovaiis, P. brachypteriis, AcidotJ crenaia, Micropeplus
staphylinoidts, Quedius seniiceneus and Q. attenuatus, Syniomiuin
ceneuui, Agathidiuvi IcEvigatuni, Gyrophcena Icevipefinis^ Lathrnbiuin Jul-
vipetme, Philonthus intermedius, P. umbratilis, Rhizophagus dispat. At
Lowry's Though, in moss and rejectamenta on margin, Lathrobium
quadratum, Piiilonthus dimidiaius, P. fumarius^ P. mgriia, P. pue/la,
Actobius cinerascens. I have been unfortunate in not getting any
Eririmius cetliiops this spring. It has occurred in the MuUinares in
numbers in former years, but so far I have not seen one this year.
Pelophila boreaiis is late this season, and I have not as yet taken
any. Sweeping has not been very productive, nor did I get anything
worth recording by beating hawthorn blossom. The water net pro-
cured me Agabus unguicularis at Lowry's Lough, in company with
Calanibus quinquelineatus and novcmlineatus. — (Rev.) W. F. Johnson,
Armagh. Jn'^e, 1890.

My opportunities for collecting, so far, have been few. On May
loth I visited my old friend, Mr. W. Chaney, and we proceeded to
Shirley Hills in search of Tycliun, venustus — a species formerly obtained
there by Mr. G. C. Champion. This insect is attached to broom, and
to this shrub we devoted our energies, with the result of capturing
some ten specimens between us. Other species here prevalent were
Sitones regensteinensis, Gonioctena litura (some exceedingly lurid),
Apion striatum, and Cryptophagus vini. I also beat out one Baianinus
villosus from oak.

May 17th and 26th. — Hawthorn blossom fully out, and I tried
Loughton for species of Rhynchites. R. ccquatus was common, but
R. aliaria and R. pauxillus were scarce, only some three or four of
either insect found their way into my umbrella. Of Adimonia san-
guinea I obtained sixteen, Asclera aerulea (2), and Anthonomus pedi-
cularius (6) ; and swept a couple of Galcriica teuella from rushes, and
Apion genistce and Strophosomus reiusus from Genista anglica ; from
oak I beat Caliodes quercus, C. subrufus, Orchestes salicis, O. avellance,
and O. stisnia.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 105

May 24th. — Accompanied by Mr. Cripps I went to Oxshott, by way
of Surbiton and Claygate. By general sweeping in grassy places and
meadow land, I captured Rhinoncus iiiconspcctus and Ceiithorhyncliiis
campestris (9) ; also one each of Clcrus forinicarius and Callidiiiin
alni ; at hawthorn, Polyopsia prcE.usta, and saw one Mordellnteiia
abdominalis, which, unfortunately, made its escape ; I also got one or
two Rhynchites ceneovirens from oak.

June 7 th was a glorious day. At the same locality we obtained
several Gramnioptera tahacicolor by sweeping Umhellifercz ; Mr. Cripps
also captured a fine Agapenthes sanguinicollis, and one Opillo mollis.
Other captures were Anobium fulvicorne, JExocomus if-fasciahcs^ Lio-
phlcciK /ii/biliis, Ancho/nenus gracilis, and Donacia /ncnyanthidis.

June 2ist. — Took train to Higham, principally in search of Mala-
chius cenciis, which occurs at this time on Dactyhis gloniera!a. Last
year I obtained some thirty or forty, but on this occasion I netted
seven only. This insect is very uncertain in making its appearance,
sometimes one may meet with a fair number, and then again not see
it for years. I have previously taken it at Sunbury and Rainham
(Essex). At the latter locality I once found fourteen, but have not
caught a glimpse of one since. Making my way to the wood, I swept
Chrysomela varians, Agrilus aui^ustulus, Campy bis linearis, Erirhinus
mijciilatus, and the pale form Silbermanni. Being kindly directed to a
dead hedgehog, I procured several Silphidcn and Saprinus fiitidulus.
Rain set in, and I retired early. — G. A. Lewcock, 73, Oxford Road,
Islington, N. June, 1890.

Habits of the Larva of Nonagria geminipuncta. — In my own
early collecting days it was my erroneous idea that it was useless to
work for any of the Nonagrid/E excepting in the Fen district, and as
there may be other lepidopterists who are of the same opinion I
thought a few notes on the best way to work for the larva of N-
geminipuncta would be read with interest.

In the first place I may say that the imago is but seldom taken
owing to its sluggish habits and to the extreme difficulty of working
its chosen haunts after dusk. The best way, therefore, to obtain a
good series, amongst which well-marked varieties will always occur, is
to obtain it either in the larval or pupal stage, and as this species
spends but a comparatively short time in the latter, it is perhaps better
to obtain the full fed larva.

The locality desired must of necessity be marshy, as the foodplant
is the common reed {Arnndo phragmites) ; and from experience 1
have found that tidal estuaries are among the most likely places in
which to find this very local species, and further, that the finer and
more luxuriant patches of reeds, growing, it may be, in some actual
dyke or water-course, will better repay search than possibly larger areas
of less well grown plants in dryer situations. This, of course, adds
materially to the difficulty and consequent pleasure of obtaining the
species.

The best time to search for traces of the larvce is about the middle
of July or rather earlier, the effects of their internal feeding then
beginning to be readily apparent in the brown and withered appear-
ance of the youngest or top shoots of the reeds ; this is a ready
method of discovering a new locality, after which, to make sure, the

D

106 THE entomologist's record,

affected reed should be examined, when a small circular hole will be
found, pierced by the young larva in its wanderings from one stem to
another, or even from one joint to another of the same stem, the hard
joints in the stem not allowing it a free passage. Should, however,
the search be postponed too long, the quicker growth of the healthy
reeds overtops the stunted and withered stems in which the objects of
our search are concealed, and renders the detection of a new locality a
much more difficult matter.

When, however, a locality is known, it is quite unnecessary to cut
the reeds before the last week in July, when it will be found, as a rule,
that only the larger stems contain larvcC, which often appear even when
full fed, to wander and attack fresh ones, evidently in search of more
roomy quarters in which to pupate. When searched for at this time
it may be seen at once with certainty which reeds are tenanted, as the
full fed larva prepares for itself a means of exit by eating its way
through the inner coats of the stem, leaving only the thinnest outer
skin, which may be called the "sheath" or "case," and has a whitish
and transparent appearance, is of an oval shape, and very easily
detected.

The larva does not pupate for some little time after preparing the
" case," but may then be considered as full fed. In cutting the reeds
it will be found that the " case " is almost always in the lower and
stouter joints of the reed, and care must be taken to cut tlie stem
under the next joint below the "case," as otherwise the pupa is likely
to slip out and be lost, or where this does not happen, the cut section
of the reed soon shrivels, often killing the enclosed larva or pupa by
compression, even if stood, as they should always be, in sand and
water, and kept continually damp. As soon, however, as the larva has
pupated, it is the best plan to split the reed with great care, especially
when near the " case," which will fairly indicate the position of the
pupa (it being mostly found a few inches above the "case ") and take
out the pupa or pupce, of which two and occasionally three are found
in the same stem, and even in the same joint, laying them on very
damp moss, when the imago will emerge in two or three weeks. This
process, if carefully !)erformed, results in the proportion of "cripples ''
being very small. Should the reeds be cut too early, even although
kept very damp, the larva is apt to wander towards night from its food,
doubtless seeking for more healthy plants, but if put back upon the
reeds, usually gnaws its way in again, causing a very audible sound
during the operation.

The imago invariably emerges in the early evening, generally between
6.30 and 8.30 p.m., and crawling up the reeds to expand its wings,
very rapidly develops ; it is well not to kill them too soon, as the wings
are for some time extremely flaccid and the insect consequently difficult
to set. — Albert J. Hodges, 2, Highbury Place, N.

Notes on Epunda lichenea. — E. lichenea is found at Portland very
plentifully in the larva state, but although common in this stage I have
only taken eight imagines in two seasons, viz., two in 1888, boxed off
grass when drying their wings, and six in 1889, three at sugar and three
at ivy.

The larvae I find from the middle of February to end of April, on
the top of grass stems, generally in little colonies of five or six, in

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 107

sheltered spots at the foot of banks, beside large boulders, or in crevices
of the rock. There is no ragwort where I have taken them, but I have
seen a few on this plant in other places. I fancy they feed on a variety
of low plants, but the larvae I have taken have always been at rest —
never feeding. Last season I bred seventy on chickweed without losing
one, and they had all gone down by the loth May ; those taken late in
April feeding up very rapidly. This year I am rearing a batch on
groundsel, and they are all doing well, some having already (14th April)
gone down.

I take them when small, about nine lines in length, and being then of
a vivid green they are easily seen at night on the grass stems ; some
being stretched out flat, and others resting with the head and fore part
of body tucked inwards, and looking somewhat like a note of interroga-
tion (?). They are best searched for when small and green, as, later on,
they entirely change their habits, and no longer rest on the grass stems,
but remain concealed at the roots of low plants, and are then hard to
find. I have taken over 200 in the green stage, but have not found
more than half a dozen after they had assumed their mottled olive suit,
as described by " Newman." They fall off the grass at the slightest
touch, making it necessary to hold the lid of the larvse tin underneath
to catch them.

Of the seventy I bred last year the first imago did not emerge until
nth September, and they continued to appear daily until i6th October,
with one late straggler on 27th October. The greatest number on one
day was seven, on 3rd October. I tried two couples, and found they
paired readily when placed in a roomy glass-topped box, with a saiall
quantity of honey. I placed them together on 23rd September, and by
the 26th the ?'s had each deposited some 200 ova on the loose paper
lining the sides and bottom of the boxes. The ova changed to green
on the 1 8th and hatched on 26th October, but on trying to bring the
larvse through the winter^keeping them in a warm room — I was not
successful, all dying off by 20th February. When about half grown the
larvse cease to be green, and for some three or four days after this
change of skin, after assuming their darker markings, they vary much
in colour. When full grown, however, I do not find any variation. —
E. W. Brown, Portland. April 14///, 1890.

Notes on Dasycampa rubiginea. — I was very pleased with Mr.
Mason's article on rubiginea, with which insect I have had a little
experience, having taken it at ivy bloom, sugar, sallow and light, but
never in such numbers as he seems to have done, though I notice
that he took his 17 in '85, before I began to collect, which was in June
'86. However, I have taken about 24 since '87. In the spring of
,88 I was lucky enough to get 7 at sallow and sugar, and 4 in '8g,
and succeeded in getting ova both years, though it is a very difficult
matter to induce the ? to deposit her eggs. I have kept the insect
alive for a month, by feeding it on honey mixed with a few drops of
sherry. I placed all those captured in the spring in a bandbox with
muslin cover ; inside I put twigs of apple, which I had scored with a
knife, as the ? seems to like a niche to deposit her eggs in, which she
lays singly. I don't know how many ? ? I had, as I could not dis-
tinguish the sex, but the first egg was laid on April 20th, a week after
capture of first insect. I may here remark that all my spring captures

108 THE entomologist's recoed.

were not in such good condition as Mr. Mason's, otherwise I am
afraid I should have been tempted ro kill them, as "a bird in the
hand is worth two in the bush ;" after the 20th I had two or three eggs
a day, though sometimes they stopped laying for a day or two when
the nights were extra cold, (I kept the bandbox indoors), I got about
30 ova altogether in '88, which began to hatch about 20th May.
The ovum is shaped like an orange, with depressed top and ribbed,
milk white when first laid, pale straw colour two or three days after, and
turns a salmon pink before hatching, with black ring on top, or rather
right round it, the young larva is brown and hairy with minute black
spots on each segment in centre of back ; after first moult the spots
become larger, and the hairs assume a reddish tinge, the body being
brown. I fed mine on apple, standing them at first in a glass bell
filter, and afterwards sleeved them on an apple tree, on which was
unfortunately a Trapezina larva unnoticed, which demolished six or
seven before I discovered him ; however, I succeeded in getting 19
into the pupal state, but, oddly enough, I had 20 imagines emerge,
so must have dug up the odd pupa at some oak or other tree, as
I generally keep my bred and dug pupse in same box for con-
venience sake. Mr. Hewett, of Winchester College, bred some the
same year, and, I think, fed his exclusively on dandelion, with which
plant I tried mine at first, but they did not seem to take kindly to
it, forsaking it for the apple. The larvae were full fed about last
week in July, and began to emerge on Oct. 5th. In spring '89 I
took four at sallow, and got about three dozen ova, two dozen of
which I divided between Mrs. Hutchinson and Rev. B. Smith. I was
pleased to hear that the former succeeded in rearing nine, and sorry
to hear that the latter failed utterly, T managed to get seven into pupce,
all of which emerged between Sept. 24th and 30th. They seem to be
extremely local, for although I have tried for miles round, I have only
taken them within radius of 200 or 300 yards. I have only once taken
anything approaching a variety, and that had black band parallel to costal
margin. I have been after it this year, but failed to take it.^ — R. B.
Robertson, Calcot, Reading. June, 1890.

Retarded Emergences. — Referring to Mr. Baxter's note {ante-'
p. 23), I may mention that last season (1SS9) I had several Smerinthus
tilia\ which had passed two winters in the pupa state. I also had the
following species : Notodo?ita dronicdarius (several), N. canielina (about
a dozen), Et(pithecia pygnucata (2), E. Imariata (3). There was cer-
tainly nothing exceptional as regards heat last year to account for these
appearances. I am inclined to believe this practice of lying over is the
rule among the Macro-lepidoptera (moths), and not the exception ; I am
constantly meeting new cases. — C. P'enn, Eversden House, Burnt Ash
Hill, Lee, S.E. May 12th, 1890.

In August, 1888, I took a few full-fed larvre of Cucullia verbasci,
which went down at once. Four or five came out at the usual time last
year, but two others emerged on the 3rd inst. The wings of one did
not expand properly, but the other is a fine specimen. — A. F. Bayne,
85, Palmerston Buildings. May 12th, 1890.

In 1888 I bred 19 larvae oi N. trepida : they ail pupated on the same
day, and in January, 1889, I put the pupai in a small forcing-house I
have in one of the hottest parts of a hot-house. Some of these insects

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 109

emerged last May, but ii of tliem remained in the pupal stage. During
the summer they were in the forcing-house in the driest possible soil.
Many days in the summer the boat was intense, and I never expected
myVV; trepida to appear. However, on March 17th, 1890, 2 fine males
emerged, and since then the other 5 have come out, all of them fine
specimens. — M. Kimber, Cope Hall, Newbury. Aprils 1890.

Miss Kimber's note on forcing N. trepida is very interesting. I
wonder how we can find out the exact point which determines whether
an insect will come out at once or wait for another twelve months for
the purpose. I suppose the matter must be determined some time
before the insect emerges, because a pupa usually changes colour, etc.,
before this, and those which stay over have only their normal appear-
ance. It occurs to me whether any amount of forcing could have
brought out these pupae in the summer. It seems doubtful if it would,
but perhaps a moist heat might have affected them. This spring I had
about four dozen pupas of Asphalia ridens, but only nine have come
out, the rest are clearly going to stay over. — .\. Robinson, Lambeth
Palace Road. April, 1890.

This spring I have had four fine Cuspidia ( Acronyda) tridens emerge,
after having been two years in pupa. I took the larvse the first week
in July, 1888, and quite thought they were dead. I also had several
Saturfiia carpini emerge, after being three years in the pupal stage. —
T. W. King, Purbrook, Dorking.

I have had a Bojiibyx quercus lie over two seasons and then produce
tvpical quercus, not var. calluncc, in the early spring. Of six pupae of
Eupifhecia togata, five emerged in May, 1888, one not till May, 1889.
I have frequently had Pygiera bucephala emerge after two years in the
pupal stage. I cannot find the least clue as to why some should
remain in the pupal stage longer than others that have been subjected
to exactly the same treatment. — W. Daws, Mansfield, Notts.

I have bred a series of Eupifhecia venosata from pupas received from
the Isle of Man, which have been two years in the pupal stage. —
J. Wellman. June, 1890.

[For cases of retarded emergence in the geims Acronyda see Dr.
Chapman's article in the current number. — Ed.]

Habits of the larva of Tethea retusa. — I would suggest to
entomologists, who find the larvae of Clostera tec/usa, not to overlook the
larvce of T. retusa. They fold a leaf or two of sallow round them much
after the manner of C. rec/usa, and the larvce themselves much resemble
those of Epunda viminalis. — M. Kimber, Cope Hall, Newbury.

EupiTHECiiE ON Juniper. — Whilst collecting with my friend Mrs,
Bazett last week, we beat a quantity of larvae of Eupithecia sobrinata
from junipers on the chalk hills near here. Among the two varieties of
this larva (dull green and light green, with a series of pink dorsal mark-
ings), we found a fair number of brown larvae with darker dorsal mark-
ings. Apparently these are some Eupithecia, but we could find no
account of such larvae. Can any one tell me if this is a variety of E.
sobrinata} — Id. May \()th, 1890.

Abraxas ulmata near Chatham. — Twenty years ago I first took
this species near Chatham, and have this month taken other specimens.
More than fifty years ago I took this species in dozens in the neighbour-

110 THE entomologist's RECORD.

hood of Bewdley (at Ribbesford Wood), but the southern locaHty seems
to make it worthy of record. — J. Tyrer, Jeffery Street, New Brompton.
June i']t/i, 1890.

Ephestia Kuhniella in its Settlements. — This species has not
been plentiful in the bakery here this year, and it has taken me some
time to get a dozen or so specimens. The bakery is kept so clean and
the walls so constantly brushed down and limewashed, that no doubt
the larvae are disturbed and destroyed. Where flour dust collects in
corners and beams not easily got at, there the larvae are at home, feed-
ing in a silken gallery, afterwards spinning a neat little cocoon on the
faces of beams, bricks, etc., sometimes two or three in a cluster. There
is no doubt that the species is now common in most granaries and flour-
mills. — J. A. Cooper, Leytonstone. May 30///, 1890.

Naming Hemiptera.- — Can you refer me to any friend of yours
who would be willing to name any of my Hemiptera, that I am in
doubt about ? I have Douglas and Scott's book, but I believe some of
our species do not occur in Great Britain. — W. A. Luff, Guernsey.
June 22nd, 1890.

[I trust some of our readers will be able to help Mr. Luff. — Ed.]

AcRONYCTA alni.— I havc succeeded in rearing a male of this
species from a larva found last August upon lime at Bloxham, near
Banbury. The larva was full-fed when captured, and pupated a day or
two afterwards. I may mention that in 1887 a larva was found at West
Woodhay, near Newbury, upon rose, but this one died before effecting
its transformation. — J. H. D. Beales, Arthur House, Margate.

EupiTHECiA Extensaria. — I am now breeding a nice long series of
EupitJu'cia exfetisaria from larvae I collected on the Norfolk coast at the
end of August last. Two $ 's enclosed over potted growing plants of
Arte/iiisia niaritima are busily engaged depositing eggs. — Geo. T.
PoRRiTT, Huddersfield. June i^fh, 1890.

Notes on Xanthia cerago and X. silago. — It may be of interest to
you to know that my experience of collecting the above-named insects
in 1888 and 1889 exactly coincides with that of Mr. Hodges {Record,
No. 3, p. 68). In September, 1888, I took a specimen of X. silago on
a head of long grass in a field in an exposed situation, and on further
search found over a score of this species and A", cerago ; on the suc-
ceeding night again I found several more, all being in excellent con-
dition. Last autumn, 1889, I searched the same field, and, like Mr.
Hodges, met with no sign of either insect. I may mention that there
is no sallow in the immediate vicinity. — John E. Eastwood, Enton
Lodge, Witley, Surrey.

Note on Gnophoria cribrum. — I had the good fortune to meet
with G. cribruvi this month for the first time. I find that it appeared
on the wing about 15th June. Theodore Wood, in his Field
Naturalisfs Handbook^ mentions July and August as the proper time
of appearance, whilst other lepidopterists say that G. cribrum is
double-brooded ; but although I went after it last August I did not see
a sign of one. I met with this insect on heathy ground on the Wim-
bourne Road. In places the ground is covered under the heath with
a ground lichen, which I was informed was the foodplant. The only
time to find this insect is when the sun is out, when they have to be

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. Ill

beaten out of the heath, and as they ascend must be caught with a
swift stroke of the net, as it appears impossible to see where they fly to,
appearing to pass clean out of sight, something after the manner of
Bombyx riihi. I fortunately succeeded in getting ova, which were,
when magnified, exactly of the appearance and colour of shot. The
young larvae have just hatched, but do not appear to take to the
lichen at all. I am afraid it is a mistake to say this is the foodplant.

I sugared in the New Forest, but the result was nil ; neither were
any larvae to be beaten, e.xcept those of Trachea piniperda.—\W.
Dannatt, Westcombe Park. June, 1890.

[See Mr. Tugwell's remarks on this species in the " Practical Hints "
for this month. The Rev. J. Seymour S. John gives heath, tiot lichen,
as the foodplant. — Ed.]

Retinia resinana in Aberdeen. — I notice that Mr. Home {a>ite,
p. 64) records the capture of this species some miles out of Aberdeen,
and that "the species does not appear to be found in the immediate
vicinity of Aberdeen." I captured the species in Aberdeen last year. —
L. G. EssoN, Aberdeen, N.B.

Peach and Nectarine Blight. — A well-known naturalist writes
privately to me : — " It is scarcely possible to decide, without seeing
specimens, the nature of the peach-leaf blight mentioned by Mr. J.
Anderson at p. 66 of the Entomologisf s Record. As he cannot detect
any insects at work it is possibly the work of a fungus, Ascoiiiyces
dejfbrmajis, B., which causes injury by blistering the leaves" ihi litt.) —
J. W. TuTT. Jime, 1890.

Killing Lepidoptera. — I have tried almost every method known,
and probably some not often used, for killing insects, but never found
anything so effectual and pleasant to use as ammonia. It kills the
insects without damage, renders them delightfully flexible for setting,
and does not damage the colour of the greenest,^ or other tinted
insect, provided the proper ammonia be used, which should be the
best and strongest procurable. The be.st for the purpose is Am/iionia
Hydrate NH4HO.

I open the lids slightly of the boxes, arrange them round a small
vessel containing the ammonia, place a suitable cover over them, such
as a glass shade for ferns, or a wash basin, and leave for half-an-hour,
when they will be found quite dead and perfectly fresh and pliable.
In fact, this extreme pliability in setting after being killed with
ammonia is the greatest argument in its favour.

When necessary to kill specimens late at night, arrange the boxes
containing the insects and cover them as described above, then place
a damp towel around the junction of the cover with the table, thus
renderincr it perfectly air tight, and leave until morning, when the
insects will be found dead, and delightfully fresh and easy to set.

I trust whoever may be tempted to try this method, will find it as
successful as I have done, and I doubt if anyone, having given this
a fair trial, will adopt any other plan.

They can be killed in the field, when necessary, with an ordinary
cyanide bottle, a sponge soaked in ammonia taking the place of

' But it does, though some greens arc V2ry little affected. Try it on
prasinana. — Ed.

112 THE entomologist's RECORD.

cyanide, and a couple of layers of perforated zinc (the lower one
being on the top of the sponge, and the next a little higher up to
avoid the wings touching the ammonia) taking the place of the plaster
of Paris. — -A. Hall, Newbury, Sheffield, A/ay, 1890.

My " modus operandi " in killing Lepidoptera is in most cases the
cyanide bottle, prepared in the following manner : — Cyanide of
Potassium i part ; Plaster of Paris 2 parts ; Water 2 parts.

First roughly powder the cyanide and mix with the plaster of Paris,
then add the water ; thoroughly mix and quickly pour into suitable
bottles ; when set, place a layer of white blotting paper on the top,
for the purpose of absorbing any exudation from insects caught at
sugar on freshly- emerged specimens. The above form will be found
to constantly give off vapour of cyanogen until all chemical action has
ceased. Usually I only charge my bottles once during the season.

Chloroform I find mvaluable for all green coloured insects, more
especially the HylopJiila family, the colour of which cyanide quite
destroys, leaving them a rusty brown. Chloroform I also find the
best for all Tinece}

Laurel leaves owe their virtue to the same source as the cyanide,
viz., cyanogen, and I daresay are very good.

With reference to ammonia, practically I have always shunned it ;
theoretically I should have thought it would have a most deteriorating
effect upon all green coloration, to say nothing about less brilliant
colours, but with all due respect to our valuable Editor, " the proof of
the pudding, etc." — J. P. Mutch, 359, Hornsey Road, N.

After the experience of more than a quarter of a century, I
am convinced that ammonia is the best agent generally for killing
lepidoptera. In my early collecting days I commenced with laurel
leaves, but specimens so treated became so stiff as to render
setting, after I had learned to be critical in this respect, most ditificult.
I then turned to the cyanide of potassium bottle, and found this but
little improvement ; so the cyanide of potassium bottle was discarded.
I then tried ammonia (the solid lumps of sesqui-carbonate as recom-
mended by Dr. Knaggs in his invaluable Lepidopterisf s Guide), and
have used it now for more than twenty years. In the case of large
species, such as the Sphinges and some of the Bomeyces, I usually put
these into the bottle just before retiring to bed, and in the morning they
are in a beautifully relaxed condition for setting. Small insects — most
of the Geometr/E, in fact — I found ready for setting in about six or
eight hours, and I do not prefer that these should remain in the bottle
longer. T need not say that each insect is first put into a comatose
state with chloroform. But it must be remembered that amnioma
cannot be used for all species of lepidoptera. It is well known that
green - insects are irretrievably ruined by it. And my experience is that
it is not suitable for many of the Rhopalocera. Black and dark-
coloured species, such as Limcnitis sibylla, Apatura iris, the Erebias,
Satyrs, and the Theclas are not improved by its fumes ; they are rendered
somewhat rusty by it. The appearance too of C/irysopha?ius phlixas is
quite changed by ammonia, the brilliant metallic copper gives place to a
dull washed-out brown, and if left in sufficiently long, the copper colour
^ These can be killed just as well with ammonia. — Ed.
^ Not all if carefully used. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 113

disappears almost altogether. The undersides of the Lycenas acquire
in the vapour of ammonia a buff tint ; but this passes off after the
insects have been aired. It should be borne in mind, however, that the
dark-coloured butterflies and C. phlceas never regain their colours and
beauty. It will be asked, perhaps, what I do in such cases. I first
stupify with chloroform, and then stab the underpart of the thorax with
a fine steel pen dipped in oxalic acid. Insects so treated can, and must
be, set at once. The idea may occur, why not kill all specimens in this
way ? For one or two reasons. First, perhaps, because there is the
suspicion that it is not the most merciful of methods. In the second
place specimens so killed cannot be put aside for setting ; it must be
done at once, or rigor mortis will prevent, and, so far as I have found,
the stiffening does not pass away. Then, unless very skilfully done,
there is danger in the stabbing process, either that the insect should be
spoiled by the pen, or the acid should spread over and disfigure the
wings. It requires a steady hand and some experience to know just
the amount of acid necessary for the purpose. It will be understood
then that I adopt this plan sitnply because forced to do so on account of
the action of ammonia on these particular insects. With these few
exceptions, there is nothing to equal ammonia in my opinion for putting
lepidoptera to death. — Joseph Anderson, Jun., Chichester.

Last year I tried the experiment of killing with ammonia instead of
cyanide. I used it first on some Lyccena corydon, captured specimens,
sent me alive by a friend. It had a startling effect on their colour,
changing the pretty silvery-blue to a dirty bluish brown. Nor did this
vanish on being removed from the fumes. ^ I had most of them to
throw away, and those retained are only worth preserving as specimens
of chemical changes of colour. I tried it next on six Erebia blandina^
the only results of a journey for the species made a day or two too soon.
They were males, fine as bred, and of a rich glossy brownish black.
These it changed to a dull dirty ochreous brown, which colour they still
retam. I tried no more, but as no mention is made by your corre-
spondents of any colour change in their specimens, I venture to submit
my painful experience. — John E. Rorson, Hartlepool.

The Laurel Jar.— Your correspondent, the Rev. G. H. Raynor,
does not seem to appreciate this very useful mode of killing insects.
To coleopterists it is simply invaluable, and a few hints respecting its
preparation may perhaps be of service to others. In the first place,
procure a wide-mouthed glass pickle jar, with a patent lever stopper,
this latter is much to be preferred before cork, rendering the bottle
as nearly as possible air-tight, Tin boxes should be avoided, as
laurel kept in these soon dries up. It is highly important that the
laurel should be picked during dry weather. The best time is the
afternoon of a bright sunny day at end of May or beginning of June,
as the young shoots are then tender and full of sap, and are best
for the purpose. If picked in damp weather, the laurel sooner or
later turns mouldy. Lay the gathered shoots on a newspaper and
pound well with a hammer, so as to bruise all the stems and leaves.

^ I cannot understand this. 1 have a drawer full o{ corydon to exhibit all the phases
of variation possible. The males would compare with freshly-emerged specimens m
colour, but all were kilKd with ammonia. — El).

114 THE entomologist's RECORD,

Then fill the bottle rather more than three parts full, and close u])
the mouth. It is now ready for use, and for relaxing purposes is
not to be excelled. A jar prepared in this way will last a couple of
years, and even then is of use as a store place for insects which do
not require immediate carding.

The bottle should not be kept on a ground floor, as it may be
damp; nor on a top shelf in a room, as the laurel "sweats" from
the heat. Beetles should be placed in small pieces of muslin, and
tied with cotton ; the parcel can then be lifted out when required for
use. I need hardly point out that the mouth of the bottle should be
closed as quickly as possible after using, as it is by exposure to the
atmosphere that its strength evaporates. The laurel in a small collect-
ing Ijottle can be renewed as occasion requires, but with care this
need not be done very often. — G. A. Lewcock, 73, Oxford Road,
Islington, N.

Recent Work on the Insect-Fauna of Middlesex. — How true
it is that those things which are nearest to us go most unheeded ! For
the last three years (1887-1889) I have been tabulating the current
records of Middlesex insects, so far as the literature at my command
has enabled me to do so, and I have been astonished to find that
practically nothing is being done in the county nearest to the metropolis
— although, as I know from my own experiences, this is from no
real scarcity of interesting matter for study. I will give under the
headings of the orders, a brief summary of the work done, so far as I
know of it, and this will speak for itself. I shall be glad to be informed
of any omissions from the list. I have included insects reported from
London : —

CoLEOPTERA. — Cambits ai/rafus, as formerly, falls a prey to Mr.
Bi'lups, in the Borough Market {E?!tom., 1879, ^S^ ; 1887, 1S7 ; 1889,
16S). C. moiiilis is reported by Mr. Grant {E?itoui., 1888, 92) from
Harrow. Zabriis gibbiis is rather doubtfully recorded from Harlington,
by Miss Ormerod in her Kept. Iiij. his. for 1888, p. 44. Lebia crux-
minor occurred at Lea Bridge, as we may infer from a note by Mr.
G. V. Hudson, in the exchange column of Entom., October, 1888.
Bythiniis validus is recorded from Hampstead (W. W. Fowler, Ent.
Mo. Mag., 1887, 51). For records of five of the larger water-beetles
see Nat. World., 1887, 116 ; Entom., 1887, 162 ; and Eniom., 1890, 20.
Leistrophiis species are noted by Mr. Milton in Efifom., 1888, 323.
Locmophlaus piisillus is found in London (C. G. Hall, Ent. Mo. Mag.,
1S89, 262). Blaps inortisaga turned up in the Borough Market {Proc.
South Loud. Ent. and N. H. Soc. for 1887, 57). Anobium paniceuni is
recorded from N.E. London (J. A. Clark, Efitoni., 1889, 140).
Xestobiuni tessellatum is from Sunbury {Entofn., 18S7, 114). Sco/ytus
dt'structor is noticed in the London parks {St. J^anies^ Budget, June 23,
1888, p. 14). Onthoptiagus vacca is recorded from near Stamford HiU
(F. Milton, Entoni., 1888, 323). Callidiuni violaceum, from Wormwood
Scrubs, is noted on Mr. T. H. Hall's authority, in Entoni., 1889.
Cerambyx moschatus, from the Brent, is recorded in Att. Rcpt. Ealing
iMicr. and A at. Hist. Society, for 1887-8. Malacliius oeneus is recorded
from Sunbury by Mr. Lewcock {Proc. South Lond. Ent. and N. h. S.
for 1887, 68.) Mr. Lewcock also records four species of Donacia from

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 115

Sunbury. Plucdon tiDiiiilulum is recorded from Isleworth, in 1 2fh
Report Colorado Biological Association (1889). Canon Fowler has
mentioned in his writings several beetles from " London district " or
" near London," but whether these occur in Middlesex we are not
informed.

Neuroptera. — SipJilurjis armatus is recorded by Mr. A. E.
Eaton {E7it. Mo. Mag., 1888, 31). Neurofiia clathrata in the
Tottenham marshes is noted by Mr. McLachlan {Eiit. Mo. Mag., 1888,
67 and 173). Mr. McLachlan also notes Agrypnia picta from Highgate.
Raphidia londinensis from near Potter's Bar, is mentioned by Mr.
F. Milton {Entoi/i., 1888, 323). Brachycentriis siibfuibilus occurs on
the banks of the River Lea (W. C. Boyd, Eut. Mo. Mag., 1889, 30S).
InEfitom., 1889, 189-190, the Rev. Dr. Walker mentions Libellula, Siatis,
and Fa?iorpa. To these I may perhaps add one or two unrecorded
captures. I have taken Ccenis halterata (kindly named for me by
Mr. McLachlan) at Hammersmith, by the Thames. Mr. F. G. Fenn
sends me word of a Chrysopa, apparently C. tenella — a rare species —
found at Bedford Park, Chiswick. Some published notes on the insects
of Bedford Park appear in Entom., 1887, 43-44.

Orthoptera. — Here the records are scanty indeed. Mr. S. T. Klein
found Phasgonura viridissinia at Willesden, and, I believe, recorded it.
Pacliytylus migratorius is quoted by Mr. E. Shaw from Hampstead
(olii)i)- — and one may mention that in Gard. Chroii.., 1857, the same
species is reported in London. The papers of Mr. Shaw in Ent. Mo.
Mag., and of Mr. E. J. Miller in Entom., afford us records of Stenobothrus
elegans, Meconetna varium, Fhyllodro7nia germanica, Periplaneta ameri-
cana, Panchlora tnadene, and Blabtra gigantea. It mav be well to
mention that Stenobothrus lineatus, recorded in 1886, from Bedford
Park, must be regarded as more than doubtful, as the identification of
the species was founded on British Museum material, concerning which
see Mr. Shaw in Ejit. Mo. Mag.

Hymenoptera. — Monomoriwn pharaonis is indicated as from London
by M. A. Bellevoye {An. de la Soc. Ent. de France, viii., 1888). Sirex
juvencus (S. Robinson, Entom., 1888, 282) and S. gigas (H. D. Sykes,
Entom., 1888, 323 ; S. Robinson, Entom., 1889, 117) come in for their
share of notice. Mr. S. T. Klein {Journ. of Micr. and Nat Sci, 1887)
records Tripoxylon figulus, Megachile centuncularis, Osmia riifa, and
Chrysis ignita from Willesden. Apts mellifica ligustica, domesticated,
is noticed from Willesden, by Mr. Klein, and from Bedford Park, by
Mr. F. G. Fenn {An. Rept. Bedford Park N. H. and Gard. Soc. for
1886-7, P- 6). Bracon brcTicornis is reported a parasite on Ephcstia in
London by Mr. Klein, in The Miller, 1887,446. Lampro7wta {^)^.)
are reported in Entom., 1888, 323, and 1889, 190.

Lepidoptera. — Here we get a few papers enumerating many, if
common species. Dr. Kendall, in Entom., 1887, 199, records London
species, as also does Prof. Meldola, Entom., 1887, 235. Mr. S. T. Klein,
in J^ourn. of Alicr. and Nat. Sci., 1887, mentions many species from
Willesden. Of butterflies, I tind mention of fifteen species, including
Vanesia afitiopa {Entom., 1887, 177), V. polychloros {Entom., 1887, 199),
J'ararge megcBra, Highbury Place, (H. Hodge, Entom., 1887, 266), and
Lyctcna corydon, near Hounslow, {Entom., 1887, 229). The butterfly

116 THE entomologist's RECORD.

literature is all in Entom., except Fieris brasskcc, HoUoway R.oad
(F. W. Smith, N^at. Gazette, 1889, 47), and E. iaiiira and C. pa7nphilus,
Brent Road (in the Report of the EaHng Society, for 1887-88). Many
moth records are in the E?itomologist, which I need hardly enumerate
in full detail. Some of the more notable are Chcerocampa 7ierii,
Poplar {E/itoiN., 1888, 258, 265), London Bridge {Entom., 1889, 120);
Sphinx coivolvuli lyEntom., 1887, 64, 304; \%ZZ, %6); Deilephila galii
{Entom., 1888, 210, 274); Choerncampa porcellus, Hounslow {Entom.,
1888, 19); Arctia villica, Lea Bridge (G. V. Hudson, in exchange
column of Entom., Oct. 1888); IMotodonta didceoidcs, Hampstead
(J. Lea, Entom., 1887, 2']^) ; Fterostoma palpina, Hounslow {Ento?n.,
1888, 19); Leiicania straininea v. ?ngrostriata {Entom., 1888, 247), and
so forth. Anyone interested can find the records by looking over the back
numbers of the Entom. Otherwise recorded species are not very numer-
ous. Zeiizcra pyrina is noted in Ent Mo. Mag., 1889, 456. Dicranura
hijida. Shepherd's Bush (Jager, Proc. South Lond. Ent. and N. H. S.
for 1887, 61) ; the present writer has found larvae of this species at Acton.
Apamea ophiogi-anuna, Hammersmith Marshes (J. T. Williams, Proc.
S. L. E. and N. H. S. for 1887, 64). Lobophora halterata, Hounslow,
(Rendall, Proc. S. L. E. and N. H. S., 1887, 71). Scotosia vetnlata and S.
rhainnata (Jager I.e.). Acentropiis niveus, Hampstead {olini) (Barrett,
Ent. APo. Mag., 1888, 199). Incurvaria capitella,Y{^\^g^\.&{YX\%\\'2^, Proc.
S. L. E. andN.H. S., 1887, 75). Ocfiera (sp.), London (R. W. Lloyd,^«/.
Mo. Mag., 1888, 237). Quite a big literature has sprung up about the
Ephestia kuhniella in the east of London ; here are some of the
references: — Miss Ormerod, Rep. Inj. Ins. for 1888, 67; S. T. Klein,
The Miller, 18S7, 446; Efit. Mo. Mag., 1887, 163; J. W. Tutt,
Entom., 1887, 212 ; S. T. Klein, Trans. County of Middlesex Nat. Hist.
and Science Society ; R. Adkin, Field, 1887, 829; Riley and Howard,
Insect Life, 1889, 260.

Hemiptera. — Very iew. Naucoris cimicoides, Stamford Hill (F.
l^\\\.on, Entom., 1888, 323). Kanatra linearis, near Tottenham (Milton,
Ento/n., 1890, 20), and two introduced species. Lecaniiim longulum
and Dactylopiiis theohromce, recorded by Mr. J. AV. Douglas in Efit. Mo.
Mag., 1887, 97-98 ; 1889, 317. To these I may add two new records,
Sehirus bicolor, found by myself by the canal near Southall, and Tropi-
coris rufipes, found at Brentford by Mrs. Skilton.

UiPTERA. — Three species are recorded by Rev. F. A. Walker in
Entom., 1889, 189. Two are recorded by Mr. F. Milton in Entom.,
1888, 323. Mr. Brunetti records fourteen species in Entom., 1889,
132, -133, 86, and Eiit. Mo. Mag., 1889, 280, 281. I have some
unpublished records, including Bibio hortulnniis, Chiswick High Road,
and the following from Bedford Park, kindly named for me by Mr.
Verrall ; — Fteropoecila lamed, Schrk. ( = Ortalis pulchella), Nemopoda
{cylindrica, Fab. ?), Rhinophora{i mbratica. Fab.?). — T. D. A. Cockerell,
3, Fairfax Road, Bedford Park, London, W.

Local Natural History Collections. — My attention has been
called to a note in the Entomologist'' s Record for May, in which you dis-
parage the nomenclature and arrangement of the Diurni in the Folke-
stone Museum. I shall feel obliged if you will make known the fact
that, although I have recently accepted the curatorship of this depart-

PRACTICAL HINTS. 117

ment, I have no control over the butterflies, my duties are confined to
the moths. The Diurni had previously been arranged by another
gentleman, and as J am quite unable to coincide with his views on the
subject, I prefer to leave that group entirely in his hands. The moths
are exclusively under my control, and I am glad to know that my
arrangement of this branch of the collection, though yet in its infancy,
has met with the approval of many practical entomologists. — Reginald
E. Salwey, Peace-Wold, Folkestone.

[No one who knows Mr. Salwev would for a moment suppose he was
responsible for the naming, etc., of the Diurni in this collection. It is
a great pity, though, that Mr. Salwey cannot bring some pressure to
bear on the authorities so that this part of the collection shall be, at
least, named correctly and arranged with common sense. Since writing
the above, Mr. Salwey informs me that the arrangement of the moths
have been altered without his sanction and he has now entirely severed
his connection with the Museum. — Ed.]

|RACTICAL HINTS.

By W. H. TUGWELL, M.P.S., etc.

(a) When sugar fails, as it often does in hot and dry weather, instead
of going home empty-handed and grumbling, search, by means of a
light, flower heads, grass stems, rushes, or honey-dewed leaves, when
frequently you will realize a rich harvest. My best captures have been
so obtained.

(^) At end of August and early September split down from top to
bottom the stems of thistles and burdock, when pupte of Gortyna
flavago will tumble out. June^ as mentioned in No. i of the Record,
is much too early !

{c) Middle to end of July. At night not earlier than 10.30 p.m. to
early dawn, search with a light, in grassy places on the S.E, coast,
especially if dwarf bushes of sea-buckthorn occur, and you will pro-
bably find Nola cetitonalis sitting quietly on the grass or leaves of the
buckthorn. They do not fly freely, and require a close search, or are
readily overlooked.

(d) Eulepia cribrum may be obtained all through July on the lichen-
covered heather, two or three miles out of Ringwood, on the Bourne-
mouth road. Gently sweep or brush your net over the heather as you
walk along, and cribrum will start up and fly rapidly a short distance.
Mark it down and stalk it. They may be disturbed all through the day,
but early evening is the best time.

{e) Acosmeiia caliginosa flies in the grassy rides of Stubby Copse,
Brockenhurst, through July. It is best obtained by gently sweeping a
net over the herbage as you walk along by day, and it comes freely to
light at night. Hyria auroraria occurs at the same place, but flies in
the sunshine.

(/) On the S.E. coast, or wherever the Nottingham catchfly {Stlote
nutajis) grows, the larva of Dianthcecia albviuuula may be found in the

^ Certainly, this was a clerical error, and should have been corrected. — Ed.

118 THE entomologist's eecord.

evening by searching the plant and then gently beating it into a net
Place larvae so obtained in a calico bag or band-box with a supply of
seed-heads, and they feed up on the unripe seed. It is better to collect
the pupje from these receptacles, as too often you have other lovers of
pupte confined with them, who will gladly make a meal off them.

(g) Always carry a few small calico bags with you to collect the seed-
heads of different plants for larvae. Silene for DianthcBcicE. ; toad-flax
{Li/iaria vulgaris) for larva; o{ Eupithecia linariata ; flowers of foxglove
{Digitalis purpurea) iox E.pulchellata (especially if the flowers are partly
closed up by being spun together); seed-heads of nettle-leaved bell-flower
for E. ca/iipatiu/ata ; seeding flower-heads of Scaluosa arvensis and succisa
for larvae of Eupcecilia flaviciliana ; cowslip seed-heads for E. ciliella ;
and spun together tops of sallow-shoots for Peronea hastia?ia.

{h) Search low plants on marsh ditches during August for larvae of
Arctia urtico', fond of sunning themselves ; willow herb and water bed-
straw for larvae of CIia;rocampa elpenor ; and white or yellow bedstraw
on dry banks, sand hills, etc., for larvae of C. porcellus and Macroglossa
steUatarnin ; and if in woods you notice the leaves of honeysuckle
eaten on the low trafling branches, turn them over for larva; of M.
fuiifor/nis.

IgjOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— June igth, 1890, Mr. J. A. Clark, F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr.
Battley exhibited a growing plant of the Sundew, from the New Forest ;
also Alaa-oglossa fuciforinis and Bombyx rubi, from the same locality;
Messrs. Lusby and Harper, a fine selection of very variable specimens
of Abraxas grossulariata, the dark colour being predominant in the
whole ; Mr. Sampson, a heavily mottled imago of Venilia iiiaculata.
Messrs. Clark and Milton exhibited boxes of Coleoptera and Neurop-
tera — Mr. Milton giving a highly interesting account of the life-history
of the latter order.

July T,rd, 1890, Mr. G. A. Lewcock in the chair. Mr. Lusby exhi-
hibited fine varieties of Syrichtiius alveolus, one specimen having the
white spots on the fore wing formed into a band, the hind wings black
with a single white blotch in the centre ; several other varieties were
also noticeable in the series ; Mr. Raine, male specimens of Liparis
dispar, with the dark markings very strongly defined and nearly black ;
also preserved larvae of Eiidromis versicolor, etc. ; Mr. Battley, a series
of Ephyra trilitiearia, from Epping Forest ; one specimen with a white
spot on the hind wing very clearly marked and outlined with a darker
tint than the ground colour of the wing ; Mr. Gurney, a very large
specimen of Phorodesma smaragdaria, bred that day from larvae found
on the Essex marshes last autumn ; Mr. Manley, two specimens of
Sphinx ligustri, the centre band on the body being quite black, the
wings suffused with the same tint ; Mr. Gates, full-fed larvae of Cerura
vi7iula , Mr. Bellamy, Tripluvna profiuba, with the band on hind
wings interrupted, and more resembling that of T. orbona. Mr. Simes
also exhibited a case of life-histories of various species of Lepidoptera.

Coleoptera : — Mr. Cripps' box contained Melanotus rufipes, Polyopsia

SOCIETIES. 119

prceusta, and a series of Alhoiis vitta/us, all frum Urockenhurbt ; Mr.
Heasler, Donacice from Deal, etc., including D. menyanthidis, D. nigra,
D. thalassina, D. typ/uc, D. le/nmc, etc. Mr. Lewcock made observations
respecting two specimens of Silpha ^-punctata, taken recently by Mr.
Raine, at Wood Street, Walthamstow, and gave some descriptions of
the habits of the beetle. — G. A. Lewcock and E. Hanes, Hon Sees.

South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— -June 12///, 1890. Nothing of much interest occurred at the meeting,
although a fair number of exhibits were made. Messrs. W. West and
-Nlussey exhibited each a var. of Sinerinthiis tilio', with the central band
of fore wings reduced to a very small spot ; Mr. Tugwell exhibited bred
Nemoria viridata and two extreme forms of Biston hirfaria, the male
being especially brown, the female especially dark ; Mr. Adkin exhi-
bited Herbula cespilaiis, taken by Mrs. Hutchinson at the Land's End,
with the yellow markings well developed. [The same form occurs at
Deal. — Ed.] Also larv^ of Larentia ccesiata, from the Grampians, and
males and cases of Psyche villoseHa, taken at Bournemouth ; Mr. Well-
man exhibited Eupithecia rectangulaia var. nigrosericeata, and E. veno-
safa, from the Isle of Man ; also Nemeobius lucina and Acronycta
strigosa ; Mr. VVarne, Boinbyx rubi, Neineobitis lucina, and Macroglossa
fnciformis. The best exhibit of the evening was a fine variety of
Ephyra punclaria, with a very dark central band across all four wings,
the specimen being exhibited by Mr. Robson. Mr. Adkin exhibited
Eumeiies coarctata and its nest ; and Mr. Billups, Hymenoptera, from
Borneo and Kentucky.

June 26t/i, 1 890. Quite an interesting meeting took place, the first matter
of interest being the agreeable reception of Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, on
his return after a long sojourn in Colorado. The exhibits, too, had more
than ordinary interest. The exhibits of the evening were, perhaps, a
long series of Sesia sphegiformis, taken in Sussex, by Mr. Robinson,
principally by "assembling;" and some very fine Tortrices, taken in
Kent, by Mr. Fenn, and comprising long and variable series of Toririx
bratideriana, Phoxopteryx upupana, P. obtusana, and many others, in-
cluding a fine var. nubilata oi Penthina cynosbana, and four specimens of
the Ephestia, bred from rice {Record, p. 33), the species of which is
very doubtful. Other exhibits were Micro-lepidoptera, collected in
Normandy, by Mr. South, almost all being common British species ;
several species of Coleoptera and Orthoptera, from Normandy, l)y Mr.
Billups ; a very pale gracilis-\^Q form of Tccniocanipa stabilis, by Mr.
Turner ; 2 specimens of Pycnogonum littorale, by Mr. H. Moore ; 29
species of Diptera, 23 of Hymenoptera, 5 of Coleoptera, 2 of Hemi-
ptera, i of Neuroptera, and i of Homoptera, taken at the Society's
outing on the 19th, at Mickleham, by Mr. Billups; Mr. Hawes exhi-
bited larvce of Thecla rubi, with notes on the early history of the
species, the eggs being laid on twigs, leaves, etc., of broom ; Mr.
Mansbridge, a good var. of Ccenoftynipha pamphilus, var. lyllus, taken
last August ; Mr. Cockerell, a larvDS of Ticniocampa insiabilis feeding
on mulberry, the exhibit being made from an economic point of view,
as scarcely any native species are known to feed on the mulberry ; Mr.
Tugwell bringing the exhibits to a close with a number of northern
species of plants. A discussion relative to the effect of temperature in
producing early emergences then took place, Mr. Carrington suggesting

120 THE entomologist's record.

that, if a minimum of temperature were taken for each species a certain
sum total of heat above this minimum would produce emergence. Mr.
Fenn wished to know how it was, if this quantity of heat were fixed,
that of many pupa^ kept under precisely similar conditions of tempera-
ture, some would emerge one year and others would not do so for
another year, the latter, of course, absorbing much more heat than the
former. Mr. Tutt suggested that it seemed that the influence of tem-
perature in producing rapid development appeared to depend on one
fundamental principle : — The insect in the pupa-case undergoes a slow
process of development. If a certain point in this development be
reached, then increased temperature at once influences the pupa, and
rapid emergence is the result ; but if it be not reached, then increased
temperature is inoperative in this direction until such point be reached.
Mr. Adkin brought the discussion to a close by remarking, that of two
lots of Ejtpithecia vitli^ata pup^, one lot kept for some months during
the winter in the house, and the other out of doors, the latter, although
they must have absorbed much less heat, emerged a day or two before
theothers, and that the indoor influence had apparently been inoperative.
July loth. A few very interesting exhibits took place. Mr. Jager
exhibited a fine series of Dianthcecia capsophila from the Isle of Man.
Specimens of the same species (more resembling carpophaga) from
South Wales, a very dark Diantluvcia ccesia also from the I. of Man ;
Mr. Wellman, a very fine box of DianthtEcicE — comprising cucubali,
carpophaga, capsophila, and conspersa from different Scotch, Irish and
English localities ; also a very long series of Eupithecia reclangiilata
var. ?iio7-osericeata irom. Streatham ; Mr. Croktir a long series of iVf?Az
cucullatella with black vars. from the London District ; Mr. Howard
Vaughan, an interesting box of Scotch specimens including Melitcea
arte;)iis, Canoiiympha davus (undersides), several Eudoreic {Scoparice),
2 strange looking Procris, apparently jArZ/Vd'y but with antennae somewhat
resembling those oi globularia^, Mr. Briggs, a box of Procndce to compare
with Mr. Howard Vaughan's specimens ; Mr. Gerrard, Psyche vilosella
(case) and Eulepia cribrii/n ; Mr. Adkin, variable Coremia propugnata
and Eupithecia ?ianata, the latter varying considerably within certain
limits. A discussion re vars. caliiinaria and curzoni took place and
Messrs. C. G. Barrett and Tutt gave decided opinions as to curzoiii
being an extreme var. of E. satyrata ; Mr. Joy specimens of Aleliana
^amtnea, N'. cilialis, and M. arundinis recently captured in Wicken Fen \
Mr. Jenner Weir, specimens of Vohicella bombylatis showing mimicry in
the direction of the Bouibi, on which it is parasitic ; and Mr. BiUups
specimens of Trichiosoma betuleli and its parasite bred from cocoons
taken at Mitcham. Other minor exhibits took place. Very little
discussion took place on ihe exhibits. — Ed.

[The labour of writing out an extra Report of this Society for the
Record is too great for the Secretary. The Council agreed that we
"should have copies of the Reports when they were sent to other
Magazines." This means that some would be 6 or 8 weeks late in
publication. The Reports will therefore be printed or left out according
as to whether it is convenient or not for me to attend and report the
meeting. I make this statement in order to show our subscribers who
are members of the South London Society, that I have done my level
best to publish the Reports if I can get them up to date. — Ed.]

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 5. Vol. I. August 15th, 1890.

MELANISM AND MELANGCHRQISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
{Contiimed frovi page 90.)

\ATURA non facit saltinii'' is a well-known
saying among naturalists. Changes are not
brought about in nature suddenly, and in no
natural study is the saying more true than in
our own interesting pursuit. There is no doubt that the ten-
dency to melanism is brought about gradually, when once
commenced, by "natural selection," and increased by "here-
ditary influence." But I was unprepared for the startling (to
me) suddenness with which many species, during the wet
season of 1888 assumed a darker colour. In none of the
lepidoptera that I met with, was this perhaps more strikingly
illustrated, than in Litliosia pyginceola, XylopJiasia nio7ioglypha
ipolyodon), Agrotis corticea, and Agrotis tritici, although others
showed this influence. L. pygmceola, which is in favourable
weather so exceedingly abundant on the sandhills of Deal, is,
as is well known, usually of a pale yellow colour in the males,
and of a darker shade or grey in the females ; occasionally,
however, a darker specimen than usual occurs, showing that
there is a tendency in the species to vary in this direction ; but
\\\ the summer of 1888 a very large proportion of the speci-
mens were exceedingly dark, and I have in my cabinet some
strikingly dark specimens, although the species was scarcer
than in any year since I have collected at Deal. XylopJiasia
iiionoglypha, which is usually of the pale variegated form, with
an occasional var. obscm-a, were that year in greater abundance
than usual, but almost all were var. obscura, some approaching

122 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS KECORD.

var. Imiiiuea, and one striking specimen of var. iufuscata. In
another very wet season (1872), a black polyodou was recorded
from Sheerness. Again in 1888, at Deal, it was difficult to find
anything but dark Agr. corticea. In some seasons, specimens as
pale as ordinary $ A.cinerea are not rare, with a fair number of
dark and black vars. In 1888 almost all were dark and black,
scarcely a pale var. was to be obtained. Beautiful whitish vars.
of tritici are not rare in ordinary seasons ; that year they were
comparatively rare, and the series I brought home was darker
than any I have previously captured. There is no doubt that
a succession of seasons like 1888 would intensify these varie-
ties, to the almost utter exclusion of the paler forms. I think
this illustrates the fact, that meteorological influence has played
a great part in the sudden darkening of certain species, and
that, given a number of seasons suitable to this particular de-
velopment, the dark would altogether outnumber the pale forms.
I am not alone in noticing the influence which a wet season
has on the sudden development of variation in certain species.
In the Entomologist, vol. xxii., pp. 38, 39, Mr. W. W. Smith,
of Ashburton, New Zealand, writing of the variation of
Argyrophinga antipoditvi, says: — "There can be no question
that many species of lepidoptera are greatly influenced in all
stages by changes of temperature or by the seasons ; and from
notes on the variation of this butterfly in relation to the
seasons, made during many years, I am in a position to show
that the species exhibits greater variation in some years than
others." Mr. Smith then goes on to show that in the dry
seasons, 1881-83, there was little variation. He then writes: —
" Then followed the wettest winter, and equally wet and coldest
summer on record in Nev/ Zealand ; every day of bright sun-
shine produced the emergence of some specimens of A.
ajitipodnm, and fresh individuals continued to appear until
much later in the season than usual. In the same year (the
early months of 1884), I collected the most variable forms of
both sexes I had hitherto obtained." The years 1885, 1886,
and 1887 were drier, and produced less variable specimens, but
" last summer (1888), which was preceded by a very wet
winter, there was again a greater number of more richly marked
and variable forms. From the foregoing notes it will be seen
that the variation of the species is most predominant in seasons
succeeding wet winters. The same remark applies to Chryso-
phaims boldenanan. How the seasons operate in producing
this effect requires careful investigation," etc. Mr. Smith then

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 123

adds : — " An abundance, scarcity, or change of food, and its
environment during the larval stage, are known to produce
great variations among certain species ; with A. antipodiini, the
finest marked and best developed forms are evolved in humid

seasons, and such succeeding wet winters I am

not in a position to say that the tendency to darkening in the
colours of the species is, in humid seasons, a case of atavism ;
but I incline to such an opinion, as the preceding geological
period in New Zealand was immensely more humid ^ than the
present, a fact which I think favours such a view."

Here, then, is a positive proof of a primary exciting cause,
and, if nature develops dark varieties in wet seasons more
than in others, and, in wet seasons, species normally in-
variable, are more or less variable — vide Entoni., vol. xxii., pp.
37-39, as well as my own remarks on the sudden development
of a melanic tendency in wet seasons — I think it a fair deduc-
tion to assume that the variation is primarily the result of
meteorological influence, and that humidity is essentially the
exciting cause.

There is no doubt that "natural selection" is almost entirely
the direct cause of the variation in colour (both melanochroic
and leucochroic) of species which rest upon the bare ground,
and that the insects which assimilate most completely to the
geological strata on which they rest, are those which are
preserved in the struggle for existence, and which finally
establish a particular form in the district. Nocture and many
Geometr.e rest on trees, fences, or the ground. Many rocks,
and almost all trees and exposed fences are darkened by rain,'^
hence the assimilation becomes more complete in naturally
wet and humid districts. But to take a special case where the
direct influence of humidity can, compared with " natural
selection " have very little to do with the variation in colour.
Gnophos obsciirata, as is well-known, is one of the most striking
examples. I devote a drawer to the series of this species in
my collection, and what do I find ? I find that among the
specimens captured on the chalk a large percentage of pale
forms occur, assimilating most perfectly to the chalk on which

^ It is more than probable that this was so in Britain, as the country was, in
comparatively recent times, much more covered with forests and woods than at
present, and this alone would malce tiie country more humid. — J.W.T.

^ Dr. Chapman writes : — " In your paper {Ent. Record, p. 56) you criticise the
idea of rain pcrmatun'.ly darkening rocks, trees, etc., by pointing out that they dry
in the intervals, but that is precisely what they do not do. Such objects are often
wet, especially in some localities, for weeks together, even in the summer ; of course
they do dry sometimes, but generally they retain one lot of moisture, until they get
another during the greater part of the summer" (in litt.) — ^J.W.T.

124 THE entomologist's RECOKI).

they rest ; but even here, in the more exposed situations, there
is g-eneral variation within narrow hmits in both sexes, and the
females are generally darker than the males. I have always
supposed this latter phase to arise from the fact that the
females appear to rest more among the herbage than do the
males. On very impure limestones grey forms occur, assimi-
lating most perfectly with the limestone ; while on peat, dark
peaty-black coloured specimens are found. On slate formations
intensely dark slate-coloured or black specimens are the
ordinary form, while I have very red specimens from the red
sandstone formation. Here is a complete response to environ-
ment, and I leave my readers to infer how special races of this
particular species have been brought about, and w^hy, on rocks,
naturall}- dark or artiiicially darkened by rain, black forms are
most generally found. The same line of variation is traceable
in Boarniia rcpandata in districts where it settles and rests on
the ground, and not on the trunks of trees as is usual with us
in the woods of Kent and other southern counties. I have
specimens varying in colour exactly in the same way as those
of G. obsairata just mentioned, viz., from whitish to black.
In these species both the pale and dark races are those which
have been developed by " natural selection " in the particular
localities in which they are found. Although humidity or
wetness, by darkening the surfaces on which the insects rest,
would intensify the colour, yet the particular geological forma-
tion is here the prevailing factor, or why should we get white
forms on the purer cretaceous strata, grey on the impure
limestones, red on the red sandstones, black on the slates and
schists, and brownish-black on peat ? In short, why is there
such a complete response to environment ? Speaking of these
leucochroic and melanochroic forms, Dr. Buchanan White,
Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., p. 149, makes the following remarks,
which my own observations have since materially borne out.
He writes : — " That there is exciting cause for both forms
I am persuaded, because we find that species, which are
sufficiently common for us to observe year after year in
abundance, are found to be much more subject to variation in
some years than others ; and if (presumably) the meteorological
differences of one year from another, cause, in a single locality,
a varying amount of variation in species, we may reasonably
conclude that the meteorological differences between one
localit}^ 'and another, continued year after year, will tend to
variation in different directions in the individuals of a species

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 125

common to both. Then, if hi one locahty, where the struggle
for existence is greater, a pecuhar variation is found to carry
advantages with it, "natural selection" steps in and docs the
work, and, if the advantage is very great, may eventually result
in that particular variety supplanting all others. If the
advantages were not so great, the particular variety would not
be so particularly favoured ; and if there were no special
advantage (but still no disadvantage), then the variety would
only be on an equal footing with the other forms, and individuals
of that character would vary in number from year to year,
according as the meteorological conditions (presumably the
exciting cause) varied, with a certain percentage for heredity."
This is in general terms what my own observations have
suggested {Entojri. Record, vol. i., pp. 121, 122), and is borne
out exactly in Mr. Smith's paper, " On the variation of Argyro-
phinga antipoduni " {Entoni. xxii., pp. 38, 39) previously referred
to, where he shows that this species varies in proportion to the
general humidity of the season. No better example of the
incidental reasoning, in the extract quoted above, could be
given than the Bryophiliid.e— ;////'r«//j- and per/a. The most
elementary student of practical lepidopterology will be able to
apply the doctor's reasoning to these species, and I will not
weary my readers with further explanations of such simple
phenomena. Dr. Chapman also suggests: — "There is no
doubt that the geology of a district would have some importance
— first, as to the colour of the rocks and soil, and secondly
as to the colour of the lichens that were most abundant " {in
litt.).

{To be cojitinued.)

m

CIENTIFIC NOTES.

HUMmiTY THE CAUSE OF MeLANOCHROISM IN NeW ZEALAND. 111

the first number of this Magazine (April 15th) Mr. J. W. Tutt com-
menced a series of papers on " Melanism and Melanochroism in British
Lepidoptera ; " he then referred to a paper having been read by Mr.
Cockerell before the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society, as setting forth the cause of melanism to be due to excess of
moisture. Mr. Tutt adds : " It struck me at once that a great deal of
the melanism and melanochroism of our Islands could be lietter ex-
plained by this theory, in combination with " natural selection," than
by any other that had been presented to us,"' etc " Since I have
devoted my attention to tlie matter, the information I have been able

126 THE entomologist's record,

to gather helps to confirm Mr. Cockerell's view." As this is the first
intimation I have had of Mr. Cockerell's paper referred to, I would
point out that after many years' observations on the subject in New
Zealand, I have also arrived at the same conclusions. In a paper on
" The variation of Argyrophuiga aniipodum " [Ento/nologisi xxii. 37).
I gave the results of colour variation in this species, and in Chryso-
phaiins boldenarum for a number of years. At the same time I stated
that Melanochroism, or a general darkening of the species, occurred in
humid seasons, or such succeeding very wet winters. My remarks on
" natural selection," in its bearings on the question of Melanism and
Melanochroism are also in support of Mr. CockereH"s views. It will
thus be seen that the same cause produces the same effects on some
species in the same latitudes of north and south. Of course, New
Zealand is strictly an insular area.— W. W. Smith, Ashburton, New
Zealand. June 6th, 1890.

Moisture Theory of Melanism. — A striking confirmation of the
moisture theory of Melanism came to my notice some few years back.
I was then residing at Clapton, and occasionally worked the Hackney
Marshes. One evening at dusk I netted about three dozen Tortrices
which, when I got home, I found were Xanthosetia zoegana. Quite
one half were the form known tss ferriigatia, Haw., which has the whole
of the superior wings suffused with a ferruginous tint, instead of
bright yellow, as in the type, and of the remainder, several were inter-
mediate between the variety and typical specimens.

Now the spot where I took these was one reeking with moisture, and
which during a large portion of the winter months, was covered by floods.

The species occurs occasionally throughout the Lea Marshes ; but
the specimens I have always found typical except in this particular
spot. — AV. G. Sheldon. July 21s f, 1890.

Aneurism in Liparis salicis. — I have noticed similar saccular dis-
tension to that described by Dr. F. J. Buckell and others, in Liparis
iolicis. — Joseph Anderson, Jun., Chichester.

Delayed Emergence of Lepidoptera. — The delay in emergence
which makes certain individuals of many species remain two or more
winters in the pupal state must have several elements in its causation.
Some species appear to do so normally — perhaps Petasia nubeculosa is
the best example of this. I have now pupge apparently quite healthy
going for their fourth winter, and have also Cuspidia inegacepliala going
for a third and fourth. There must always be a good deal in individual
constitution, for of pupae identically treated, some go over and some
come out. I desire, however, more especially to call attention to what
is a very usual cause, and that is not a defect of temperature but an
excess. It is as though the pupa felt that its proper season for
emergence had arrived or past, before it had made a move, and it must
therefore wait till next season. This view appeared to be especially
demonstrated when, two years ago, I had some pupre of several species
that I thought I would get out of the way by forcing them, and began
to do so early in the winter. Not one of these pupae would be forced,
they resisted the high temperature in the winter, throughout the spring,
when their proper season for emergence arrived, and went over the
next summer and winter. These pupce included some Dianthcecice, which
are rather prone to taking a second winter, some Geometers, and some

CURRENT NOTES. 127

Cuaillu veibasci, which I think does not often take a second winter. I
think it is probable that had the forcing been commenced gently later
in the winter most, if not all, would have yielded to it and come out as
desired. — T. A. Chap.m\n, Firbank, Hereford

[I think so too. From my point of viea- forcing is useless, unless
the pupi\: have sufficiently matured \s\\^\\ the forcing is applied. - Ed. j

:|^URRENT NOTES.

A South European Hemipteron Amblytylus brcvicollis, Fieb., has
been captured at Woking, and described by Mr. E. Saunders, F.L.S.,
in the Eiit. Mo. Mag.

The Doubleday Collection at the Bethnal Green Museum has been
thoroughly overhauled and the drawers repapered.

Glypta cicatricosa, R., and G. fi-ivipes Desv. (the latter bred by Mr.
E. A. Atmore, F.E.S., from Antithesia caprceana) have been added to
the list of British Ichneumonidai bv Mr. J. B. Bridgman, F.L.S. ; whilst
an Ichneumon new to science G. riibricunda (bred by Mr. Elisha,
F.E.S., from Argyrolepia )iiariliiii.i)ia) is described in the Ent. Mo.
Mag.

A Nepticula new to science {N. torminalis) mining in leaves of
Pyrus torminalis has been described in the Ent. Mo. Mag. by Dr.
AVood. It is closely allied to regiella, but besides the different food-
plant, tonni)ialis is a single-brooded species, the mines occurring in
July.

It has been long known that Etipithecia dodoneata frequented
hawthorn, Mr. C G. Barrett, F.E.S., has fed up the hawthorn
frequenting species on oak.

Mr. C. Fenn, F.E.S., has bred Tortrix diversana {trail si tana) from
larvc-e feeding in roUed-up leaves of birch. Mr. Fenn suggests that
there are probably two species in our collections under this name.

Plusia moneta is said to have been taken at light by Mr. Christy.

Hesperia lineola was taken in some numbers by the members of the
South London Society when on their outing at Leigh in Essex.

f|ARIATION.

V.'VRiETiES OF Arctia caia AND EucHELiA j.AcoB.E.E. — -I havc lately
bred a very pretty variety of Arctia caia, from a larva received from
\Valtham.stow on the 17th May last. The insect does not differ from
the ordinary form in the disposition of the markings, but in the colour
of the usually white portion of the forewings, which, instead of being of
the ordinary creamy white colour, is suffused all over with a pale, but
beautiful salmon-pink tint. The insect emerged on the 25th of June
last, and is a female ; the larva fed chiefly on dock, but I gave it lettuce
for a day or two. I have also bred a specimen of EucJielia Jacobcca;
which differs from the type in having a minute, but quite distinct, red
spot on the forewings at the junction of the two principal veins, which I

128 THE entomologist's record.

cannot find in any other specimen in my possession. The larva of this
specimen was taken at Winchester on the 30th of July, 1889, feeding
on groundsel, and the imago emerged on the 13th of June last. —
Henry A. Hill, 132 Haverstock Hill, London, N.W. July c^t/i, 1890.

Variety of Arctia caia. — I bred to-day (July 2nd) a variety of
A. caia, which is unfortunately malformed and utterly unfit for the
cabinet. The primaries are of a rich uniform brown without a trace of
white ; secondaries dark brown around the margins, and still darker in
the median area of the wings, the scarlet of the ordinary caia is entirely
wanting. The larva was not obtained until after hybernation and was
then fed on dock. — J. Collins, Warrington. Juiy, 1S90.

Apamea gemina var. remissa. — I have captured two specimens of
this variety here at bramble flowers. In 1888 three specimens of this
variety were taken at sugar by local collectors, but I heard of no captures
last year. — J. Collins, Warrington, /niy, 1890.

Xylophasia monoglypha var. infuscata. — I captured a very dark
s])ecimen of this variety— almost as black as var. jiigra — on the Deal
sandhills, at sugar, on the 12th inst. — J. AV. Tutt, July, 1890.

Variety of Hipparchia janira. — I once captured a specimen of
this species, with two white spots in the large black one near the tip
of the wing, instead of one as is usually the case. The fulvous colour
of the patch, in which these spots were situated, was also spread more
than is usual in janira, indeed it covered a large portion of the wing,
thus resembling H. tithouus. The hind wings were dark brown with a
lighter transverse band. The underside of both fore and hind wings
was the normal colouring oi Janira. I was inclined to think it was a
hybrid between y^7;//m and tithouus, but probably it was only a variety
of the former. — Albert H. Waters, Willoughby House, Alill Road,
Cambridge. July, 1890.

ijjOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes of the Season (Lepidoptera). — Cannock Chase. — In April
Brtphos parthejuas occurred abundantly in Cannock Chase, but was
rather difficult to capture owing to its preference for the tops of tall
birch trees. Thccla rubi was very abundant in the same locality early
in May, but may be taken more readily towards evening when resting
on the heather. Cidaria populata also occurs freely on the Chase in
July and August, flying among bracken. — E. P. Wright, Stone, Staffs.
June i$th, 1890.

York. — Larvae of many species are very plentiful here this year. I
managed to get about a hundred Taniocampa populeti and a fair
number of Tethea subtusa. Many of the oaks and sallows about here
are divested of their leaves by Hyhei-tiia defoliaria. — S. Walker, York.
June i2)^h, 1890.

Warrington. — At the end of May I collected upwards of fifty larvae
of Agrotis agathnia by sweeping heather at nightfall, but quite one-half
were " ichneumoned." Early in June I went for a second supply, this
time only bringing home those that were nearly full-grown. I find the
large ones less likely to be " stung," as the parasite appears to leave the
host when the latter is about two-thirds grown. Numbers have died ofi".

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 129

although I have taken the greatest care with them. I am handicapped
in getting fresh food, the nearest heather is quite four miles from
Warrington — J. Collins. June 20th, 1S90.

Perth. — I took about twenty larvae of Nodua sobrina by sweeping,
about four miles from Perth. Many I am afraid are stung. These took
three nights to obtain. — J. VVylie, Bridgend, Perth. June iTih, 1890.
Worksop. — I never remember seeing Eupithecia lariciata commoner
than on June 7th, in a larch plantation near Worksop, They were out
in hundreds, but rather worn. I may mention that AspJialia fluctuosa
has been very scarce, but Mr. Batty has obtained ova from a captured
female.- A. E. Hall, Sheffield. June 2ph, 1890.

Horrabridge. — Although the weather has been so wet, I have done
better in collecting than last year. Campions at dusk have been pro-
ductive. Hovering over these I took several Chxrocampa porcellus,
besides Pliisia iota, Euplexia hicipara, Habrostola urticce, Arctia fuli-
ginosa, Apainea rurea, DiaiithcEcia aicubali, D. carpophaga, Miafia
strigilis, Agrotis porphyrea, Nodua pleda., Axylia putris, and Agrotis
segetuiu. Among the Geometers, Emvielesia affinitata, alchemillata,
albulata, decolorata, and Melanippe rivata. For the last two years I
have never seen F. iota, this year it appears moderately common, while
P. gamma is scarcer than usual. — J. N. SiiLL. July \/^t/i, 1890.

Deal. — The sandhills have been practically ruined entomologically.
On that part nearest the town a holiday camp for boys has been formed ;
the ochrata locahty has been converted into a golf ground, and it has
been levelled almost like a lawn ; while the central part of the sandhills
is overrun with hundreds of cattle. I never saw the sandhills so per-
fectly desolate entomologically as they were last Saturday and Sunday
when I was there with my friend Mr. Page. We got practically nothing,
even the Gelediias were almost absent. Among the few things we
captured were two Addalia odirata (all we saw), two Nydegretes adiati-
jie/la, Gelediia deserte/la, distindella, marmorea, Chrosis tcsserana,
Sphaleroptera idericana, Eubolia lineolata, and one Ccenobia rufa. At
sugar, Agrotis corticea, Xylophasia sublustris, X. lithoxy/ea, X. polyodon,
Mamestra albicolon, Leucania comma, L. impura, Caradrina blanda, C.
alsines, Miana strigilis, M.fasciuncula, with a large number of Triphcena
pronuba, and Agrotis exdamationis put in an appearance. On a piece
of rough ground near Deal Castle, Ho/iucosoma sinuella was in abundance
and in good condition, whilst a hawthorn hedge produced a fine lot of
Sdaphila tiubilana, for the females of which I was very thankful.
Larvae, pup?e, and imagines of Liparis salids were found, but this
species is comparatively rare now ; whilst from the same poplars small
larvae of Dicranura vinula and imagines of Spilonota neglcdana were
obtained. I would again note how excessively abundant is Hypono-
meuta paddlus, many of the hawthorn hedges in the district being quite
defoliated. ThQ padellus seem to be accompanied by large numbers of
Nola cucullatella and Argyresthia nitidella.

Mr. Page, who stayed two or three days longer, turned up in addition
odd specimens oi Addalia e.mutaria and Lithosia pyginceola^ with three
specimens oi Mdia anella. — J. W. Tutt. July iph, 1890.

Portland. — I have been working industriously, but without much
success, until the last week. Eupitlwda coronata has been plentiful all
this month, and Coremia fer-ugata since the loth inst. Melanippe

130 THE entomologist's RECORD.

galtata, M. siibtristata, MelantJiia oceUa/a, Lyccrna alsiis, L. alexis, and
Nisionades tages are just appearing. I started sugaring early this season
(on the 14th) as an experiment, and find Apainea basilinea and Phlogo-
phora meticulosa plentiful. I have also taken a few Agrotis puta, with
Neitronia saponarice, Hadena dentinn, and H. thalassbia. I would add
that I have been surprised to see TcBuiocampa gothica (about a dozen),
T. mbricosa, and T. gracilis at sugar. If these representatives of the
sallow frequenters will come to sugar, I suppose the remainder ^ will do
so? and draw the inference that in seasons like the present, when the
sallows are early over, it might pay to sugar in those localities where
good species occur. — E. W. Brown, Portland. Mciy 24th, 1890.

Richmond. — I spent May 27th at Richmond (Yorks), but the weather
was too dull, cold, and windy for insects to fly. I found two specimens
of Hadena giauca, and one Cidaria si/acenfa, while a few PyrmtstcT^
were on the wing when the sun shone for a few minutes. — W. Newman,
Darlington. May, 1890.

Lflfidon District.— Bisf on hirtaria has been very plentiful this year.
An excursion on May ist in search oi LvdTna argiolus only yielded one
— evidently the species was not then fully out. Ifenicrophi/a abrupiaria
was first taken on May 5th. A visit, on May 15th, to the more northern
part of Epping Forest produced 6 Drepnnn ciiltraria beaten from
beech, and i Boarmia consonaria from a hornbeam trunk — the first
time I have taken this species in the London district. On May 22nd
Scotosia certata was in good condition on palings at Highgate. On
May 25th, at Riddlesdown, I took Ciispidia actris at rest (an early date
for the species), Lyccena nstrarche seemed to be not fully out, while
Eupitliecia coronata was worn, — F. J. Buckell. June 2nd, 1S90.

Liverpool. — The weather here has been so bad that I have been
unable to do much. Yesterday at Crosby the total result was 1
M. galiata and 2 larv^ of Bombyx irifolii. The latter used to be
extremely common, now if I get two or three in a season I am fortunate.
Wallasey on Saturday was almost as bad. Mamestra albicolon is pretty
plentiful, but the wind and rain during the last month have made them
in wretched condition. RJwdaria sanguinalis is just appearing. — G.
Harkkr, Liverpool. June, 1890.

Warrington. — My captures at sugar have not been over numerous.
Hadena adusta, H. suasa, Apamea unaniniis, Leiicania comma, Mamestra
anceps, are about the best. On the mosses C(eno?iymp/ia daiu/s was to
be had in fine condition, from June 20th to June 28th, but are now
getting somewhat worn. Aspilafes strigillaria, Hyria auroraria, Lithosia
mesomella and Viminia menyanthidis were occupying chip boxes on
my way home on the 28th of June. Euthemonia russula is just out
and in fine condition. In comparing current captures with last year's,
I find very little difference in the dates. Nemeophila russula was well
out on June 23rd in 1889, and was just appearing on June 22nd this
year ; Coenouvmphu davus was Avell out on both dates. My other recent
captures are Ciispidia leporina and Cymatophora duplaj-is. I picked up
a good number of Bombvx callume on the 27th at Rixton Moss. — J.
Collins, Warrington. July ^tli, 1890.

Ne7v Forest. — On Saturday, July 12th, I arrived at Brockenhurst,

^ 7'. iiiiinJa comes ficely. — Eli.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 131

accompanied by my cousin, Mr. Ogdon, for a week's collecting. For
the first few days, there seemed very little prospect of success, but with
the fine weather on Tuesday, things looked much better. Argynnis
paphia and Limenitis sibyl/a were in lovely condition, but not so plen-
tiful as usual ; A. aglaia and A. adippe occurred frequently, but A. seleiie
was nearly over, only a few specimens being taken and these in very
bad condition. Three specimens oi Argynnis paphia vzx.valezitia were
taken and two more seen. At Rhinefield Hesperia linea was very plen-
tiful, but H. lineola was not taken, although we heard of half-a-dozen
captures. The only insect worth mentioning taken by trunk searching
was Boannia roborafia. On all the heaths Lyaena legon swarmed,
and Eutheinonia russnia, Pseitdoteipua cytisaria and Phytomeira tenea
were occasionally kicked up. At dusk we took Boarniia liclioiarla,
Pho> odesina bajuiaria, Heinitliea thyniiaria, Leucania lilhargyria, Agrotis
porp/iyrea, and two Boarniia rcpandafa var. conversaria. Larva beating
prcduced nothing but Orgyia pi/dibinida, but by searching heath and
honejsuckle, we found Saturnia carpini and Macroglossa fnciformis.
A few Ellopia fasciaria were taken among the pines. We, like Mr.
Dannatt {Record 3), found sugaring to be an utter failure, and every one
we met said the same. — R. E. James, Trays Hill, Hornsey Lane, N.

Isle of Wight. — Throughout the past month sugar has continued very
unproductive in the woods here, although some evenings have appar-
ently been in every way propitious. I have consequently confined
myself to the Downs, where I am glad to say the two best regularly
occurring species, Agrotis lunigera and A. lucertiea have put in an
appearance on most evenings. The former is as usual none too plen
tiful, but real hard work along more than a mile of cliff has resulted in
a good series, which result is, I think, as well earned as a good series of
P. smaragdaria is, by the more prolonged but hardly as arduous labour
of rearing the same from larvae. This Agrotis in common with A. cor-
ticea which occurs abundantly on the l)owns here, did not begin to
come to " sugar " until well out, as after numerous consecutive blank
evenings, the first few specimens captured were quite worn ; continued
emergence has, however, since afforded some very fine specimens
including some good " vars." A. lucernca has been plentiful, more so
I am told than for thirty years in this locality, certainly far more so
than for the five or six seasons that I have spent here collecting. The
thistle which has usually been so abundant on the clift^s, has this season
not only been comparatively scarce, but even when sugared, has had to
give precedence, as regards attractiveness to NocTUi*;, to the common
white horehound {Marriibiuni vii/gare) and the black horehound
{Baliota nigra), which latter, in the few patches where it occurs, has
been specially frequented by A. liicernea.

The bad weather about the end of June was very much against
Setina ir/orella, which emerged freely, and were in numbers on the
26th and 27th June, but were soon washed out and bleached by the
heavy rains, which also rather spoiled the first brood of A. eniutaria.
This, in common with most of the other Geometers of the district,
occurred in about the usual numbers in its very limited localities.

Flowers of all kinds are becoming very luxuriant now with the few
days of sunshine, notably privet-blossom, which is now out very full,
and, I think, will interfere with the results of sugar, although I have not

132 THE entomologist's record.

yet had an opportunity of visiting it on a favourable night. Some local
plants appear this season to occur in fresh spots, e.g. the white hore-
hound mentioned above which is plentiful in localities, where, last season,
I noticed no traces of it, and I am glad to say, its special "plume"
Aciptilia spilodadyla has turned up in some of these fresh spots.

I must also note the unusual abundance of the " Cockchafer " on the
cliffs, on some of the slopes of which it Ins been flying in thousands at
dusk during the past week. — Albert J. Hodges, Freshwater, Isle of
Wight. July 26th, 1890.

York. — Sugar has been of little use, the best insect turning up being
Cuspidia {Acronyda) kporina. Common species as Agroth exclamationis,
Miana sirigtlis, Apamea didyma have been quite rare with us this
season, Xylophasia polyodon and Triphcena promiba are not so common
as usual. By far the most productive work has been mothing at dusk.
At ragwort and ragged robin — especially the latter — I took Pliisia
feitucce, P. iota and P. chrysitis not uncommonly. I have also taken a
fair number of Collix sparsnta flying low over herbage in a birch wood ;
in two nights I took 57 specimens before dark. Chortodes arcuosa is
now occurring in abundance just after dusk, flying amongst grass.
Geometra papilwnaria seems to be not uncommon this year amongst
birch. I took 5 specimens in about tweniy-five minutes on one night.
I have noticed that this fme species is very punctual in its time of flight,
seldom occuring much before 11 p.m., from which time until midnight
it may be best obtained. Epione vespertarla is just coming out.
Unfortunately the ground oh which this species occurs, has been con-
verted into a game preserve, and the owner looks with anything but a
favourable eye on those who venture into his preserves. — W. Hewett,
York. July 18///, 1890.

Kildale. — I obtained Larcniia acsiata in plenty whilst at Kildale in
North Yorks about a fortnight ago. They were on the trunks of the
pine trees, and I obtained them by beating the trunks, and catching
them as they flew off. Melanippe tristata occurred very commonly on
the moors near Kildale, on June 26th, flying in the sun over heather.
— Id. July, 1890.

Dinmore.— On June 26th, I captured at sugar — Mia>ia strigilis,
Rusina tenebrosa, Nociua festiva, Agrotis exclamationis, Plusia chrysitis,
Xylophasia hepaiica, Bisulcia ligiistri, Mamestra anceps, Xylophasia
polyodon, Aplecta herbida, A. tiebulosa (very common), Cymatophora
diiplaris (only one). (The above order is chronological). Light did
not produce any very marvellous results in the way of lepidoptera. —
E. W. BowELL, Hereford. June 21th.

Epping Forest and Essex Marshes. — I was very pleased to find that
Heliodes arbuti still occurs in one of its old haunts at Walthamstow, al-
though I am afraid the spot will soon be built over. A visit for
Phorodesma smaragdaria larvae on the banks of the Thames, a few days
ago, was very unsuccessful, the high tide having buried most of the food-
])lant under a stratum of drift. Larvm are abundant in Epping Forest.
I found Scotosia vetulata and 6". rhamnata fairly common on buckthorn
last week. They are already nearly full-fed. The rolled up leaves
should be picked off" for vetulata, and when you have finished picking
off the spun-up leaves, beat for rhamnata. — O. C. Goldthwait,
Leytonstone. May 2'jth, 1890.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 133

Weymouth.— \ have not found insects at all scarce on such evenings
as I have been out. Unfortunately the weather has been anything but
pleasant, but insects have been plentiful. — A. Forsyih, Weymouth.
June <)f/i, 1890.

Birtningham. — The season here has been quite a fortnight earlier
than usual. Brephos notha was on the wing from the ist to the 4th of
April, whereas last year it was not out till after April 13th. Lyccena
argioltis has been unaccountably scarce ; last season I could have taken
it in hundreds, this year I could not get a dozen, but holly blossom was
scarce last year and may have influenced the number of the species this
year. — H. Tunai.ey, Birmingham. June 1S//1, 1890.

IVifichester. — Eight pupse of Lasiocampa qiiercifolia in stock is very
comforting, the more so, as, before I began to collect, I found 6 in ore
day and gave them to boys, and have seen but one since till this year.
In each case I found one by accident, and then two more on the same
bush. The first three were larvae, the second three comprised i larva
and 2 pupae. The larvae sit in the day on the stems inside the bush.
Orthosia upsilon larvae are fairly abundant under the bark of the willows,
although a large number are ichneumoned. Hadena getiisice larvae are
feeding well on chickvveed, and Jlpione advenaria on sallow. Asphalia
Havicornis larvce sometimes spin two leaves together, and sometimes fold
one leaf Mine are pupating between the leaves although a few spin the
leaf to the earth. The same remark applies to the way Toxocampa
pasti)ium spins up. Some spin up high among the purple vetch, some
spin the vetch to the ground, others make a cocoon on the ground.
I took 8 specimens of Apamea imanimis drying their wings on palings
about 8 a.m. When fresh they appear of a richer brown than afterwards.
I have taken Pericallia syringaria feeding on the low growing honey-
suckle in the woods, I found them when after Limenitis sibyl/a. — G. M.
A. Hewett, The College, Winchester. June 21st, 1890.

Howth. — The red valerian has been very attractive to Noctil«
in my garden at Howth, lately. I have taken at its flowers
Plusia gamma, P. iota, P. pulchrina, P. festuccE. (I took but one
specimen of the latter, on the 18th, an early date I believe), Chierocampa
elpenor, Dianthcecia capsophila, hadena dentina, Grammesia trigrammica,
Xylophasia riirea, Habrostola triplasia (some nearly black), and very
many others. Great numbers of common moths have come to sugar
including Thyatira batis, T. derasa, and I/adena thalassina. A couple
of Acidalia fnarginepunctata were found on the 21st, at rest on the rocks,
while A. stibsericeaia was on the wing. I had the good fortune to capture
3 fairly good Luperina luteago var. barrettii and a few D. capsophila. —
G. V. Hart, Dublin. June 27//^, 1890.

Darlington. — The weather is very bad for collecting. We arc getting
continuous rain. Thanks to the " Hints " in the Record, I got Sesia
culitiporniii at Richmond (Yorks) on June 28th. On Friday last I beat
some forty Caradrina cubicularis from a haystack (the specimens appear
to l)e covered with a small red spider). I took some larvae of Bombyx
calhaue about three-parts grown, and an imago of the same species on
June 25th. — W. MiLBURN, Darlington. June 29///, 1890.

Notes of the Season (Coleoptera). — The following are a few
notes on my captures at Brockenhurst and Chattenden this season.

134 THE entomologist's record.

On my arrival al Brockenhurst on May 26th, the first attraction
was the hawthorn blossom on Palmer Lawn. This, being fully out,
yielded plenty of the common species, such as Telcphorus ha^mor-
rhoidalis, Granunoptcra ruficornis, Rhynchites aquatus, etc. Athous
vittatus, Gratmiioptera tabacicolor, and Antlionomus pedicularius were
not plentiful, but I secured a good specimen of Gra/nmopfera
prcEusta. While searching about, I overheard a boy some distance
away remark to another, " Here's a dead crow." At once I noted
the spot, and paid a visit there afterwards, which resulted in the
addition of some Silphidce and Dermestidce. to my captures. Further
.on, at New Park, 2''oxoius ineridianus turned up. Beyond this locality
the hawthorn was again in profusion, and here I obtained one specimen
of Silpha ^punctata. The water plants were well up, and I searched
for Donacice, but two specimens of D. sericea were all I could find.
On the stump of a tree Melanotic rufipcs was discovered hiding in a
crevice. Generally speaking, although the growth of herbage, etc., was
well advanced, coleoptera were not much, if anything, before the usual
time.

Chattenden, June 14th. — My first capture was Pyrochroa serraticornis
flying across the roacJ ; and shortly afterwards, I swept Molytes coro-
iiafiis by the roadside. Several specimens of the local Campylus
linearis were taken later on, and also Polydrosus confliiens. The
extremely local insect, Malachius (tiwiis, was also searched for on the
flowering heads of Dacfylis ghmerata, but without success ; Lasia
/ogbosa and other commoner species were fairly abundant.

On June 19th, in the same district, after wasting some time in the
unproductive marshes, I tried the wooded land, and soon spied a
beetle flying at a tremendous speed across the glade ; this turned out
to be Toxotiis ineridianiis — a welcome addition to my collection— and,
being one of the larger Lo/igicor/ies, looks very handsome when carded.
CEdemera nodilis, especially the male with its extraordinarily developed
femora, was common ; and a few specimens of Dorytimiis maculatus
were from sallows, and one Clylhra qnadripunda. By searching the
flowers of the dog-rose three specimens of Strangalia melanura were
taken ; and later in the day, about 6 p.m , I secured the first specimen
this year of Malachius czneus ; I should probably have secured others,
but having spent so much time elsewhere, I did not arrive at their
locality early enough in the day, when the sun was brighter. — H
Cripps, Dalyell Road, Stockwell. Jitfie, 1890.

On Whit Monday I walked to Sevenoaks with my friend, Mr. Ginne
but as we were going to visit some friends, we could not do much col-
lecting. We beat a few hawthorn trees, and the best species I obtained
was Polyopsia prceiista, while Mr. Ginne got Clytus mysdcus, both were
taken near Halstead ; nothing further turned up till we came to River-
head, where I found a dead specimen of Carabus monilis var. consitus ;
and, going up Tubs Hill to Sevenoaks, I saw a specimen of Pyrochroa
serraticornis, which I promptly bottled, running on the pavement. In
Sevenoaks I took three specimens of Xestobiuni tessellatum. Mr. Ginne
went back to London the same night, and as we were going to the
station I captured a good Dehaster dichroiis. The following morning
I walked to Brockley Mount, but did very little collecting, as I had
friends with me ; however, I captured Telephorus lividns var. dispar, a

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC, 135

specimen of which I captured last season at East Uuhvich. In the
afternoon I took four Clytus arietis and a specimen of Grattinwpiera
tabacicolor. During the middle of June I went on an excursion to Deal
and Sheerness, and captured some hundreds of beetles in these
localities. Donacia ?nenyant/iidis was fairly common, but I took several
D. nigra also. In a rabbit's hole I turned up a nice specimen of
Panageiis \-pustiilaius. I also found several specimens of the local
Pogofiiis hiridipotnis ; likewise Tachys scute/laris, Dermestes undulatus,
Hypera fasciat/ata, Grypidius eqidseti, Limobius mixius, Phytobins leti-
cogasier, Poop/iagiis sisyiiibrii, etc. — H. Heasler, 17 Danby Street,
Peckham.

Although I do not go in strongly for Coleoptera, I have recently
made a few interesting captures. In a shallow pool at Stamford Hill I
have taken amongst others the following : — -Cnemidotus impressus, Hali
plus variegatiis, H. ri/fico!Iis, lineatocoUis, Hydroporus incequalis, H
picipes, erythrocephalus, planus, )nela7iocephalus, pahistris ; Laccophilus
hyalinus ; Co'ymbetes fi/scus, pulvcrosiis ; Ilybius fulginosus, ater ;
Agabus bipusfi/batus, Sfiirniii, nebttlosus ; Dytiscns viarginalis ; Acilius
snlcaius ; Hydrobius fuscipes ; Helephorus aquaticus. I should doubtless
have greatly added to that number were it not for the boys continually
disturbing the water in the pool. In another small pond close by I
have taken thirteen specimens of Hydrous caraboides ; Jlybitts ater;
Hydroporus picipes, pahistris ; IPaliphis ruficoliis, /ineatocoliis, etc.
This pond I learn is now drained by the insatiable builder, and ere
long it will be covered with bricks and mortar, like so many other
good collecting grounds near London. I have set a few traps for
carcase-feeders, and have taken Necrophorus ruspator ; PhiloniJuis
spleiidens ; swarms of Creaphilus maxillosus ; Philonthus ceneus ; Silpha
rugosa, S. sinuata ; Onwsita colon and discoidea. Under walls, stones,
etc., at Tottenham, I have taken Carabus nemoralis and violaceus,
Loricera piliiornis, Pterostichus piciinamis ; Staphylinus azsarius ;
Ocypus morio. In dung, Philonthus inter?nedius, Onthophagus vacca ;
Aphodius fossor, finietarius, ater, rufescens, prodromns ; Geotrupcs
stercorarius ; while I captured Clytus arietis on a hank. From a
wooden fence last Saturday I got a male specimen of Ptilinus pectini-
cornis. A friend of mine at Bethnal Green asked me if spiders were of
any use to me, if so, he had one with a shiny back which I might have
if I liked. I thought I would have it, as it might not be a spider ;
when I got it home I saw it was a very fine specimen of Mezium
affine. Bruchus rufimanus I got from a corn chandler's shop in
Bethnal Green ; and from a bake-house in Hoxton, I have taken
Alphitobius diaperinus, A. plans ; Trogosita ?nauritanica and Gnatho-
cerns coriiutus.

Last spring I obtained a good series of Dytiscus circumflexus at
Gravesend. This year I thought I would try my fortune there again.

1 went ; and, after about an hour and a half, I found I had 2 Hydro-
philus piceus, 1 3 Dytiscus circumflexus : i niarginalis, 2 punctulatus ;

2 Colymbetes notatus {fuscus and pulverosus I did not take) : 4 Agabus
conspersus ; 2 Hydroporus parallelogramnius ; iVoterus sparsus ; several
iMccophilus hyalinus, etc. From a pond at Tottenham I got Hydro-
philus piceus (12); D. circumflexus (2); Ilybius ater (i), fenestratus,
fuliginosus, obscurus (4 or 5 each) ; C. fuscus, pulverosus (plentiful) ; also

136 THE entomologist's record.

Agahus bipustulatus and nebiilosns ; Hyphydrus ovatus (8), which I
wanted, as well as specimens of Ranatra litiearis. — F. Milton,
Stamford Hill, N.

Captures of rare Coleoptera. — A specimen of the rare Coleop-
teron, Deleastcr dichrous, was recently captured on the wing in the
London district, by Mr. E. A. Newbery. The same gentleman also
cai^tured a fine series of Telephoriis iranslucidus on July 4th, at
His^hgate.

Two living specimens of Trachys troglodytes, captured by Mr. Battley
at Deal, were recently exhibited at the meeting of the City of London
Entomological Society. This beetle, though comparatively scarce,
appears to be widely distributed. — G. A. Lewcock, 73 Oxford Road,
Islington. July 6th, 1S90.

CuspiDiA (Acronvcfa) alni. — Having long had a desire to see this
favourite a little more frequently taken, I put together a few remarks with
this object in view. It is widely distributed, although Hampshire seems
one favoured haunt. The egg is first lemon-coloured, then mottled
with red, and then jet black. The larva is more conspicuous, and
should be the object of search. Sitting on the upper side of the leaf, it
is more easily seen than most larvse, and it is eosily dislodged. When
young it is black and white, and more likely to be free from parasitic
larvae. The larva is to be found throughout July, and pupates usually
before the end of August, so that from July 20th to the end of August
a special search may be made for it. As it likes sunshine, and mounts
up to the top of a bush or hedge to enjoy it, the sunny side of a haw-
thorn hedge is a likely place to find it. The moth is capable of laying
360 ova, so where one larva is found another should be looked for
near. These when found should be provided Avith cases of elder or
raspberry cane, ready bored and dried to pupate in. When by these,
and, if necessary, any other means at your disposal, you have
got together about twenty pupae of aliii, you may wish to multiply
your store by breeding. For this purpose you may divide your pupse
in spring, and keep half of them in a cooler place than the rest. Then
the (^'s of the earlier batch will come out first and may be kept as
specimens^; but the ? 's of the first batch will come out at the same
time as the (J's of the later batch, or, still better, a day or two later.
Place rC's and $ 's in a soft roomy cage of muslin, and feed every
night with honey and water. They should live for ten days or more,
and will lay before dying, more or less freely, on the muslin. If the
cage can be kept at an open window with a north or east aspect, the
prospect of success will be greater. The larvas thus obtained can be
fed in sleeves on the growing trees, if at hand, and I have found lime
most convenient. The capture of larvae from the wild is still necessary
to continue the brood in health ; and the protection of the larvae from
ichneumons and other foes, including birds, will give the collector
exercise for his patience and ingenuity. A few more remarks upon aim
and the young collector may set to work, either in the way above indi
cated, or some modification of it, and help to make this rarity more
known. I submit with some diffidence that August is the best month
to look for this larva, especially in the New Forest and the southern
counties ; but in the more northern localities, including Yorkshire,
captures have been recorded in September. It seems partial to

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 137

elevated spots, and this may account for some of the later appear-
ances. The larva seems of a thirsty hal)it, and in dry weather canni-
balism is apt to show itself. The use of the syringe in the evening,
before the larvae begin to feed for the night is obvious. The same has
been remarked of the larva of JV. trepida.

Although I have known instances of the larva q{ aini being taken in
gardens, the wilder woodlands are its usual haunts. I have indicated
hawthorn as a favourite foodplant, but the broad leaves of the lime and
wych-elm have their attractions, and the nut no less, and the bramble
on a sunny bank. In wet weather the larva lies under the leaf as an
umbrella.

Beautiful and interesting in all its stages, aliii is not difficult to rear ;
and, when once ensconced in a bit of raspberry cane, it is a pupa ready
packed for travelling or storing, ready to place in the sun any morning
early in June that you wish to bring out the imago. While the wings are
still hanging down the ? is readily distinguished by a glance at the
ovipositor. If the ? is kept two nights regularly fed, before the $
is put into the cage, the result is more favourable, as a rule ; and if
your object be to obtain a brood the sacrifice of a few specimens must
be made cheerfully. Warm nights and patience to wait are two con
dicions necessary for success. — (Rev.) B. Smith, Marlow, June 30///
1890.

Larv/e of Tethea subtusa and T.eniocampa populetl — Mr. Dutton
is quite right {ciiite^ p. 100) in his supposition as to the distinguishing
character in the habits of the larvse of Teihea subtusa and Tccniocampa
pt>puleti. Subtusa uses a single leaf only, turning over one side and
fastening it firmly around at the edge with silk. Populeti as far as my
experience goes invariably uses two leaves, one fastened firmly on the
tt)p of the other. Both species when at rest will be found coiled round
inside, and the best way to find them is to get beneath or below the
branches of the trees, when the fastened leaves are readily seen, and in
bright weather the larvae can often be distinctly seen through. The
different method of spinning together the leaves is so marked, that a
V ry little practice will enable anyone to know at once which species is
secured. At Bishop's Wood, where Mr. Dutton found his larv;i2,
T. populeti seems to be by far the commoner species, but in many
districts the reverse is the case. — Geo. T. Porritt, Huddersfield.
July 2)°ih, 1890.

Haiuts of the larv^ of T.eniocampa populeti. — The larva of
this species feeds between united poplar and aspen leaves, and is easily
seen by holding the leaves up to the light. It occurs about the end of
May, and is probably one of our most overlooked species. When it
occurs it is generally abundant, at least in the larval state. I have
known it to occur in profusion in localities where its presence was never
suspected. — C. Fenn. May ()t/i, 1890.

Habits of Viminia (Acronycta) myric/E. — In the course of a
conversation with Mr. Salvage, I happened to mention that I took five
specimens of Acronycta myricce at sugar on the coast, one night last
week. He was somewhat surprised, and tells me that in Rannoch the
species is only found on the moors or at some distance above the sea-
level. This, on the other hand, quite surprised me. I never heard of,

138 THE entomologist's record.

or saw A. myriccc taken on the moors in Aberdeenshire. We take the
Lirvse commonly on the coast, and at nearly every roadside, or on the
edges of the fields, in fact almost anywhere where there is an abundance
of sorrel and plantain, which are its chief foodplants. But they are
not by any means confined to these plants, as I have taken them from
r.igwort, bramble, Scotch thisde, etc., but never from sweetgale
{iiiyrica). — A. Horne, Aberdeen. July 30///, 1890.

[Mr. Reid, of Pitcaple, wrote me most fully about the habits of this
species in Aberdeen, more than a year ago. His experience coincides
almost entirely with Mr. Home's. — Ed.]

Habits of Phoxopteryx upupana. — The imago of this species
flies very rapidly over the tops of oaks, birches, and other trees in their
immediate vicinity. It flies in the sunshine from 2 p.m. or a little
earlier, until an hour before sunset. It frequents woods, and appears
to be very local. In flying it somewhat resembles mitterpacheriana,
but the latter flies later in the day, and is heavier on the wing. I had
no opportunity of searching for the larvpe until last autumn, but was
then unsuccessful. It should feed on oak or birch in September.

I am afraid notes like these on Tortrices are not very interesting to
collectors in general, but I know no group which is so fascinating
when once the study is begun. Many a blank day among the Macros
is redeemed from unprofitableness by turning attention to Tortrices,
and they are generally easy to rear and set out with a little practice. —
C. Fenn, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, S.E. May ()th, 1890.

[It will be seen from our " Current Notes " that this species has
been bred from birch, probably it feeds on oak also. — Ed.]

Rearing Lobophora viretata, — Instead of this insect being dififi
cult to rear, I have now proved it to be one of the easiest, and in
captivity ivy is its food /<:?;- exceUeiice. The larva; stick to the leaf like
"grim death," while there is a particle left, devouring ribs, stalk and
tissues alike, and do not wander, — in fact those feeding now are
uncovered in glass jars. — H. Tunaley, Birmingham. June 24///, 1890.

Notes on Asthena blomeri (pulchraria). — Is this insect double-
brooded ? I invariably take a few specimens during the second and
third weeks in June (generally much worn). From this time until the
3rd week in July not a specimen is to be seen, then the second brood
(if such) appears in beautiful condition, at rest on trunks of trees, when
it is difficult to take with the net. I have never been able to get ova
from females in confinement. The localities in which it is found are
wooded hill-sides, with a thin undergrowth of wych-elm. — J. Mason,
Clevedon Court Lodge. June^ 1890.

Attractive influence of Ballota nigra. — Any one wanting Plusia
io/a, P. c/irysiiis, or Habrostola urticce will find them swarming on
favourable evenings at the flowers of Ballota nigra. I took dozens in a
very limited area, and have planted a bed of B. nigra in the garden to
attract them. — Hope Alderson. June, 1S90.

Time of appearance of Plusia festuc.e. — I have taken odd
specimens of jP.y^i'/'//T(^ at bramble and campion flowers in June. In
1888 I took a fine specimen on June 15th at sugar ! ! I never heard of
festuccc being taken in this way before. Last year I got 5 pupte in July,

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 139

but these all emerged in August. Is the species double-brooded, or
where do the June specimens come from? — J. Collins, ^Varrington.
June 2)'^th.

[Mr. G. V. Hart records an odd specimen and Mr. Hewett several
specimens of this species in this month's Record as occurring in June.
—Ed.]

Agrotis agathina. — In reply to Mr. H. Tunaley (p. 69), I believe this
species is pretty generally distributed in the Midlands, wherever there is
sufficient of its foodplant, Calluna vulgaris. It occurs regularly in
Sherwood Forest, and about a dozen years ago I met with a few larviie
at Breadsall, four miles north of Derby — from these I bred two specimens,
which are still in my cabinet, one is the usual light southern form, and
the other, intermediate between it and the Perth specimens. For some
time I have annually collected a few of these larvae (which it is well
known is one of the most difficult to rear) with hardly any success, but
this spring all have pupated, with one or two exceptions, and I am
hoping to rear a good series in due course — they were exceedingly
common during May and had I anticipated success I could have had a
large number. — W. G. Sheldon. July 2isf, 1890.

Leaf-cutter Bees. — Our plants have suffered much this year, both in
the garden and our little conservatory, from the "polite" attentions of
the leaf-cutter bees — -the species I cannot define. They selected ex-
clusively rose leaves and petals of geraniums of the 7;iost vivid scarlet,
leaving the white, pink, and salmon unmolested. The flowers upon
which they had operated presented a sorry appearance with the large
semi-circular holes cut out of them. — Joseph Anderson, Jun.,
Chichester.

Deilephila GALiL — ^I havc bred a few fine Deilephila galii ixom larvse
collected in Switzerland by the Rev. Alfred Fuller, the first emerged
on July loth. — -Joseph Anderson, Jun., Chichester.

Micropteryx kaltenbachii, Stn. — About the end of April I
found the imago of the new Micropteryx {M. kaltenbachii) at Backbur\' ;
they flew into the umbrella while I was beating in the afternoon, but
were unfortunately not in cabinet condition. — E. W, Bowell. May
22?id, 1890.

EupithecL'E on Juniper. — In reply to Miss M. Kimber (p. 109),
"the brown larva with darker dorsal markings" is a variety of E.
sobrinata. It occurs on the Surrey Downs, and is apparently undescribed
in our books. — -W. G. Sheldon. July 21st, 1890.

Captures on the Island of Jethou (Channel Islands). — On
Wednesday, June 25th, in company with the members of the Guernsey
Society of Natural Science, I paid a visit to Jethou, one of the smallest
of the Channel Islands, lying opposite the Town of St. Peter Port in
Guernsey, and separated from the Island of Herm by a small but deep
channel. It is about a mile and a quarter in circumference, of a mound-
like shape, and mostly covered with grass and fern, with a few trees and
cultivated patches. A thick fog enveloped the island when we landed
about 1 2 o'clock, but it soon cleared off, and the sun was very hot. I
took 6 species of Diurni — viz. : — Fieris brassiccz (one), Pieris rapes (one),
Epiniphele janira (one), Ccenonympha pamphilus (commonly), Lyccena
CBgon (two) ; of Lyca;na argiolus, saw several sporting over the tops of

140 THE entomologist's recokd.

some apple trees and captured one. The capture of Ccenoiiympha
pa)nphilus is interesting, as it does not occur at all in Guernsey. Amongst
moths, Euchelia jacobcece was very abundant, one specimen of Cainpto-
granima bilineata occurred, and I took one specimen of Phytogophora
meiiculosa on a small rocky mound called Crevichou, which is con-
nected with Jethou only at low water. — -W. A. Luff, Mansell Street,
Guernsey. July 2,rd, 1890.

Keeping Pup/E through the Winter. — Might I inquire in your
columns if any one could advise me as to the best way of keeping pupae
of lepidoptera alive through the winter, and whether I ought to moisten
them or not? For the sake of experiment, some I have moistened,
others I have kept dry. The result of my experiments is that some
pupje always produced moths in due time, under whatever conditions I
may have kept them, wet or dry ; whilst others have nearly always
died. I cannot account for the fact that scores of pupie of various
kinds, that I dug up last autumn, all died in the spring, although I
had not moistened them. I opened some of them, and found perfectly
formed, but dead and dried up moths inside. I have larvae of Nofo-
donta trepida and chaoaia, which I have reared from the egg, and
shall be extremely disappointed if I am unable to produce the imagines.
— F. H. Wallev Dod, Wellington College, Wokingham. Ji/ue 2gth, 1890,

Sugaring. — As sugaring has been one of my chief methods of cap-
turing lepidoptera during the past five years, perhaps some of my obser-
vations may prove of service to others. I always use coarse brown
sugar when procurable, but have found the old black treacle quite as
effective, when unable to get the former. Blackberries, gathered when
ripe, and boiled down with sugar, are also an excellent substitute,
especially attractive to the Xanthid^. When laying it on it is advisable
to carry a small phial of rum in the waistcoat pocket, and add a little
every dozen trees or so, which is no doubt preferable to mixing alto-
gether previous to starting. It is also desirable to commence in sufficient
time to allow finishing the last tree on the round before dusk ; the first
hour as a rule being the most productive. A great number of entomo-
logists sugar only a small patch at a convenient height from the ground ;
my plan is to make a long thin line (the width of the brush) almost to
the foot of the tree ; which, in my opinion, has its advantages, for, when
all the insects are clustered together in a small compass, some that are
required are almost certain to escape whilst taking the others ; whereas,
with the thin streak, the insects are more scattered, and by commencing
with the light at the bottom of the tree, almost every individual may be
secured. Again, on a windy night the majority of moths are invariably
found on the lowest part of the sugar, the higher portion being nearly
deserted ; many Noctuaj fly close to the ground, and so stand a much
better chance of scenting the bait. What sort of weather constitutes
a good time for sugaring it is difficult to say with any certainty ; for my
part, the evenings that have paid me best are those on which there is
a slight breeze with light showers at intervals. Sometimes a good many
visitors come during a wet night, and even on moonlight nights. The
least prolific with me are those during a continued spell of dry weather,
when everything seems stagnant, and a shower rouses things up a bit.
It is well worth while to sugar a quantity of small limbed trees under

PRACTICAL HINTS. 141

the shelter of their branches ; they frequently pay in abundance, when
the bare trunks of larger growth are little patronised. Maci/eiifa, lota,
etc, seem especially fond of the small trees; 1 may mention I hive
taken 8 qiienana from an oak sapling in one season, and only met with
one during the same time on the bare trunk. It is also advisable to
shake the brush over low growing shrubs, etc., as they are easily
examined. With me, retusa is more frequently taken from a drop of
liquid on a leaf close to the ground, than from either stems or branches.
Changing the locality (unless for special species) is not, in my opinion,
much benefit, the first night or two are not as a rule very productive.
If the trees are kept constantly sugared, it does not take much liquid
to freshen them up, whereas newly painted ones sop up the l)ait dread-
fully. If the same ground is adhered to, every other night will be found
quite sufficient, or even a longer interval. Some insects have a par-
tiality for the old sugar {D. pinastri is one), sometimes three or four on
a stale tree, when they are scarce on the freshly-painted ones, but the
strength of the rum having evaporated, insects like pinastri and batis
are very wary, and you have to be quick to capture either. Of course
a good many visit the bait during the night or early morning, and there
is every chance of their returning to the same spot ; for instance, I
once noticed a damaged pyrai/iidea, and left it alone in its glory. It
continued a constant visitor to the same place for nearly a fortnight,
some times had taken up its position before I had renewed the sugar.

Another plan of mine, which has proved very successful, and which
is handy for anyone possessing a garden, or who can gain access to a
private plantation or wood, so that the traps may not be interfered with,
is to make several stout cloth bags about a foot long, and two inches
or so in diameter, weighted at the bottom to prevent their swaying
with the wind, with a wire fixed in top to keep them open, together
with a hook to hang on branch when filled with liquid. I find they do
not require any attention more than once a fortnight, even in hot
weather ; it saves no end of time, as they are always in action. Ot
course they want rum administered each evening, but that difficulty is
easily got over by squirting some on from a scent spray, while making
the first round. Sometimes, however, the wasps play havoc with the
cloth bags during the summer months, so I usually stop up the mouth
with a tuft of grass, and finding they are unable to gain access that
way, they deliberately commence to eat a hole through the side. This
season I have made a few out of old coffee canisters, perforated to
allow the sugar to ooze through, and tightly covered with flannel. If
the wasps get inside I'll forgive them. — H. Alderson, Farnboro'.
June. 1890.

gURACTICAL HINTS.

m

By J. .MASOX.

{a) JVonagria typlue. Now in the pupal state ; should be sought
for in stems of Typha latifolia (Reed mace) ; the infested plants may
be known by the centre leaves being yellow and withered : cut the
plant low down, strip off some of the green outside leaves, the outlet

142 THE entomologist's llECORD.

from which the moth m ill emerge will then be seen ; shorten the stems,
leaving five or six inches above and below the point of exit ; insert in
wet sand in a deep flower pot, covering the whole with a piece of
muslin ; examine every morning, or late in the evening, when the
imagines will most likely be found clinging to the stems or sides of
the pot.

{l)) Triplucna interjcda. Now on the wing ; will be seen dashing
about the sides of hedges as early as four or five o'clock in the after-
noon ; comes to lavender flowers at night ; also found at rest on foHage
covered with honeydew ; is rather difficult to take on the wing. (All
the Triphccnas want care in setting, as the wings are apt to split with
the setting needle.)

{c) Sphinx convolviiU. After second week in August look for this
species at flowers of Nicotiana affinis, and bedding geraniums ; is on
the wing just before dusk, ancl continues flying for two or three
hours.

(d) Chayocampa celerio. About the second or third week in Sep-
tember specimens may sometimes be seen hovering over the flowers of
scarlet geraniums ; on the wing as early as seven o'clock p.m. In 1885
I captured two fine specimens, one on the 20th of September, and one
on the 24th, missing a second specimen the latter evening.

{e) Nonagria fulva and despeda {rufa). The latter rather local ;
both may now be found in low-lying marshy ground ; these insects fly
for an hour or so before dusk, may afterwards be found at rest on the
stems of rushes and grass.

(/) Ortliotelia sparganella may now be found where the Spa7-ganiu>n
(Bur reed) abounds, but is rather a local species ; it flies just at dusk,
and soon settles on its foodplant.

{g) Cerostoma scquella. This beautiful species may be found at
rest on trunks of ash and beaten from the foliage ; it is very local.

(//) PliiHIapteryx vitalbata. Towards end of August, the second
brood may be found amongst its foodplant. Clematis vifalba (the
Traveller's Joy) ; an insect easy to rear, often laying its ova in scores
on the setting board ; the perfect insect also frequents flowers of
bramble, if any are in the vicinity of its foodplant.

if) The beginning of September will be found a good time to com-
mence searching for pupae of A. apriliua, H. protea, etc., at the foot
of oak trees ; all pupas taken at oak should be specially cared for, as
a host of good insects feed on this tree and pupate round the base ;
the trunks should also be well-examined during September and
October in hopes of finding P. popiili, which spins up in the crevices
of the bark ; it must be borne in mind that trees standing singly in
parks and fields are the most prolific.

{Ji) From the latter end of August onwards, the collector should be
on the look out for the autumn " Thorns," which will often be found at
rest on, or flitting round gas lamps, and may also be beaten from
trees and hedges in the day time.

(/) 1 have found many moths particularly fond of the flowers of
lavender, and should recommend any entomologist who has a garden
at command to plant a short row of it ; cuttings put in during the
autumn, and kept in a cold frame, will root during the winter, and be
ready to plant out the following May.

143

gOCIETIES.

South London Entomological Society. — July 24//;, 1890.
Several exhibits took place; among others, Mr. Wellman exhibited
living larv?e of Dia/it/uecia carpopliaga, D. ciicubali, and D. conspersa,
also Cosinia affitiis, bred from larvae taken at Chattenden ; Mr. West,
specimens of Apamea ophiognimina, taken in his garden at Streatham
hovering over privet bloom ; Mr. Adkin, normal specimens of Mot/ia
orion from the New Forest ; Mr. Moore, a variety of Chelonia caja,
with the fore wings almost entirely suffused with brown, and the whole
of the hind wings, except the anal angle, black ; Mr. Turner, a series
of the variable Noctua festiva and a very pale variety of the larva of
Bi^ton hirtaria ; Mr. C. G. Barrett a specimen of Ephestia kii/init'I/a,
with the transverse markings very distinct ; Mr. Joy, CoUix sparsafa
from Wicken, and larvae feeding on knot-grass {Polygonum aviculan) ;
Mr. Bouttell, a variable series of the larger form of Hypsipetes elufafa,
bred from sallow, larvce taken near Hastings, also two very pale Mamestra
brassiccE, taken at Catford, and three striking specimens of Melaiiippe
fluctuata, taken also at Catford (in the exhibitor's garden), one almost
white, with a small central costal spot on each fore wing (var. deleta,
Ckll.), one much suffused with black (var. neapo/isala, Mill), the other
a most complete banded specimen showing apparently a reversion to
the banded species (if we may look upon these as the most primitive
form in this group, as I strongly suspect). Mr. Tutt pointed out that
var. neapolisata^ Mill., although originally named from a specimen taken
near Naples, was figured in the Trans, of the Eutom. Soc. of France from
specimens obtained by Mr. Reid at Pitcaple, near Aberdeen, and that
the variety, comparatively rare on the Continent, was the usual form in
Scotland, while occurring more or less freely all over the British Isles,
was especially abundant in the wetter districts ; Mr. Jenner Weir pointed
out its occurrence at Bournemouth. The knowledge which came to
light about the variation of this species seemed to astonish even some
of the old collectors. Botanical specimens were exhibited, Mr.
Carrington calling attention to the advisability of collecting a consider-
able quantity of seedheads of Campanula, even though no traces of
larvae were evident, as the larvae of Eiipithccia campanulafa, although
not easily found during the day, leave the heads and become abundantly
visible during the night, and by keeping them in a bandbox large
numbers have been bred ; Messrs. Carrington and Tutt called attention
to the fact that Ercmobia ochroleuca might be found during the daytime
seated on or just under the flower-heads of Srab/osa arrens/s and
Centaurea scabiosa. while Mr. C. G. Barrett suggested picking flower-
heads of Scabiosa arvensis and putting them in a bandbox for Eupcv-
cilia flaviciliana ; the latter gentleman also pointed out that the roots
of Eryngium produced Argyrolepia marifimana, while the leaves of the
same ])lant were the pabulum of Depressaria cnicella. The informa-
tion obtained from the botanical exhibits of this Society rarely soars
much above the level reached in second-rate text-books, but a distinct
advance was made at this meeting in this direction. — Ed.

144 THE entomologist's record.

City of London Entomological Society. — July i^f//, 1890. —
Mr. Lewcock exhibited Phihmthiis decorum, from Highgate, and
Liophhviis nuhihis, from Claygate ; also, on behalf of Mr. Cripps,
G rain )iiopf era prcci/sfa, Toxotus meridianus, and Silpha ^-punctata, nil
from Brockenhurst. Mr. Heasler, Harpalus scrviis, Caiat/iiis fusci/s,
PanagiTUs /^-pi/slu/afus, Amara ovafa, and numerous other coleoptera
from the Deal sandhills. Mr. Clark, a box containing various beetles taken
at sugar at Brockenhurst, including Carabiis catcniilaUis, A7ichomemis
Juiiaus, PterosticJius niger, etc. Lepidoptera : — Mr. Bellamy exhibited
Thyatira batis, Eiipithecia centam-eata, Hadeiia adusta, Miami arcuosa,
and vars. of Abraxas grossulariata. Mr. Clark, Evwieksia decolorata
bred from larvae received from the north of Ireland, and a variety of
Fidonia atomaria from Brockenhurst. Mr. Giirney announced that he
had bred several more Phorodesma stnaragdaria since the last meeting.
Mr. Battley had recently obtained some three dozen species of Lei:)i-
doptera at sugar in neighbourhood of Southall, mc\\\6\r[g Akda cucii/ai'ella,
which appeared on the wing between 12 and i at night, and Miaiia
arcuosa; the latter insect crawled up the grass stems at 9.30 p.m.,
remaining there until 11.30, when the flight took place for about an
hour, it then returned to the grass stems. Mr. Lewcock read portions
of a letter from Mr. P. W. Jarvis, of Cape Town, describing the methods
of capturing certain species of Cicindela at South Africa.

August "jth, 1890. — Mr. Heasler exhibited aquatic coleoptera from
Deal, comprising Philhydriis testaceiis, P. suturalis, HydrocJius elongaius,
Cvclo7iotuin orbicu/arc, Hydroporus depressus, H. paralhlogrammus, etc.
Mr. Cripps, Megapeuthes sctnguinicollis and Opilus mollis, from Claygate;
Hypera pollux, from Wood Street, Walthamstow; and bred specimens
of Hypera fasciculata. Mr. Battley, a living female glow-worm {Lani-
pyris noctiluca), showing the light very strongly. Mr. Lewcock, Cicindela
sylvatica, captured at North Camp, Aldershot, on August 4th ; also, on
behalf of Mr. R. Beck, several P>onacia dentata from Christchurch.
Mr. Milton, Carabus consitus and Molytes coroiiatus from Deal. Mr. J.
A. Clark had an exceedingly interesting exhibit, consisting of three living
specimens of the Mole Cricket {Gryllotalpa vulgaris), captured at the
New Forest

Lepidoptera : — Mr. Quail, bleached forms of EpiiiepJiele jaiiira,
Li Olenitis sibylla, Argynnis paphid, Calligenia uiiuiala, Pericallia syrin-
garia, Giiophos obscuraria and P. cytisaria, all from Brockenhurst.
Mr. Clark, four Boarmia roboraria, and Mr. Manley a single specimen
of the same, from the last mentioned locality. Mr. Raine, preserved
larvae of Vanessa io, Mamestra brass iae, and saw-flies. Mr. Gurney, a
long series of P/iorodesnia sniaragdaria, all bred from larv^ obtained at
Essex marshes. Mr. Battley showed eggs of Pieris Jiapi and P. rapce,
deposited on underside of nasturtium leaves ; the difference in the eggs
being demonstrated by the aid of a microscope. Mr. Milton exhibited
a ciuantity of insects obtained at Wicken and Brockenhurst, including
ten species of butterflies, several Noctu^-, GEOMETRyE (including eight
U. auroraria), and many species of Diptera and Hymenoptera. Mr.
Quail recorded the capture of Stauropus fagi by a friend at the New-
Forest ; and Mr. Battley reported the capture of eight Apamea ophio-
grain/ua on balsam poplar in his garden at Stamford Hill. — G. A.
Lewcock and E. Hanes, Hon. Sees.

<g*^ ^^r> ^'^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 6. Vol. I. September I5th, 1890.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES.

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

{Continued from page 84.)

\CRONyCTA {Vimi7iia) inenyanthidis. — This species
is one of my oldest and most familiar acquaintances.
In the West of Scotland I used to meet with the
larva freely in all moorland districts ; I have also
found it in the North of Scotland, in Wales (north), and in the
West of Ireland. It occurs, too, in the North-east of Scotland
and on the moors of Lancashire and Yorkshire, but I do not
think it is found in the Scotch Lowlands or at all in the South
of England. Like all the species of Viminia, it is by no means
particular as to its food : it certainly has a preference for
Calluna and Myrica, but will eat various grasses and rushes,
sallow, bramble, etc., and after, if indeed after, riimicis, it is
the most omnivorous of the group. Riimicis prefers, perhaps,
bramble and sallow to anything else. Myricce prefers ling, but
will eat various low plants, such as ragwort, plantain, etc., and
is partial to wild-rose. Anricoua affects bramble and rasp-
berry, whilst venosa is more restricted to reed, Poa aguatica.,
and other marsh grasses. Several Continental species of this
group {Vimijiia), and its outliers, Clidia geograpJiica, Simyra
nervosa, etc., feed on species of Euphorbia, but this habit does
not occur in any of our British species.

The eggs are laid in the typical manner in batches of 20 to
100, closely imbricated, each egg being overlaid by three others.
They are flat with about 50 ribs, slightly waved or crenulated ;
the secondary or transverse ribs, so marked in most Nocture

146 THE entomologist's record.

eggs, are in Acronycta nearly evanescent, and are represented
by the principal ribs being waved or impressed by alternating
hollows on either side.

The effect of the eggs being so massed together, and by their
superposition bringing the exposed portions of the eggs into
nearly the same plane, is to give the whole group a remarkable
silky lustre, this is equally marked in a group of riunicis eggs,
and perhaps most of all in those of venosa.

The diameter is i.i mm., at first yellowish, they soon become
red, and at full colour are perhaps brown rather than red, and
get nearly black as the young larva approaches hatching. At
their best, they are reddish-brown with numerous paler spots ;
these spots are very small, and in some specimens very indis-
tinct ; towards the centre, 5 to 8 larger spots are arranged
somewhat in a circle, those outside this are ver}' small and
irregularly disposed. The centre is free from spots and rather
darker, and, being where the head of the larva is placed,
becomes quite black when the larva is matured.

When just hatched the tubercles are pale, but soon become
black, the larva then looking almost entirely black. As it grows,
it shows the same pale segments, and much the same colouring
as the other species. The pale segments, however, present, not
pale colourless, but opaque white areas round the posterior
trapezoidal tubercles. The hairs are black, about twice the
diameter of the larva in length, and when magnified look dotted
or ringed. When full grown in this skin, it is 2\ mm. long ;
the largeness of the 5th segment, and the smallness of 2 and 11,
together with a habit of holding the head prone, already give a
ruviicis outline to the larva. The white of the pale segments,
3.4, 6.7, 10. II, and, to some extent, segment 2, is so opaque
and-solid looking as to give the larva a more robust appearance
than the other Viminia larvae at this stage. Indications of
white circles round the tubercles may be made out on the dark
segments ; segments 7 and 11 have the dorsal area of the same
fuscous-brow^n as the dark segments. Below the sub-spiracular
tubercles all the segments are of a tolerably uniform tint, some-
what paler than that of the dark segments ; the 13th segment
has some pale marking around the dorsal tubercles, and is not
distinctly either of the pale or dark series.

The anterior trapezoidal tubercles have 3 hairs on the 3rd
segment, 4 on the 4th and 5 on the others, three of the five
being longer than the rest : they are largest on 3 and 4, shortest
on 2 and 11, the other tubercles have each i hair.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 147

In the 2nd skin, the larva is again at first quite black from
the tubercles being set close together. As it grows, the por-
celain whiteness around the posterior trapezoidals appears
on 3.4, 6.7, 10.11 segments ; on 3 and 4 there is also a
white dorsal band, which indeed may be traced on the other
pale segments, more in some specimens than others. The 5th
segment is remarkable for the height on which the anterior
trapezoidals are placed, the tubercles themselves being no
larger than their neighbours : the tubercles of 11 are still dis-
tinctly smaller; the skin is smoky-brown (where not pale), the
tubercles black, the anterior trapezoidals very large with 6-8
long black hairs, the others are also large with 2-4 hairs, except
the post-spiracular, which dwindles, and has only i hair ; the
hairs are in length about half the diameter of the larva, the
marginal tubercles have several paler hairs, the under surface
tends to olive or greenish — no trace of lateral line so far. Some
of the larvae are brownish and white, others black and white,
looking as if in mourning, and reminding one of Melanippe
hastata.

In the 3rd skin, they are again at first very black, when full-
grown are 9 mm. in length, colour olive-brown ; there are some
paler hairs on the posterior trapezoidal tubercles ; the hairs
are two-thirds the diameter of the larva in length, and have a
stellate effect from the manner in which they are studded over
the tubercles ; this effect is characteristic of vienyatitJiidis as
compared with the other Viminia larvae, and gives it a more
Arctioid appearance than any other species has. The pale
margin round the tubercles (seen at some stage in all the
Viviinia larvae) now affects the outer margin of the anterior
trapezoidals, the posterior trapezoidals and the sub-spiracular
The supra-spiracular are without it. It is most pronounced on
the pale segments (3.4, 6.7, 10. 11), and on these forms a
pale whitish or yellowish sub-dorsal band. The sub-spiracular
marks form a nearly continuous lateral line, most marked on
the pale segments, broadest and plainest behind the tubercles,
and dwindling on the anterior segments. The post-spiracular
tubercle is still visible.

In the 4th skin, the riiniicis form is very marked, perhaps
more so than in adult rumicis ; the 5th segment being very
large, and of a deeper black than the rest of the larva, which
tapers thence to the head ; the 12th segment is also large. As
the larva gets full grown (in 4th skin), it becomes paler, and
this form is less pronounced. All have now the red lateral line,

148 THE entomologist's record.

and some few have lost all other pale markings, but most have
a pale ring round the posterior trapezoidals in 6.7, 10. 11,
some also in 8 and 9, and in some few the pale mark extends to
the supra-spiracular. The most conspicuous hairs are black,
but pale fuscous hairs are more numerous than the black on the
posterior trapezoidal and sub-spiracular tubercles, and some
exist on the anterior trapezoidal. In a few specimens these
hairs are of the ruddy ochreous tint assumed in the last skin,
giving a red tone to the larva and obscuring the black hairs.
There is a pale dot, apparently a tubercle, on the anterior
margin of each segment (6-12) just opposite the line of the
posterior trapezoidal. I have not observed this dot in the other
species, probably through not having looked for it. The
posterior spiracular still has one pale hair. Some black hairs
on 3.4. 5 and 12 are very long and paler towards their tips.
The red lateral line is a series of dashes behind the sub-spira-
cular tubercles on 3-12, and in front of it also on 6-12: head
black as throughout.

In the 5th skin (15-20 mm. in length) there are three types.
In one the larva is jet black, with only a little paler tint at the
incisions, and the hairs are either black or dirty whitish ; on 5
and 12 the hairs are entirely black, making these segments look
larger, and giving a ru7?tic{s aspect which the actual relative
size of these segments does not justify ; in the other two
varieties these segments do not look larger than the others, and
the rumicis outline is now lost.

In the second var., very few hairs are quite black, the majority
are pale brown, the skin of the larva is also browner, and the
general facies is more nearly that of the adult larva. The third
var. is intermediate between these ; segments 5 and 12 are
blacker than the others, the remaining segments have more
black hairs than in var. 2, and the coloured hairs are paler.
None have any markings except the red lateral spots, which
are dirty brick red in vars. 2 and 3, but in var. i of a rich pink
red. The spot behind the spiracle is in some divided into two
portions, suggesting tridens. One larva (var. i) has no pale
hairs on the inner half of the anterior trapezoidal, and looks
therefore as if it had a broad black dorsal line ; one or two are
quite black, and with the carmine lateral line and silver-white
spiracles, have a brilliant appearance much in excess of the
others.

All make a pad of silk on which to moult, this is indeed
invariable throughout the whole genus ; one or two of this

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 149

species made something almost approaching a tent ; they never
appear to eat their cast skins.

The full-grown larva is 36-41 mm. in length by about 6 mm.
in width, the colour is a velvety-black or very deep brown. It
is difficult, to me at least, to describe the colours of these larvae
where so much of the effect that one ascribes to colour, is
really due to texture. The velvety-black of menyanthidis wants
the richness that aiiricoma and alni exhibit, as if they were
clothed in the richest and finest tissues of silken velvet. Some
few are really black, and the lateral line of these is a pinken
red, making a much more handsome larva than the usual type,
which is of a dark blackish brown ; paler and less glossy
towards the incisions. The segments are rounded from incision
to incision, and full in the middle.

The trapezoidal tubercles, the supra-spiracular, the sub-
spiracular, and the first ventral tubercles are all about equally
developed and form a ring round each segment, the posterior
trapezoidal being only slightly out of line behind the others.
Each has about 20 pale reddish-brown hairs nearly 2 mm. long,
but with several 5 to 6 mm. long and some 7 mm., the longest
being on 5th and 6th segments. When stretched out, the larva
is thickest about the gth and loth segments, tapering regularly
in each direction ; but when alarmed or sulky, it is thickest at
5 and 6 and 12, i.e., it has still some trace of the riiniicis form.
The tubercles themselves are dull black, the post-spiracular
exists, as evidenced by one or two hairs. Underneath, the
colour is paler, a deep rufous-brown. On the 2nd segment the
three dorsal tubercles are replaced by a black plate fringed with
hairs drooping over the head. The head is black and shining,
with labrum and palpi dark rufous. The spiracles are of a
shining creamy white, that on the 12th segment being the
largest. The red lateral line is on the level of the sub-spira-
cular tubercle, which interrupts it on each segment, the line
consists in fact of a series of wedge-shaped marks, two on each
segment, the narrow end being towards the tubercle, the
anterior mark sloping downwards towards the tubercle, its
broad end at the incision, being thus above the end of the other
wedge of the next segment, which also slopes somewhat ;
the posterior one includes a dark spot or depression ;
the line is dull and obscure, or even wanting, on segments

2.3, I3-I4-

The black var. has the lateral line carmine, and not brick-red
as in the typical form, just indeed as in the previous skin, and

150 THE entomologist's record.

is more brilliant and striking, but has not quite the richness
and velvety smoothness of alni or anricoma ; very few indeed
even of this variety have all the hairs quite black. The blackest
have the red lateral spots occasionally rather smaller, divided
into three, that behind the tubercle being divided into two, and
not extending forward beyond the 6th segment. As other black
ones have the lateral marks in the ordinary form, it may be an
accident that this variation in the lateral line occurred in the
blackest specimens.

The pupa (Plate II., fig. 2) is the largest and stoutest of this
group, igmm. long by 6 mm. in width, its outline is nearer to
myriccB than to riimicis. The frontal knobs are lower, rounder
and closer together than in the other species. The hoops of the
hooped segments form a distinctly raised band, less pronounced
than in rnuiiczs, but decidedly more so than in viyricce or mtri-
conia. The anal extremity is larger and rounder than in any of
the others ; an indication of the points, that are so evident in,
say, rninicis, may be detected, but they are somewhat uncer-
tain. The bristles are fewer and shorter than in the others,
and more easily lost, so that an impression that they are fewer
and shorter than inj truth they are, is readily formed. Some-
times they look as if they were dwindled spines, suggesting that
such may be the origin of these bristles. This appearance is
due to their being shorter and rather thicker than on the other
species, but on a closer examination it does not appear to be
really the fact. In Plate II., fig. 2 c, the nth segment is shown
without a spiracle, this is of course not the case : the artist's
intention, no doubt, is, that this segment is a mere sketch with-
out pretensions to accuracy, just as rumicis below (fig. 4c.) is a
mere outline except as to the anal armature itself.

The cocoon is fuller and wider than the others, as suits a
more robust insect, the silk is dark, but paler than that of
rninicis, and otherwise its structure is the same as that of the
others of the group.

(To be continued.)

AcRONYCTA (Cuspidia) ALNI. WANTED. — Dr. Chapman has
unfortunately lost his brood of Cuspidia alni this year. As
there are still a few minor items of structure, etc., to be worked
out, he would be thankful to any one who could supply him with
the species in any of the earlier stages, and would make any
return in his power. — Ed.

151

giBLIOGRAPHY.

Additions to the British List and Changes in Nomenclature.
— Under this head it is proposed to give each month a summary of
recent alterations made in the h'sts of British insects, of the nature of
additions or otherwise. We shall be greatly obliged for notice of any
omissions that may be made, as it is desired to have the list complete,
and well up to date. The nomenclature will be given as in the
original record, editorial remarks or alterations being within square
brackets. Records in the Ent. Rec. will be indexed with the others,
for completeness. The year of publication, unless otherwise stated, is
always that of the publication of this index. Old records, which have
escaped notice, will be occasionally noticed.

Lepidoptera.

Viminia n. g. Chapm., E71I. Rec. 26. Cuspidia n. g. Chapm , t. c. 27,
Bisidcia n. g. Chapm., t. c. 28. [In his paper. Dr. Chapman treats
these as subgenera, but in the index to the plates, and elsewhere
they appear as genera, and the following references have been
made : Viminia rumicis Chapm., t. c. 29, V. myriccs Chapm., t. c.
84, V. aiiricoma Chapm., t. c. 29, V. menyanthidis Chapm., t. c. 84,
V. venosa Chapm., t. c. 84, Cuspidia tridens Cnapm., t. c. 29, C. psi
Tutt, t. c. 89, C. leporina Hewett, t. c. 132, C. alni B. Smith, t. c.
136, Bisidcia /igus/ri Chapm., t. c. 29.]

Polyommatiis dorilis Hufn., near Ilfracombe. Prof. Meldola. Ent. Soc.
Aug. 6, Nature, Aug. 14, p. 383.

Hesperia \_Pamphila^ lineola Ochs. F. W, Hawes. Eniom. Jan., p. 3.
Essex.

Plusia moneta Fb. Entom. 254. R. South, Entoni. 287, fig.

Tortrix teucriana n. sp. Tutt. Eiit. Rec. May, 31. Folkestone.

Nepticula torminalis n. sp. T. H. Wood. Ent. Mo. Mag., 209.

Lithocollctis betida: Z. A. F. Grififith. Ent. Mo. Mag. June, 156.
Sutherlandshire.

Bryotropha obscurella Hein. Doryphora obscureUa Hein. E. M. M.
May. Ent. Rec, p. 33.

Micropteryx kaltenbachii n. sp. Stn. Wood, Ent. Mo. Afag. Jan., 5.

Micropteryx inconspicueda n. sp. Wood, Ent. Mo. Mag. Jan., 3.

Brephos parthenias v. nigra, v. nov., Tutt. Ent. Rec. 34.

Acronycta ligustriv. nigra v. nov., Tutt. Ent. Rec. 34, near Doncaster.

Theristis mucroneda v. striata, v. nov., Tutt. Ent. Rec. 35.

Apamea leucostigma varr. nov. albipuncta, Tutt. Entom., Jan., 13,
Greenwich, Aberdeen, etc. ; intermedia, Tutt, 1. c, Wicken, Sligo,
near Warrington, with subvarr. nov. intermedia-albo Tutt, and
intermedia-flavo Tutt, 1. c.

Zygana lonicerce varr. nov. semilutescens Hewett, and Iidescens Hewett.
Ent. Rec. 60.

Z. trifodi y. semilutescens v. nov. Higgs, Ent. Rec. p. 12.

Lyca:na bedargus y. pallida v. nov. Austin, Ent. Rec. p. 12.

Argynnis aglaia v. argentea v. nov. Austin, Ent. Rec. p. 11.

Coleoptera.
Smicronyx ccrcus Boh. W. W. Fowler, Ent. Mo. Mag. June, 146.

152 THE entomologist's record.

Smicronyx reicheiv. chatnpionis v. nov. Fowler, t. c. 147. Folkestone,
Neuraphes planifrons n. sp. Blatch. E. M. M., May. Ent. Rec. p. 32
Cardiophorus equiseti Herbst. E. M. M., May. Ent. Rec. p. 32.

Hymenoptera,

Ichneumon haglundi Holmg. Billups, S. Land. Ent. Soc, March 13.
Prosopis genalis Thorns., E. M. M., May. Ent. Rec. p. 32.
Phygadeiwn sodalis Tasch., T. R. Billups, S. Lond. Ent. Soc, March 27.
Hemiteles macriirus Tasch., T. R. Billups, 1. c.
Glypta cicatricosa R., G.fiavipes Desv., G. rubicunda n. sp. Bridg., sec

Ent. Rec. 127.
Pimpla riifipleura, Young Nat., June. Ent. Rec. p. 57.

Hemiptera.

Chloriona fdrinosa n. sp. Buckton, Mon. Brit. Cicadae, July, pt. iii. p.

76, Haslemere. In the same work are recorded Phikenus spum-

arius varr. fasciatus Fb., leucocephalus v. nov. Buckton, leuco-

phthabniis, Linn., and populi Fb.
Amblytylus brevicollis Fieb., E. Saunders. Ent. Mo. Mag., Aug., Ent.

Rec. p. 127.
Pseudococcus aceris ?)\gn., J. W. Douglas. Ent. Mo. Mag., June, 153.

Exeter.
Pseudococcus quercus n. sp. Douglas. Ent. Mo. Mag., June, 154.

Hereford.

DiPTERA.

Psilocephala ardea F., Brunetti, Etitoni. April, 122. Verrall, t. c. 150.
Birmingham.

Leria ruficauda Zett., Brunetti. Entotn. 123. Verrall, t. c. 150,
Reading.

Heterotnyza atricornis Mg., Brunetti. Entom. 123. Verrall, t. c. 151,
Aberdeen.

Saproniyza platycephala Loew., Brunetti. Entom. 123. Verrall, 1. c.
London.

Cecidomyia alpina F. Lw., C. filicina Kief., C. folionim Lw., C tubicola
Kief, Diplosis betulina Kief, Schizomyia galionun Kief, Leia elegans
Winn., Cliironomus biannutatus Stseg., Tanypus guttipennis V. D.
Wulp, (in the Broads), T. phatia Egg, (Slapton Lea), Limnobta
stigma Mg., (N. Wales), Dicranomyia ornata Mg., Chrysotus
angulicornis Kow., Argyra atriceps Lw., Rhingia campestris Mg.,
Oscinis rapta Hal., Verrall. Entom., May, 152-154.

—J. W. T. and T. D. A. C.

^URRENT NOTES.

A tabulated account of the lepidopterous work recorded in the
north of England during the five years, ended 1888, is now appearing
in The Naturalist.

Mr. Goss, F.L.S., records {E.M.M.) a var. of Zygcctia filipendulce,
with " the forewings of the usual bluish-green colour, but the six spots all

N(yrES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 153

black instead of crimson, the hiad-wings black instead of crimson with
the usual bluish-black border."

The Phylloxera has appeared in one of the vineries of the Royal
Horticultural Society at Chiswick.

Mr. C. G. Barrett, F.E.S., records {E.M.M) that the late Mr.
Robertson's Pyralis pictalis is not unique, but occurs in Japan, Sumatra,
Ceylon, India, etc. ; also that the species has several synonyms.

I understand that some five or six hundred specimens of Hesperia
lineola have been captured in Essex this year, by about half a dozen
collectors. No doubt it is a very common species in its favoured
haunts.

I understand that another specimen of Plitsia moneta has been
captured at light. This one was taken near Reading.

A comparatively large number of Agrotis pyropliila has occurred at
Portland this summer.

At the last meeting of the Entomological Society, Polyommatus dorilis
was reported as having been taken in 1887, near tlfracombe.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Callimorpha HERA IN SouTH Devon.— As it has been asserted by
some entomologists that the appearance of this grand species was owing
to artificial means, and that it would in due course disappear again, I
determined to see for myself by paying once more an early visit to the
old locality, where I had the good fortune to take it for several years.
I am happy to say that on August 6th I saw two, of which I captured
one ; later on I obtained two more, one of which deposited ova.
Having arranged to start for the Isle of Man, I had to leave South
Devon on August 12th, which would just be the time for the general
emergence of C. hera. I have taken some pains to ascertain that for
many years this insect has been fairly common between the long range
of Exeter and Teignmouth, a man at the latter place having captured
it each year at light. It is often seen at harvest time, when probably
more disturbed, the boys are in the habit of knocking them down with
their caps in corn fields. Beaten out of holly bushes to which they
mostly resort, they are rather difficult to capture, as they fly high and
rapidly. — J. Jager, 180, Kensington Park Road, Netting Hill.
September, 1 890.

During my stay of two weeks in South Devonshire, I was so
fortunate as to obtain three living imagos of CalUinorpha hera, the
Jersey Tiger. These fine moths were all beaten from the same hedge,
and taken (though on different days) by my son, A. C. Hollis, some
ten or twelve miles the other side of Exeter, in the neighbourhood of
Dawlish. The first (which seems to be a female) was captured in my
presence on August 23rd, while flying in bright sunshine. The insect,
0)i being disturbed, flew suddenly and swiftly across the road, making
for the opposite hedge. Fortunately my son had his net ready, and
^ucceeded in capturing the specimen while on the wing. The red of
the hind wings looked very beautiful as it flew past me, and I supposed

c

154 THE entomologist's record.

-t to be either Ardia caia or Callimcrpha dominula, but a glance into
the net disclosed its real nature. The second specimen (which I
believe to be a male) was taken on August 25th, and is slightly larger,
and even finer than the first. The third, of smaller size, was captured
on August 30th. No other specimen was seen, though the hedge was
beaten carefully nearly every day. An entomological friend saw the
insects shortly after their capture (the last one alive) and gave it as his
opinion that the hind wings differed slightly from those of some that he
had taken last year in the islands of Jersey and Sark.^ I have had, as
yet, no opportunity for making the comparison.

I am not aware that there is on record any authenticated account
of the capture of three specimens of Callimorpha hera in England
in one week, and it appears to me a most remarkable occurrence, and
although Newman, Stainton, Knaggs and many other authorities do
not include the insect in their British lists at all, I hope that in future
this insect will find its place among British Lepidoptera. The
appearance of three foreign specimens cannot be accounted for by
any of the familiar theories ; and, even if we assume that a female
was brought over last autumn, still the ova must have hatched and
the larvae fed up and hibernated in this country. Besides, where three
are taken, there are probably more behind. I should be curious to
hear of any other captures being made this season. I intend to
exhibit my specimens at an early meeting of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History Society, and shall be glad if any
one can throw any light on the subject of their appearance this year
in Devonshire.

It may be interesting to observe, in conclusion, that in Merrin's
Lepidopterist's Calendar are to be found the following notes :-^(i).
Under 'Warvce" for September, " C. hera. Doubtful native. On the
continent it feeds on Echiitm zndgare and various low plants." (2).
Under imagos for August, " C. hera. Has occurred at sugar at
Exeter." There seems reason to believe, then, that the Exeter
district is this insect's headquarters in England. — George Hollis,
London. September, 1890.

[Mr. Hollis seems to be unaware of Mr. Jager's captures in the
same district spread over the last few years. From ova obtained, Mr.
Tugwell, Mr. jager, and others have bred specimens, undoubtedly
native as far as the bona fides of Mr. Jager's captures are concerned.
Great doubt has been expressed by some lepidopterists, concerning
Mr. Jager's specimens, but I have not the remotest doubt as to their
authenticity myself. I have printed Mr. HoUis's note in full, as
affording additional proof of the genume character of Mr. Jager's
captures. — Ed.]

Capture of Lithosia molybdeola. — I have to record the capture
of a few specimens of the above species some miles from Manchester.
The few I took were captured after dark on grass stems by searching
with a lantern. — J. Collins, Warrington. August 27///, 1890.

Capture of Lithosia caniola. — On the 26th July I took an imago
of Lithosia caniola on the identical ground where Mr. Barrett discovered
the moth in i860. It was taken in large numbers by Mr. Edwin
Birchall and other entomologists on the same ground afterwards, but as

^ There is a great deal of variation in the colour of the hind wings from bright red
to yellow (var. lutesccns). — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 155

far as I can discover it had not been seen here for the last fifteen years
or so. The larvae used to be abundant on Lotus corniaelaius, but have
not been found lately. It is satisfactory to discover that it has not been
extirpated, though I fear it is very scarce. — G. V. Hart, Woodside,
Hovvth, Dublin. August 28//;, 1890.

Notes of the Season (Lepidoptera). — Morayshire. — I spent a
few days in Morayshire at the end of July. Among other species
I met with the following : — Acidalia fumata, Ellopia fasciaria, Larentia
ccesiata, Thera si7nulata, Eupithecia sobrinata and Boannia repan-
data (grey forms). By beating the junipers, Gelechia bcreella,
and juiiiperellus were to be obtained, but they were not plentiful
and too much worn for cabinet use. Larvse of Endromis versi-
color and Asphalia flavicornis were not uncommon on the small birch
trees. Larvae of Eupithecia togata could be seen feeding on the fir
cones, but they were very small. Retinia resinana larvte were common
on the fir trees. Sugar did not pay particularly well, although " sugar "
aided by ragwort flowers produced Triphccna subsequa (a nice series),
T. orbona (ranging in colour from pale grey to an inky black form —
in a few specimens both the upper and under wings were black), Agrotis
corticea (some nice vars.) ; Caradri)ia alsiiies, the type was common,
and I took three melanic specimens ; Heliothis marginatus (a few) \
Xylophasia polyodoii swarmed as usual, about one in twelve being black ;
Triphcena pronuba abundant, but not differing from the Aberdeen
specimens. Nociua f estiva var. conflua, N. triangulum, Triphcena
fimbria, Agrotis nigricans (almost black), Noctua dahlii, N. umbrosa,
Orthosia suspecta, and many other Nocture were more or less abundant.
— A. Horne, Aberdeen, /niy 30/"//, 1890.

Aberdeen. — During August sugar has paid very well in the woods
near here. A few evenings ago I took Noctua neglecta var. casianea,
and Orthosia suspecta rather abundantly ; Calocampa solidaginis and
Noctua glareosa were common. Aplecta occulta, Noctua sobrina, N.
dahlii, and Epunda nigra also occurred, but not so common as the
other species mentioned. I understand that both A. occulta and N.
sobrina have been rather common throughout the county this year.
Strange to say, sugar has not been working at Forres this month. I
was there on Friday in hopes of getting Noctua depuncta, but was dis-
appointed ; the only Nocture that occurred were single specimens of
Mamestra furva, Aplecta occulta, Epunda nigra, Noctua glareosa, and
flydnecia nictitans. Agrotis cursoria and ■ A. tritici are not at all
common yet on the Aberdeenshire coast. They generally swarm
before this time. — ^A. Horne, Aberdeen. August 2^th, 1890.

St. Anne^s-on-Sea. — The weather here has been very bad, nothing
but rain and a strong wind for two or three weeks. On Tuesday, at
Lytham, we got a iQ.\\ species, including Lithocolletis inessaniella. A
few good Agrotis cursoria have turned up, but only six A. prcecox. Dic-
tyopteryx holniia?ia is only just coming out. I have not yet seen A.
nigricans. Peronea aspersana, yEdei/iatophorus lithodactylus, Deprcssaria
nanatella, and Choreutes scintillulana have occurred rather freely on the
sandhills this year. — Holinies Baxter, St. Anne's on-Sea. August
22nd, 1890.

Lyndhurst. — I went down to Lyndhurst on July 29th for a week's

156 THE entomologist's record.

collecting. Selidosema phiiiiaria was very abundant on the heather,
although only one female was captured. Butterflies swarmed in all direc-
tions, Epinephele JaJiira, E. tii/io/ius, E. hyperanthiis, and Ca'/ionympha
paiiipliilns being specially abundant. Argynnis paphia was very
common, and a few Liineuitis sybilla and A. adippe also occurred.
Safyriis seniele was fairly abundant just outside the pine plantations near
the Lyndhurst Road Railway Station. Sugar was very unprofitable,
only one Thyatira derasa, a few Xylophasia polyodon^ one Cos/nia tra-
■pezina and one Apamea oculea being the only visitants. — Henry A.
Hill, August i6///, 1890.

Hormbridge. — One night recently, I captured at light from 11 p.m.
to 1.30 a.m. during rain, from 80 to 100 insects, including the follow-
ing : — Plusia iota, P. chrysitis, Noctiia festiva, Riisimi tenehrosa,
Agroiis exclamationis, A. porpliyrea, Diantliacia carpop/iaga, D, aicubali^
Xylophasia rurea, Abrostola urtica. Gravimesia trigrammica, Sphitix
ligustri, Orgyia piidibiaida, Notodotita cameltna, Seleuia hinafia, and
many others, principally Geometers. — J. N, Still, Horrabridge,
Devon. July \/i^th, 1890.

York. — The rains of the last ten days have entirely put a stop to
any kind of collecting, but sugar has been very unproductive this year,
so far, a few Leucaiiia pudorina and one Acronycta ( Ciispidia) kporina
being the only species worth recording. I found Hydrelia unca flying
in Askham Bog, but owing to the very strong wind which prevailed at
the time, and the nasty habit the sjiecies has of creeping quite to the
roots of the long grass, I was prevented from obtaining any very good
examples. — S. Walker. July /^th, 1890.

Armagh. — On May 24th I went down to Churchill, and on a heathy
bog there captured a number of Theda rubi u.wA. Eidonta atoinaria, also
a solitary Anarta viyrtilli, sitting on the top of a bunch of heather.
The day was windy, which was adverse. This month I have done well
at sugar, as far as numbers go, but I do not think any species calls for
special remark. — (Rev.) W. F. Johnson, Armagh. Ju?ie 27///, 1890.

Kiiig^s Lynn. — At the end of May I spent t\vo days in the above
neighbourhood, but the weather might have been more suitable. My
captures included Tephrosia biuiidularia, T. punctulata, Macaria
liturata, Thera variata, Emmelesia affinitata, Cidaria corylata, Tortrix
ministrana, Phoxopieryx uncana, etc. — Geo. Balding, Wisbech. June
24//^, 1890.

Somerset. — Up to this date, the present collecting season is not by
any means an improvement on last. Sugaring is of no service ; there
is great abundance of honey dew on the foliage, which may possibly
account for the dearth of insects at sugar. The fruit trees in some of
the market gardens and orchards are bare of foliage as in winter, apples
and cherries suffering most, which will only bear a very partial crop in
consequence. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset. June
nth, 1890.

Essex. — I visited Epping Forest yesterday. Argyn?iis euphrosyne are
nearly over, and A. selene not to be seen. 1 worked chiefly for
Eurymene dolobraria which I heard had been taken there this summer,
and succeeded in beating a fine specimen from a pollard beech.
Ephyra trilinearia were fairly plentiful in the same place, with a

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 157

sprinkling of Corycia temerata, lodis lactearia, Asthena candidata, A.
luieata, Acidalia trigeminata, etc. — A. Battley. June i()th, 1890.

Wiltshire. — I have been working for the last three weeks in the
Marlborough district, and thanks to the aid of a local collector, have
done very well. Sugar is just now most productive, and after the
continued blanks last year, it is most refreshing to meet with fair sport.
Near Marlborough I took Leucania tiirca, Aplecta lierbida, Acronycta
{Cuspidia) leporiiia, Hadena pisi, H. thalassina^ H. dentina, Eiiplexia
lucipara and Neuria saponariie, besides any number of the commoner
NocTU^. I netted a good series of the clematis-feeding Eiipiihecicz
— E. isogravimaria} and a few E. coronatci. These two species need a
good deal of working for, simply beating the clematis avails nothing.
The only method is to thrust in the stick and regularly churn the
clematis ; then wait for a few minutes and beat in the ordinary way.
The only other Geometers worthy of mention that fell to my lot were
Acidalia subsericeata, Eupithecia valeria?iata and E7nmelesia hlandiata.
Among the stems of hemp agrimony, I found a good number of
Eupcccilia rupicola, and one specimen of Pterophoriis microdactyliis,
whilst on tree trunks in Savenake Forest I found several specimens of
Tinea fiilvimitrella^ and I took one Anesychia decein-gutiella at light.
My moth trap which has been put out for me while I have been away
has added a nice number of insects to my store. — (Miss) M. Kimber,
Newbury, Berks. July isf, 1890.

Aberdeenshire. — As far as my experience goes, I do not think this is an
abnormally good year for insects, Micros even being decidedly scarce.
A trip to Ben-na-chie only produced about a dozen Tortrices, a few
Cccnonympha davus, Eupithecia nanata, E. pumilata and E. satyrata.
Pitcurrie Moss has given me a few fine Melitxa artemis. "Treacle"
has attracted Cyinatophora diiplaris (2), Acronycta {Viminia) myriae,
Leucania lithargyria, Xylophasia rurea (light and dark), X. polyodon
(dark), Apamea basilinea, A. gemi?ia, Miana fasciuncula, Kusina
tenebrosa, Triphcena orbona, Noctua plecta, N. C-nigrum, N. brunnea,
A. /estiva var. co7ifiua, N. rubi, Hadena adusta, H. pisi, H. rectilinea
(3), and others; and by "mothing" I have turned up Boarmia repandata,
Cabera pusaria., Enimelesia alchemillata, Eupithecia pygineata, Coreniia
munitata, etc., but so far no rare things. Several of the foregoing are
very common, especially dark X. rurea and II. adusta, which I think
accounts for the idea that this is a particularly good year (in the north)
for sugar. — Wm. Reid, Pitcaple, N.B. July ^th, 1890.

Malvern. — I managed to get three or four days at the end of May
and beginning of June at West Malvern. The weather was not favour-
able, and insects not plentiful. The following is a summary of my
captures : — Leucophasia sinapis (several), Minoa euphorbiata (several),
Ephyra omicronaria (only three or four, this is generally common),
Eurymene dolabraria (one, I have only twice before taken the species
in this district), Numeria pulveraria (two, sometimes fairly common).
The common species, however, witli the exception of Syrichthus
alveolus, Melajiippe monfanata, Acidalia remutata, and lodis lactearia,

^ This species can be bred in great abundance. During August look over the
clematis flower buds. Pick ofif those with a little round hole in them, and pack
away in a large flower pot with earth at bottom. Hundreds may thus be obtained
with very little trouble. — Ed.

158 THE entomologist's record.

were comparatively scarce. During the latter days of June and the
early days of July, sugar here was most prolific, Triplnxna pronuba and
Agrotis exdamatio7US literally swarmed ; Aplecta adveiia and Agrotis
corticea being also fairly plentiful, whilst Timandra aviataria was
common at dusk. — (Rev.) E. C. Dobree Fox, Tewkesbury. July
iitk, 1890.

Warrington. — The nights here have been so cold and damp that I
have been unable to do much this season. The only good insect I
have taken being a worn specimen of Helioihis ar?niger. Is not July a
curious time for this species, especially in worn condition ? — Thos.
TuNSTALL, Warrington. July 12th, 1890.

Devonshire. — At Braunton Burrows, a locality worked some 30 years
ago by Mr. G. F. Mathews, a day spent on the sandhills was spoilt by
heavy rains. There are many wild flowers growing there, amongst
others a few mullein plants, on some of which were larvae of Cucullia
verbasci. I collected twenty, and saw a few of the striped pnipa cases
of the ichneumon that infests them. I visited Lundy Island, where I
have been pretty often, and turned up nothing new ; the insects are
mostly smaller and paler than on the mainland. Very misty weather
prevails and south-west winds sweep the island, which is a second
" Heligoland " in many respects. The geological formation is partly
of granite like Cornwall, and partly slate, like the Ilfracombe coast. —
J. Henderson, Streatham. July 26th, 1890.

Ke?it. — Has anyone observed the failure of sugar again this season?
The last twice I have applied the bait I have only seen on it four
moths, two Diplerygia pinastri and two Rusina tenebrosa. I am well
aware that numbers of the Nocture usually captured in this vvay, have
been out for a long time. Some of them come to light, but they won't
put in an appearance at sugar. The only moth I have attracted in
abundance this way is Miana fasciuncula. The excessive abundance of
aphides is, to my mind, the solution of the enigma. I find appearances
this year anything but normal. Some species are a fortnight earlier
than usual, others equally late. Generally speaking, I don't find insects
as plentiful as in ordinary seasons. — C. Fenn^ Lee, Kent. June 26th.

Essex. — Larvae of Bombyx casircnsis were very common on Wakering
Marsh, but not seen elsewhere. These larvae are not at all particular
as to food. I observed many more on Statice limoniuniy Atriplex
portulacoides., and I think A. littoralis, as well as on various coarse
grasses than on Artemisia. If placed in a cage with birch, rose, and
seaworm-wood, they show a marked preference for the rose and birch,
particularly the former, for which, I learned from Mr. Mera, the larvae
have a great liking. — F. G. Whittle, Lothbury, E.G. July 'jtli, 1890.

Howth. — AVith reference to my note in the last number of the Record
I have added another Plusia to those then mentioned as captured in
my garden, viz. : — P. brac/ea, one specimen only ; P. pulchrina was the
most abundant. Common moths have been extremely abundant at
sugar, and such troublesome fellows as Xylophasia monoglypha, etc.,
fight and push each other about over the sugared patches every night ;
but I have seen none of the Plusias at sugar. They are chiefly about
the flowers of the common turncap lily. With me light has not been
productive this season. I think I have Agrotis lunigera (taken at
sugar), but am not at all sure about it. I also took Aplecta herbida.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 159

Gonophora derasa, Tliyatira bails, etc. — G. V. Hart, Dublin. July
i6th, 1S90.

Reading and Neiu Forest. — I have been taking a number of larvK
of Eupithccia piilchellata. I looked over hundreds of blooms in the
neighbourhood of Reading, but with no success, till a friend told me
the infant larvce always draw together the mouth of the bells. Having
once found out this habit, I had no difficulty in obtaining larvae. I
found the foxgloves on the edge of the wood and in open glades more
productive than those in the thicker parts. Two lovely hot days in the
New Forest produced long series of Linienitis sihylla and Argynnis
paphia, including a black var. of the former, captured by a companion,
smaller than the type, but unfortunately much torn. I also boxed one
beautiful variety of Boarmia roboraria from a tree trunk, a female,
almost black. We only saw three var. vakzina, of which one was
captured. — (Mrs.) E. Bazett, Reading. July i()th, 1890.

Lee, Kent. — At sugar still nothing but the commonest NocTUiE ; but I
have captured one or two Apaniea ophlogramma at light, and by mothing
a ^Q.'K F/io?-odesnia bajularla, and have bred long series oi Ephyra pendu-
laria (showing lovely pink forms), Platypieryx falaila, Cosniia affinls,
and a long series of the Epliestla from rice, as previously mentioned in
the Record. — C. Fenn. June 2yd, 1890.

Bristol. — I have paid two visits to the locality for Acldalia holoserlcata
(on 2nd and 4th of July), but found that many of the specimens were
worn and ragged ; it does not last long in its rather exposed situation,
but, whilst it lasts, is very abundant in one particular spot. It flies
rather early in the evening and is very feeble on the wing. — George C.
Griffiths, Clifton, Bristol. July i()th, 1890.

New Forest. — I got a black var. of Limenltls slbylla here (New Forest)
the other day with a few Boarmia roboraria, Hyrla aurorarla, and, of
course, var. vakzina with many commoner things ; but many of the
Forest species were altogether missing. I have also bred B. roboraria
from larvae beaten out at home in May. Antlclea slnuata and Hellothls
viarglnatus appeared in better numbers than usual, and I have taken
Dltycla 00 at Reading for the first time. — W. Holland, Reading.
July 2ydy 1890.

Staffordshire. — Nola cristulalis has held its own until May 31st this
year as a North Staffordshire insect, by the occurrence of a single
specimen, but on that date, an excursion of the Fiekl Club to Bishop's
Wood turned up the species in profusion, often three specimens being
found on a tree. When once seen it is a very conspicuous insect,
although it greatly resembles the lichen on the tree trunks in colour. —
E. D. i)OSTOCK, Stone, Staffordshire.

London District. — A specimen of Apaniea ophlogramma was captured
about 9 p.m., in a garden near Haverstock Hill a few nights ago. —
Henry A. Hill, Haverstock Hill. June 27///, 1890.

Londo7i District. — A visit to Chingford on 22nd June produced
about two dozen Frocrls statlces, other insects being rather scarce.
Sugar in Highgate Woods has produced Thyatlra bails, Gonophora
derasa, Aplecta nebulosa, Xylophasla rurea, X. polyodoti, X. llihoxylea,
Euplexla luclpara, Leuca/ila comma, Grammesla irlllnea, Mlana Jasclun-
cula, M. strlgllls, Trlphivnce pronuba, Noctua augur, N. trlatigulum
N. dltrapezlum [is not this a mistake? — Ed.], TV! brunnta, N. f estiva

160 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Cosmia trapezuia, Hadena thalassina, Mamestra persicaria, Dipterygia
pinastri, Acronycfa (Ciispidia) psi, and others. — H. M. Bellamy.
July it/i, 1890.

Paisley. — The Plusia family have been rather common this year, and
are not quite over yet. — A. M. Stewart. July 2T,rd, 1890.

Duttofi. — On Bank Hohday I left home at 6.30 a.m. and drove twelve
miles in the rain to Button. The weather cleared up about 10 a.m.,
and I at once took a walk to look for Retviia inargaroiana. The search
was fruitless ; the wet grass and heath soon made my net a wet rag, and
I was glad to get into the open to dry it. Ainphisa geniingaua began
to fly, and I netted 39 males and i female, and there were plenty of
Fenfhina sauciana, Pcrdisca occultana, Peronca caledoniana, one Plusia
inferrogationis, and others. Returning to the Inn, I went after Trifur-
cula pallidella and took two fine ones, together with some Phygas
bisonfella. At 8.30 I drove home having filled some 150 boxes.

On August loth, I went again for Rctijiia margarotana. The season
appears to be anyhow as to dates of appearances, being very late. I
filled 120 boxes, although there wa- a high v/ind. My principal captures
were : — P. occultana^ A. gerni?igana, P. sauciana, G. geiiiinaua, P. cale-
dojiiana, Crambus margaritellus, Carsia imbufata, P. bisontella and one
Gelechia siiniklla, a rare species here ; a cold wind in the evening
prevented the capture of T. pallidella. I found all the P. occultana on
Scotch fir, sometimes as many as six in my net at once, by sweeping the
half-dead twigs. The moths are so like the dead twigs in colour that
there is no doubt they settle on these for protection. — J. B. Hodgkin-
SON, Ashton-on-Ribble. August, 1890.

Castle Gary. — We have had a very cold, wet season, and captures
have been very few and far between. My own experience is very bare.
Vanessa cardui was last year very abundant ; net one seen this year.
Plusia gamma, usually a pest, but scarce this year ; on the other hand,
I have been fortunate in making some additions to my local list.
Sugaring I have not tried to any extent. — W. Macmillan, Castle
Gary, Somerset. 'Yuly 2/\.tli, 1890.

London District. — At Wimbledon, on June 5th, Coremia designata
{propugnata) was unusually plentiful ; on the 8th, at Chingford, it was
getting worn. On June 24th, the first Zeuzera pyrina {cesculi) was
taken, confiruiing my forecast in the Entomologist last year, as to
the date at which they should be looked for. Emergences continued
till July 26th. On June 29th, Eupisteria obliterata was taken am-^ng
alder at Chiselhurst — the first time I have met with this species near
London. On July 7th, I was with Mr. A. J. Hodges at Highgate
Woods, when a dark variety of Aplecta nebulosa was taken by him. On
July loth, sugar was very attractive at Highgate Woods; two Thyatira
batis, and one T. derasa were taken among others ; the day had been
warm without rain, sky overcast, but rain came on about 10.30 p.m. —
F.J. BucKELL, Canonbury Square, N- ^uly 29/'/?, 1890.

Hoii'th. — I have just returned from a visit to Howth, the results of
which are rather small, but not so bad for a week's rainy weather. We
took a nice yellow form of Bryophila perla, indeed, all the B. perla we
got were rather different from our ordinary form. We also took a fine
form of Zygcena filipendukc. We were at Howth at a bad time of the
year, too late for most of the special insects, but turned up Stilbia

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 161

anomola. I don't know whether this is a new locality.^ — Geo. A.
Harker, Liverpool. August d>(h, 1890.

Portland. — Since the beginning of July, sugar has been almost
useless here, and this is always so every year, whilst the wild sage
(which grows all over the island) is in bloom, these flowers being the
great attraction for Nocture and for some geometers and micros,
Agrotis pyrophila has occurred here plentifully this season, an(i
between the 2:)d and 26th July I obtained a nice series, all taken at
the wild sage flowers. I do not think A. pyrophila is attracted by
sugar as a rule, though I fancy I took one m 1888 by that mean>,
the only one I obtained that year, and did not see it all last season.
I am informed that it only occurs here in any numbers at intervals
of four or five years. Agrotis lunigera and A. lucernea were both
out as early as July 2nd, and were both also taken at the wild sage.
The locality is very rough and rocky, and as I did not take a net
with me when working it (preferring a stout stick) I had to neglect a
number of other things in order to get the three named insects. —
E. W. Brown, Portland. August nth, 1890.

IVarrington. — I seem to have done nothing with sugar lately,
although I have tried repeatedly at Rixton Moss to allure Orthosia
suspecta, but in vain, and am beginning to think I shall not get it at
all this year. Matters are not much better nearer home, the Noctu^
taking to honey-dewed sallow leaves and deserting the sugar altogether.
On August 1 2th I bred two splendid Agrotis agat/iina from larvje, of
which I collected a good number in May, but, owing to parasites and
my inexperience with these difficult larvae, I lost all but a very few.
I shall shortly visit their haunt, when I trust I shall be more
successful. I should be most thankful for any advice as to how 10
treat these larvce. — J. Collins, Warrington. August i8t/i, 1890.

Gloucestershire. — I am glad to see that Lycccna arion still exists
on the Cotswolds ; I took three very fine specimens this year.
Sesia formicaformis came out in the few sunny days we had about the
middle of June, though not in great numbers. — M. Stanger Higgs,
Upton St. Leonard's, Gloucestershire, yuly 30///, 1890.

London District. — I have found sugaring most unproductive here
this season ; usually I take a number of common Nocture in my
garden, but this year I have seen next to nothing. Among the least
common that I occasionally take are Apdmea una/iittiis, A. gemina,
Miami literosa and Dipierygia pinastri. — A, W. Mera, Forest Gate,
E. August i^th, 1890.

Clevedon. — So far, I consider this the least satisfactory of any season
since I commenced collecting ; with a few exceptions, insects have
been unusually scarce, and it is quite disheartening that night afier
night one's exertions should meet with so little success. Of good
things two of the most abundant species have been Nudaria senex and
Asthena blomeri ; in a low damp meadow near here, which, I believe,
is the only locality in the Bristol district where N. senex occurs, it
literally swarmed during one particular evening in July, the day had
been hot and fine, and immediately the dew began to be deposited
(about 7 p.m.) N. senex began to fly by scores, the grass and rushes
' I believe this was recorded by Messrs. Birchall an<l C. G. Barrett. — Ed.

162 THE entomologist's record.

wt-re full of them, fluttering up the rush stems and then taking flight
for a short time; in half-an-hour or so all were again at rest on the
herbage, and not a single one could be seen on the wing. Asthena
blomeri — The second brood (?) of this insect began to appear about
the third week in July, and specimens in good condition were to be
met with in two localities in the same wood, distant a mile apart, up to
last Friday (August 15th), when we experienced a strong gale with
heavy rain, which seems to have completely destroyed what remained.
— J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset. August i%th, 1890.

Sutton Park. — Sugar was fairly productive in this locality during
June, and till about the 20th of July. Thyatira bails, Vimmia rumicis,
Xylophasia rurea, Riisiiia teuebrosa and Euplexia lucipara came fredy
till about the 28th of June, when IMoctua pleda, Apkcta nebiilosa,
Xylophasia monoglypha \polyodoji) and Trlplmtia proniiba took ihe
place of rumicis, rurea, and tenebtosa. Occasionally Noctua augur,
N. C-nlgrum, Mlana strigllls and N. festlva turned up. Melantliia
alblcillata, M. oceUata, T/iera varlata and Macrarla llturata were
common at rest in the woods. Fldonla plnlarla was very common
among the fir trees, and Lobophora vlreiata among the hollies.
Euthemonla russula, CJielonla plantaglnis and Anarta myrtllll were out
among the heather and gorse, as also was Euplthecla 7ianata. My
friend Mr. Abbott, of Wylde Green, took Ch(Erocampa porcellus, and
one or two Thyatu-a derasa. On Saturday last, he and I were on
Cannock Chase, and found, between us, about 150 Calocampa
solldaginls, from one of which I have obtained ova. Seven was the
most found on one tree. — Harry M. Lee, 42, St. Paul's Close,
Walsall. August 28///, 1890.

Wallasey. — I have this year taken the following rather local species
on the Wallasey sandhills, Cheshire : —

April 4///. A^yssla zonarla, about eighty specimens ; seventy being
females. Alay \st. Eubolia llneolata very abundantly. It was, how-
ever, taken as early as the end of March this year ; a second brood
emerges in July, and I took a specimen on the 28th of August; so
we have had llneolata with us for over six months this year, y^une 21st.
Mamestra alblcolon and Rhodarla safigulnalls. J^uly <^th. Leucanla
llttoralls (I also took the larv?e of this species in the middle of April)
and the larvae of N'yss a zonarla feeding at dusk on various low plants.
At the commencement of the present month (August) a friend of mine
took seventeen Agrotls pi-cecox on the hills. I was, unfortunately,
away at the time, and so missed it. I went on the 29th in hope of
getting the species, but when thunder, rain, and hail follow each other,
one can hardly expect to take precox or anything else. — A. E. Pike,
Tranmere, Cheshire. August 2gt/i, 1S90.

Notes of the Season (Coleoptera). — Hastings. — Among others, I
have taken the following species which may be worth recording: —

By sweeping, especially in the evening, Colenls dentlpes, Afilsotoina
calcarata. Colon brunneuni, Athous dlffornils, Prloblum castaneuni .
Anobluni fulvlcorne, Tychlus ^-punctatus, Llosonia oblonguluni, Ochlna
lieder<z, Pogonocherus hlspldus, Sirangalla ^-fasclata, Lamprosoma
concolor, and Cryptocephalus morcei.

In a sandpit at Guestling I have found Canopsis fisslrostrls (2), C.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 163

■waltoni {7), Orobitis cyaneus, Cytilns varius, Pogonochents deniaiiis, and
numbers of commoner species.

From ants' nests I have taken a few Dinarda markelii, several
Thiasophila angulata, Lepf acinus formicctorum (2), Monotonia angus-
ticol/is, Myrmedoma humeralis, M. funesia, M. limbata, M. laticolHs,
and flying round the nests in the sunshine were several Clythra
^-punctata.

In moss and tufts I found Plintlius caliginosiis (3), and several
Tropiplwrus carinatus. Under l)ark, Scaphidema ceneum, Rhinosimus
ruficollis^ R. viridipennis, Thy mains limbatus (i), together with numbers
of common species such as Dryocietes vi/losus, Plihvophthorus rhodo-
dady/us, Rhyncolus cylindrirosiris, etc.

Under stones on the banks of one of the town reservoirs, Tachys
bistriatus is very common. At Camber, in the banks of a stream, I
have taken a few Bledius crassicollis, several B. tricornis^ and a'; out
150 Heierocenis sericans. Among river refuse I have on two occasions
found Octhebins rufomarginatus, somewhat commonly, Ocypiis ater,
Harpalus rotimdicollis, Helophorus tugosus, Anthicus antherimis, A.
instabilis, and hosts of commoner species. On one occasion I beat a
large number of Dermestes itndulatus and Coryneles violacea out of the
dry carcase of a dog, which I found on the beach.

On the sandhills, Sarrotrhim davicorne and Helops pallidus
occasionally.

At the roots of grass on the cliffs I have taken Tradiyphlixus
niyr?uitvphilus, T. scaber, T. scabricidus (common), T. sqiiain/datus
(occasionally), Otiorhyndms raiiciis, O. ovatus, O. ligneiis, O. scabrosies,
O. sulcatus, Sitones humeralis^ Syncalypia hirsufa, Simplocaria
semistriata, and many others. — A. Ford, Alexandra Villa, Braybrooke
Road, Hastings. July., i8go.

EuBOLiA PERiEOLATA. — This pretty Geometer is unknown in England.
It flies among furze bushes in the day-time, and is common in some
seasons all around our coast. It appears in the perfect state in Sep-
tember, and the eggs are laid on the furze, the larvae feeding on that
plant. The larvce being undescribed, I sent several to the late Mr.
Edward Newman, F.L.S., who described them as follows in The Ento-
mologist, vol. viii., p. 107 : — " The eggs were laid in a chip-box on the
i8th of September, 1874, and the larvae left the egg-shells during the
first week in October • they fed in Ulex enropmis (the common furze),
almost exclusively on the blossoms, and after hybernation, continued
to feed until the end of April, when they had attained their full size ;
two or three have already spun up between the folds of some muslin
in the breeding cage ; two of the larvae are now before me, full fed,
yet exhibiting no change of colour and no disposition to spin. The
larva rests in a perfectly straight position, but on being touched, raises
the anterior extremity, arching its back a little ; its legs are then
directed forwards, and closely appressed together, forming an almost
continuous mass with the head. In crawling, it makes a very decided
arch, bending the body nearly double. Head prone, slightly narrower
than the second segment, in which it is partially received, it is
sparingly beset with short straight hairs. Body robust, more resembling
^?i\.G{ Leiicania than that of a Geometer, a resemblance which is rather
increased by its pale colour and longitudinal striping ; every part of

164 THE entomologist's recokd.

the body, but especially the anal extremity, bears short, straight,
scattered hairs ; a raised lateral skin fold extends the whole length of
the body, and the segmental and sectional divisions are clearly defined.
Head and body putty coloured ; head with a few darker markings on
each cheek, and five black ocelli on each side near the mouth ; the
dorsal surface of the body has three compound stripes extending its
entire length ; the medio-dorsal is divided longitudinally into three
divisions, the middle one of which is composed of a series of wood
brown markings, and these again are resolvable into mere dots ; the
lateral divisions are pale brown, bordered with a series of darker dots ;
the side stripes partake of the same triple character, and include the
spiracles, which are circular and as black as jet ; the ventral surface
has a triple median stripe, the middle division of which is single, the
external divisions double. I am indebted to Mr. W. A. Luff, of
Guernsey, for a supply of these previously unknown larvae." — W. A,
Luff, Guernsey.

[There is no reason why this species should not occur on our own
south and south-western coasts. Only two other species have been
captured in the Channel Islands, which do not occur in Britain, viz.,
Agrotis crassa and PoIyphcEnis seridiia. — Ed.]

1

J^RACTICAL HINTS.

By W. G. SHELDON.

(a) Beat birch at night. A large proportion of the larv^ now
feeding on this tree are hard stickers, such as Cerura biais_pis,
jyotedonia dictcEoides and N. dromedarius, or pass the day in spun up
leaves, as Cymatophora Jlucfuosa and C. diiplaris, Drepanuia fakiila,
etc. All these will tumble into the tray readily at night when they
feed.

{l') Search the umbels of Angelica sylvestris and Pastinum sativa
for larvae of Eupithecia albipunctata and E. trisigiiata, those of
Piiipinilla saxifraga for those of E. pimpinellata and E. oblongata,
middle to end of September.

(c) Beat Solidago virgaurea (golden rod) middle to end of
September for larvai of Eupithecia virgai/reata, and also in middle of
October for those of E. expallidata.

(d) Gather seedheads of Picris hieracioides for larvae of EiipiccBlia
hybridella?ia, also heads of wild carrot {Daucus carota) for larvae of
Semasia rufillatia. Both these species should have old skins or
rubbish to pupate in, and must be kept all winter in rain and sun.

(e) Examine heads of ragwort especially near the coast for a gre-
garious tortrix-like larvae, if you can bring them through the winter you
will breed JJoma'osonia binavella. — (J. AV. T.)

(/) During September and October large numbers of Depressarice
and other species may be beaten from thatch, old stacks (hay, hop-bine,
pea-haulm, etc.). In fact this method of work is more or less profitable
all the winter.— (J. W. T.)

165

fgOCIETIES.

SouTii London Entomological and Natural History Society.

August 14;!'/;.— The exhibits were as follows : — Mr. \Nc\\\wa.\\, Enunelesia
laiifasciata, bred from larvae obtained at West Norwood in 1888, the
species having been two years in the pupal stage ; Mr. Adkin, Cleora
glabf-aria, bred from New Forest larvre ; Mr. South, specimens of
Hypsipetes elutata and Lareniia didyinata ; Mr. Moore, two varieties of
Abraxas grossulariata ; Mr. Tugwell, larvae of Eiipithecia exUnsaria
feeding on the common garden Artemisia abrofanio/i, these larvce were
obtained from specimens bred by Mr. Porritt from larvie collected near
Hunstanton last year; Mr. Tugwell, a box of Ardia caia; Mr. Hawes
living larvae of Argynnis seiene and A. euphrosyne ; Mr. Jenner Weir
living larvaa of Psyche villosella, one case was formed entirely of rush,
some with fragments of grass and heath, one made its case with coloured
paper, the original case having been removed ; Mr. Bouttell, a pale
form of Zygcena filipendidce ; whilst Messrs. Turner and Nussey exhibited
Hesperia lineola, Mr. Tugwell suggesting that the species was essentially
a salt-marsh species.

August 2%th. — -This was essentially a holiday meeting, very few
members being present. A few good exhibits were made, and miwht
with propriety be exhibited again when more members are present. I
refer more especially to Mr. C, Fenn's Cidaria russata and Tortrix
transitana, the latter of which I should like to see compared with the
series of this species in the collections of Messrs. West and Tu^^well •
Mr. Hawes, Tapinostola concolor from Huntingdonshire, taken in July
this year; and Mr. Frohawk's var. of Epinephele hyperanthus with
lanceolate markings taken in the New Forest. Mr. Carrington reported
the capture of E. hyperanthits var. arete in the New Forest ; Mr. Robin-
son exhibited some fine Leucam'a brevilinea and var. sinelinea from
Norfolk ; Mr. South, a box of Durham specimens which were very
interesting ; Mr. Fenn, a bleached Epinephele janira, Leucania conigera
with the white spot strongly developed, and Apainea ophiogranima taken
at Lee ; Mr. Carpenter, specimens of Pericallia syringaria from Essex,
and Cucullia asteris from Raindean Wood, Folkestone; Mr. Turner
Myelophila cribrella from Lee ; Mr. Adkin, Zygcena 7neliloti from the New
Forest, and remarked that the species appeared to have turned up in
fair numbers in an entirely new locality ; Mr. Waller, living larvae of
Cuspidia leporina ; Mr. Joy, living larvae and pupse (spun up in Festuca)
to show its habits. Mr. Carrington gave some account of a visit to
Belgium, and pointed out what splendid collecting ground the sandhills
presented, mentioning among other things, that he found several larvffi of
Argynnis lathonia on Viola, and saw imagines of Hesperia lineola.
Messrs. Fenn, Tutt, and Adkin made some remarks on the season before
the meeting terminated.

September wth. — Another holiday meeting, a very suiall
proportion of the members being present. Mr. Wellman exhibited
some good vars. of Bryophila glandifera and a long series of
Dianthcecia albimacula, both from Folkestone, Plusia festucce. from
Cambridge, and Xantliia citrago from Croydon ; Mr. Adkin a series

166 THE entomologist's record.

of E}nmelesia decolorata from Co. Derry ; Mr. Carpenter a series of
Argyimis paphia, A. aglaia, Limenitis sibylla, and Epinephek
hyperanthus from the New Forest ; Mr. Fenn's exhibits, however,
were, as usual, most interesting. They consisted of Cidaria russafa,
a second brood, with a remarkable tendency to follow the female
form, Tephrosia crepusculajHa from Clevedon and Perth, Eupithecia
satyrata, var. caHujiaria and a remarkable form of Scoparia aiiibigiiah's,
including one var. curzoni, from Darlington, the unicolorous var. latiorana
of IWtrix cositnia, and a most interesting exhibit of T. iderana, the inter-
mediate T. ieucriana and T. vibtirnana, and suggested that all might be
local forms of the same species ; Mr. J. A. Cooper exhibited a fine series
of an exceedingly suffused form of Bryopliila per/a, from Folkestone;
Mr. Croker, a few specimens of Ditula hartmanniana ; Mr. Robert-
son a larva of Achervutia atropos ; Mr. Oldham, a number of species
including Hesperia lincola ; Mr. Cockerel!, an American specimen of
Vanessa a7ittopa, and stated that the American specimens were quite
distinct from those of Europe, owing to the dark irrorated margin.
A general discussion on Carpocapsa poiiiojiana, its habits, foodplants,
etc., with a sketch of its life-history by Mr. Fenn, closed a very quiet
meeting. — Ed.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— August 2isf. — Mr. Bellamy exhibited a series of Eulepia cribmm
captured at Bournemouth, August 4th to 7th. He had observed
Lyccena cegon to be plentiful in that district, and had taken Argy/mi's
adippe and Limetiitis sibylla at Brockenhurst ; also captured a single
specimen of Hesperia acteon at Lulworth Cove. Mr. Burrows' exhibit
consisted of Epinephele hyperanihus with very small eye-spots, a very
light, almost buff specimen of A. euphrosyne, and a pair of Boarmia
roboraria ; the whole were taken in a wood near Coventry. Mr. Smith,
Cossus ligniperda, which emerged on August 6th. Mr. J. A. Clark,
bred specimens of DianthcEcia conspersa and D. catpophaga from North
of Ireland; also series oi Agrotis lunigera and A. lucerma from the Isle
of Wight. Mr. Raine, preserved larvae of Saturnia carpiiii, Arctia
mendica, Cuspidia psi, Pygcera bticephala. Mr. Manley, fine living
larvse of Sphinx ligustri, being the third generation of a brood kept by
him. Mr. Lusby, a series of Vanessa io, from Cheshunt, including one
slaty variety ; also a series of Lyccena corydon. Mr. Sampson, a series
of Tripliccna fimbria captured at Woodford. Coleoptera : — Mr. Boden
exhibited Clytus ariefis, Toxotiis fneridia)ius, Dascillus cervinus, etc. ;
and a small beetle, known to cultivators of the strawberry by the name
of 'the Elephant' (probably so-called from the rostrum), which had
been very destructive to certain beds in Kent and Surrey, on account of
its propensity for eating the flower-stems of the plant when in full
bloom. Its method of attack appeared to be to eat half-way through
the stem, which in a short time caused the flower to droop, and fade.
The beetle exhibited to the meeting was Rhynchites betulce, a species
commonly found on birch and also at hawthorn blossom.

Mr. Heasler's box contained many examples of Curcalionidce, and
comprised Hypcra fasciculata, H. rumicis, H. poiygOJii, H. variabilis,
Mecitius pyras/er, Limobius inixtus, Poophagus sisymbrii, Pliytobius
leucogasier, Otiorhynclius atroapierus, Trachyphlxus scabriculus, etc,
Mr. Lewcock exhibited Strangalia /i^-fasciata (captured on August i6th).

SOCIETIES. 167

Cceliodes nibicundus, Erirhinus pectoralis, and Rhynchites tianus, the whole
having been captured at West Wickham. Mr. Milton brought a quantity
of insects which he had recently taken at VVicken Fen and the New
Forest, the most noticeable being Chrysomela graminis, male and female
specimens of Agapanthia lineatocollis, Hoplia philanthus, a Ion series
oi Serica bninnea (partly taken at sugar), Necrophorus riispator^N. vespi/lo,
Gastropliysa raphatii, several species of Telephoriis, etc. ; also a fine
Cercopis cornuhis (Homoptera), saw flies and many dragon flies.

Septembea 4lh, — Coleopteta: — Mr. Beck exhibited New Forest species
including Leptiira fulva, Geotnipes vernalis from Swanage and the Lake
1 district, also G. pyreiuvus, Licinus silphoides, Carahiis niieiis, C. arvensts,
Achcnium depressiiin and Rhagium bifasciatiuu. Mr. Heasler, species
from Deal, including Syncalypta /lirsuta, Psainmodiiis sukicoUis, Corti-
caria Wollastoni\ Silpha opaca, Corymbetes pectinicornis, Tekphorus
lividus var. dispar. Mr. Milton, Prionus coriarius, Silpha littoralis,
Dorcus para/kkpipedus, and Shwodendro?i cyli?idrkum.

Lepidopkra : — Messrs. Raine and Simes, some well-preserved larvae
of Nokdonta dictcea, JV. dromedarius, Cuspidia aceris, Plalypteryx
lacertula, Smerint/nis iiluv, and Metrocampa maigaritata. Dr. J, S. and
Mr. S. R. Sequeira, a number of insects from the New Forest, including
MelitiEa atlialia, Zygcrua trifolii, Z. melikti, a white-banded form of
Lobophora hexapkrata, Eukpia cribrum^ Boannia repandata var. conver-
sa?-ia, B. roboraria, Mania maura, Ckora iiche/iaria, Diphthera orion, a
very dark Eiibolia palu?nbaria ; also fine larvae oi Sphinx ligustri. Mr
Hanes, a series of Phorodesma smaragdaria from the Essex marshes
and stated that at the present time he had larvae of the same feeding in
his garden at Kentish Town. The following members exhibited species
of the genus Agro/is, to the discussion of which the evening was to be
more especially devoted : — Messrs. Battley, Clark, Gurney, Hanes,
Harper, Hodges, Hollis, Mera, Sequeira, Smith, and Tutt.

Mr. Battley having first drawn the attention of the members to the
genus, Mr. Tutt gave a lengthy account of the superficial characters of
the imagines, the apparent sub-divisions into which the genus might be
divided, and the range of variation in the species, and made some
remarks on the distribution, etc., of individual species in the genus.
With regard to the superficial characters, he pointed out that there was
first of all those species with hyaline hind-wings, joined by A. segetuni
and A. lunigera to the triiici-cursoria group, and that at the end of the
genus were several species — agathina, ravida, porphyrea, pyrcphila, and
cafidelaru ni var. ashicorthii — which seemed to have scarcely any affin-
ities in common. The close connection of Agrotis saucia and A. sujfiisa
was referred to, and the connection of these species by means of A.
segetiini, etc., to the next group. With regard to the superficial characters
Mr. Tutt pointed out that sexual dimorphism was largely developed in
many members of the group, but that whilst the J 's'were generally pale
and the ? 's dark, pale ? 's and dark (^'s were by no means uncommon
This was exceptionally well illustrated by Agrotis puta and A. cinerea,
and almost equally so by A. lunigera, A. segeium, A. corticea, and
A. exclamatio7iis. The colour variation of A. ripce with reference to
environment was explained, and the difficulty of separating A. tri/ici,
A. cursoria, and A. obelisca tackled. In Air. Tutt's opinion these
formed three distinct species, but aquilina he considered purely and

1 68 THE entomologist's record.

sirni)ly a var. of tritici. The double line of variation: — (i) With a
pale costa, (2) Without a pale costa, found in these species, was then
fully explained, and the parallel range of variation was noted. Mr.
Tutt pointed out that with the exception of Mr. Hodges and Mr. J. A.
Clark, none of the members who exhibited A. obtlisca had that species,
but had vars. of tritici doing duty for it. Helvetina being in our lists
was an absolute error, due to Dr. Kn^nggs, the species never having been
taken in Britain. The uncertain appearance of saiicia, the gradual
increase both in number of localities and number of captures of
pyrophila and agathina were noted, and the excessive rarity in late
years of ravida. The determination of asJnvorthii as a variety of cande-
lariim was also remarked. These remarks were illustrated by the
exhibits of members, the drawers of Messrs. A. J. Hodges and J. A.
Clark being especially good, whilst Mr. Tutt exhibited the picked vars.
from his own collection. A miscellaneous discussion followed, which
showed that the members were in perfect accordance with Mr. Tutt's
ideas on the subject.

It was arranged that October i6th should be a special Tcvuiocaiiipa
night, ^ when Mr. Tutt has promised to give an outline of the genus and
its near allies, and exhibit the whole of his long series of the species in
this genus. It was also arranged that another night should be devoted
to the study of the Agrotid^e in the course of a few months. — G. A.
Lewcock and E. Hanes, Hon. Sees.

Entomological Society of London. — September 3rd. — Mr. C.
Fenn exhibited and remarked on specimens of Eiipithecia satyrata,
Eudorea a/iibigiia/is, and Tortrix viburnana from Darlington. Mr. H.
Goss exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Martin Stanger Higgs, a remarkable
variety of Melittca aurinia {arte/nis), taken a few years ago in Gloucester-
shire by Mr. Joseph Merrin. The Rev. Dr. Walker communicated
some observations on the Entomology of Iceland, and gave an account
of his recent travels in that island. He stated that he had taken
Bombus terrestris this year, for the first time, in the north-west of Iceland
from which quarter of the island it had not been recorded by Dr.
Staudinger; he also referred to the enormous numbers of Ichneumonida^
and uiptera which he had noticed in the island. He further stated
that in 1889, in the months of June and July, Noctua conflua was the
most abundant species of Lepidoptera in Iceland ; but that this year, in
July and August, Crymodes exulis was the prevailing species, and that
Charceas graininis and Coremia i/iunitata also occurred in great num-
bers. In reply to a question by Mr. Stainton, Dr. Walker said that the
flowers chiefly frequented by the humble-bees were those of a small
species of white Galium (probably Galium saxatile?) and Viola tricolor.
Dr. Walker also read " Notes on Calathiis melanocephalus collected in
Iceland, the Westmanno Isles, and the Faroe Isles in June and July,
1890." Messrs. M'Lachlan, Stainton, Jenner Weir, Stevens, Jacoby,
Lewis, and others took part in the discussion which ensued. Mr. Arthur
G. Butler communicated a paper entitled " Further Notes on the
Synonymy of the genera of Noctuites." — H. (}oss, Hon. Sec.

^ The Secretaries would be very pleased if lepidopterists would exhibit any
striking specimens of this group on the evening of Oct. i6th. — Ed.

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 7. Vol. I. October 15th, 1890.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

{Contiimed from page 125.)

HAVE heard it suggested against this theory, that
the insects from marshes and similar situations
are pale coloured, and, as instance, the Leuca-
NiD.E have been given, on the assumption, I
presume, that all insects from such localities should be
dark, but this does not appear to me to militate in any way
against the theory. I, fortunately, have been able to study the
actual habits of some of the species of this family in a state of
nature, and, as they sit head downwards, with their wings
folded closely to the edges of the reed on which they usually
rest, the appearance they have so closely resembles the nodes
in a reed culm, that it is hardly possible for a trained eye to
detect them, and we may be certain that the peculiar colour,
which is so advantageous in enabling them to escape their
enemies and thus perpetuate their species, is as directly depen-
dent on " natural selection," as is the darker assimilating colour
of those species which rest on the ground, fences, or other
dark objects. As well say, because some particular genera of
marsh frequenting moths are pale, that all should be pale, as,
that because some Rannoch species are white, all should be
white. An argument of this kind would be ridiculous until we
know the particular habits of each species. But with regard
to the pale, marsh-frequenting genera, I have specimens which
prove distinctly that even these species vary according to

170 THE entomologist's record.

general humidity coupled with an area in which large quantities
of smoke are being produced, e.g., Leucania impura and L.
pallens produce much darker specimens in the London marshes
than in the open fields near Strood, in Kent, and Scotch spe-
cimens are occasionally darker still. Again, Agrotis Jiigricans
is blacker from the Greenwich marshes than from the fields and
marshes in the neighbourhood of Rochester, where they are
generally much marbled with yellow, and the same (Greenwich)
marshes give a much larger percentage of dark specimens than
any locality I know of a drier character. Apamea fibrosa has
a larger percentage of pale variegated forms in its more open
localities. Many examples of this kind could easily be adduced
in the same direction. But it must be remembered that the
Fen District of England is probably the driest part of the
British Isles, so far as actual rainfall is concerned, and this
must be carefully borne in mind when considering the species
obtained in this district, or those of a similar environment.

Another query based on the same line of argument is occa-
sionally heard. " Why do we get white butterflies and black
moths on the same geological strata ? " Such a question always
appears to me to show entire ignorance of the subject of
"natural selection." The colours of butterflies assimilate
generally to the flowers or other objects on which they rest.
Their wings are drawn up over their bodies when at rest, and
we only see the undersides. It is, therefore, to the undersides
we must especially look for variation, and here we chiefly find
it. The variation of the undersides of our most common
butterflies is a most interesting study, and opens up a wide
field to those who have never looked for variation, where, in
this group, variation must show itself. Of course the variation
of butterflies on the underside is often reproduced in a mild
form on the upper side, but from a scientific point of view, the
variation of the upper sides is practically valueless, compared
with the variation of their undersides. Incidental cases of
variation occasionally occur on the upper side of butterflies,
but as a general rule such varieties are, in my opinion, consti-
tutional, and each must be considered on its merits as to its
probable mode of causation.

These undersides, serving as they do for a protection to the
insect, must be studied then, if we are to find the changes
which " natural selection " plays in this group. As an example
of the influence of environment on a butterfly, I will instance
Pieris napi. In our southern districts of England it is generally

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 171

very clear (although showing seasonal variation within certain
limits), white on the upper, and yellow or greenish grey on the
under surface. In many Scotch and Irish localities it is nor-
mally much darker and more suffused, and on the Alps the
spring form — var. bryonicB — is very dark. But in the South of
England, Pieris napi settles on leaves, where its yellow or
greenish underside protects it to a great extent ; while in the
Alps, the extreme form frequently settles on the bare ground,
or on vegetation more or less blackened by cold and exposure,
where its darker coloration is now particularly protective. The
undersides of Vanessid(S bear great resemblance to dead leaves,
the yellow and greenish undersides of Pieridce to green leaves ;
the speckled undersides of Lycenidcs to the inflorescence of
grasses, and, indeed, it could easily be proved that every parti-
cular species has its undersides particularly developed to suit
its surroundings, e.g., Euchloe cardauiines, HipparcJiia seinele, and
Thecla riibi, are striking examples. I think I have shown that
all our butterflies (for purposes of variation) should be studied
from their undersides, and have cited enough examples to show
that white or other coloured butterflies will continue to exist
side by side with dark moths, and that such facts are not at
variance with the theory advanced. Geometers which rest in
the same position as butterflies will also have to be studied from
the same standpoint. The genus Selenia occurs to me at the
present moment.

Again, a thoughtful lepidopterist says : — " If your theory be
true, then the same effect ought to produce the same result.
Take for example Folia chi ! Why in Durham are the dark
specimens of c/ii always inclined to var. olivacca, while the dark
var. in Yorkshire is so different ? " The reason is not far to
seek, but our lepidopterists must bear in mind that we have
two^ strong causes at work: — (i). The exciting cause in the

^ I would ask all my readers who pay attention to this subject, not to form hasty
opinions where their observations do not appear to coincide with my conclusions, but
to take into account all the surrounding circumstances, and above all to have plenty
of material for comparison. It is useless to form an opinion on the difference be-
tween a few (say less than a score or so) specimens from different localities, and
equally useless to compare specimens from comparatively adjacent districts, e.g.,
Lancashire and North Wales, and expect a striking difference. Often there will be,
but more often there will not. Apkcta uebitlosa from Glasgow is occasionally of a
beautiful white colour, altogether different from our South of England specimens.
Following out my theoi-y the Glasgow specimens should be darker,"but some outside
force undoubtedly modihes the species in this district, with the result that it differs
in the way I have pointed out. I do not doubt that if I saw this insect in naturd
at Glasgow, I could easily explain this apparent opposition to my theory, but I
know nothing about its environment there. — J.W.T.

172 THE entomologist's record.

production of melanism, which I assume is moisture ; (2). The
general protective influence of " natural selection." The same
cause (moisture) does produce the same effect, viz., the
darkening of the ground colour, but the second influence of
environment, governed by " natural selection," plays a still
stronger part, and I would again ask my readers to bear in
mind that, if anything in the environment tends to the pro-
tection of a certain form, that form will be produced to the
almost entire exclusion of all others, and a permanent local
form will be established. In Polia chi these forces are un-
doubtedly at work, and, until my readers will master the fact
that any secondary influence may modify, or almost entirely
obliterate the original effect, very little can be done towards
the mastery of this subject.

{To be continued^

Bibliography.

Additions to the British List and Changes in Nomenclature.
Lepidoptera.

Miafia arcuosa v. morrisii C. W. Dale ( = AcosDietia morrisii), Etit.

Rec, 34.
Ciispidia aceris Lewcock and Hanes { = Aavnyda'^ aceris). Ent.

Rec, 167.
Retinia tnargarotana H.-S., C. G. Barrett. Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb., 49.

Scotland.
Doryphora clougella Hein. \^Doryphorella elongeUa\ C. G. Barrett.

E7it. Sac. Lond., April 2.
Gelechia portlandicella n, sp. Richardson. Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb., 29.

Portland.
Tinagma betulcB n. sp. Stainton, Etit. Mo. Mag., Oct., 264 (imago).

J. H. Wood, Ejit. Mo. Mag., Oct., 261-264 (life history).
Prof. J. B. Smith has published (1890) a bulky revision of the North
American moths formerly referred to the genus Agroiis {Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., No. 38). The generic nomenclature is considerably revised,
and although the work relates only to American species it is of impor-
tance in relation to the British fauna, several of our species being found
in the United States.

Prof. Smith adopts the genus Feridroma Hbn. for Agrotis saucia and
other species.

In Canad. Ento?n., Sept., 173-175, the present writer suggests the
use of plural section names for groups of species which do not seem
well separated as genera or subgenera, and yet show affinities which
ought not to be overlooked. Of the names proposed, Antiopx includes
our Vanessa antiopa, Rusiici includes Lyccena cegon, and Chrysophaiitdi

^ Grote, in his recent (1890) Check-List of North American Noctuidce divides
Acrofiycta into ten subgenera.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 173

is the section of Chrysophanus phlcBas. Prof. J. B. Smith, in his
Revision of some Taniocampid genera (1889), divides the North American
species of T<£nioccimpa into groups in a similar way, but his section
names are simply those of the most prominent species, not made plural ;
and one cannot help thinking that the use of them in the unaltered
form for groups as well as species might lead to confusion.

[Erratum. — Page 121, line 30, delete Doryphora obscurella Hein.
— T. D. A. C]

COLEOPTERA.

Chrysomela riitilans Woll. Billups, South London Ent. Soc. vide Youiii^
Nat., 170. Boro' Market (an accidental introduction).

Cetonia floricola v. albiguttata Andersch. Gemm. and Har., Cat.
Coleop., p. 1324. "Anglia."

Coccinella hieroglyphica v. lineolata Marsh, Gemm and Har., Cat.
Coleop., Y>. ZIS^- "Anglia."

Adalia hipunctata \Coccinella bipunctata\ v. '^pustulata Marsh. Gemm.
and Har., Cat. Coleop., p. 3746. "Anglia."

The last three from Gemm. and Har. are of course not new
records, but they are omitted from the 1883 lists of Dr. Sharp and
Messrs. Fowler and Matthews. The British lists are far from being
complete as to the named varieties of Coleoptera.

Hemiptera,
Anthocoris confusus Reut., J. Edwards, Ent. Mo. Mag., 236.

Pseudoneuroptera.

The "Editor of the Naturalists Gazette'' [who is W. H. Bath,
though it is not so stated] has recently published a little book called
z.n Illustrated Handbook of British Drag07i-fiies (1890, p. 98) in which
the following apparently new varieties are described : —

Flatetrufn depressum v. hageni, Libellula quadrimaadata v. itntnaculaia
and V. selysi, L.fulvct w.fasciata and v.fugax, Orthetrum ccerulescens v.
donovani, stephensi, evansi and leachi, O. cancellatuin v. croydonensis and
vesta, Sy>npetru?n vulgatum v. anglica, Cordulia ccnea v. charpenteri and
harrisi (and a v. hafnpsteadensis is mentioned, but not described),
Cordulegaster annulatus v. minor, Anax formosus v. lindeni, Calopteryx
virgo V. ramburi, eversmanni and yniilleri, Agrion elegans v. nezvmani,
Pyrrhosoma minium v. hansemanfti. Probably other students of the
order will have something to say about this work. We notice that
Mr. Kirby's generic nomenclature of the Agrion group is not adopted.
Eight varieties, besides the above, are given, but they were originally
described by Newman, Stephens, Curtis, and Leach. Micronyjnpha
elegans v. rufescens (Leach), a variety recently taken by the present
writer near Leigh, in Essex, is not included.
Elipsocus consimilis n. sp. McLachlan. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct., 269

near Bournemouth and in Suffolk.
Peripsocus parvulus Kolbe, McLachlan, I.e., New Forest.
— T. D. A. C.

174

I^CIENTIFIC NOTES.

Probable Parthenogenesis in Arctia mendica. — In May this
year I found a fine fresh ? mendica, just emerging i from the pupa,
and as I wanted some c?'s I kept her and tried "assembhng" the next
evening. This, however, was not successful, though I persisted for
several nights exposing her (in a "cage ") in a likely locality. As she
was not a first-rate specimen after this, I did not kill her, and she laid
a number of eggs in the box in which she was kept. Not knowing that
some might be fertile and others not, I put the box aside on noticing
that some of the eggs were shrivelled up ; but on opening it to-day I
found about fifteen had produced larva?, which were lying at the bottom
of the box dead. Now it occurs to me : — (i). Would those larvae have
produced imagines as if the ova had been properly fertilised (which I am
sure they were not) ? (2). Would the imagines, in the case of any
being produced, have been $ and ? as usual, or only of one sex ?
(3). Would they have been capable of being fertilised inter se or by
other specimens, or would they have inherited the parthenogenetic
faculty? — E. W. Bowell, Hereford. July i8//z, 1890.

Aneurism in Nvssia hispidaria. — I have noticed a very frequent
occurrence of saccular distension in Nyssia hispidaria. To prevent the
wings adhering to the setting board when the sacs discharge, I pin upon
each slope of the board a strip of thick white blotting paper and use
braces of the same material. The result, in every case, is thoroughly
satisfactory. — J. Arkle, Chester.

Aneurism in Epunda lichenea. — I have just noticed this pecu-
liarity in E. lichenea which I have been breeding from pupa? given me
by Lieut. Brown. — J. W. Tutt. October %th, 1890.

Zyoena lonicer^ imago with head of larva. — Whilst breeding
a number of Z. lonicerce this summer, from pupae collected near
Mansfield, Notts, by Mr. Daws, two imagines emerged with the heads
of the larvae still unchanged. I noticed that in the Report of the
Guerjisey Society of Natural Science (1889), p. 158, the same form of
monstrosity is noted as occurring in Zyga;.na trifolii. — J. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill. August, 1890.

Saturnia carpini cocoon with two exits. — In August last I
took about thirty larvae of Saturnia carpini, in Wicken Fen, feeding
upon meadow-sweet. I fed them up upon sloe, and twenty-three
turned out satisfactorily. The colouring of the cocoons is peculiar,
ranging from a transparent-looking white to a brick-red tint, the former
predominating. Three larvce taken last year on the Fen made cocoons
of the same white colour (one was shown at the City of London Society
early this year). One of my cocoons, a large white one, has two exits,
and appears to contain one healthy pupa. I should like to know
whether the white-coloured cocoons are obtained in any other locality.
— MiLLAis CuLPiN, 7 Warwick Terrace, Hoe Street, Walthamstow.
September, 1890.

[I have in my collection a normally coloured one with two exits,
which contained one pupa, the moth from which died in the act of

^ It is a well known fact that the males of certain soecies will copulate with the
females directly emergence takes place. If this insect had emerged in a state of
nature, there is the probability of immediate copulation having taken place. — Ed.

CURRENT NOTES. 175

emergence, being wedged in one exit, presumably, too small to admit
of its passage. — Ed.]

Larvae in a common cocoon. — Thinking one of my Eriogaster
lanestris cocoons unusually large, I opened it and found two pupae
squeezed together. One had suffered more than the other, but both
were pushed out of shape. The cocoon itself was perfectly formed,
and there was no partition between the pupae. They had been sleeved
out in a large bag with only a dozen neighbours. — G. M. A. Hewett,
Winchester. September, 1890. [This is a most unusual structure, I
have never seen anything like it before. — Ed.]

^URRENT NOTES.

A paper, by Herr Fritz Riihl, on the differentiation of Melitcea
athalia, pari/ienie, and aurelia, is being published in the Societas
En tomologica (1890).

Our Micro-lepidopterists should be interested in a paper, by Herr
C. Schmidt, on the " Larvse and Cases of the CoLEOPHORiDiE found in
Silesia," published in the Societas Entomologica (1889), pp. 169 and
184; (1890), pp. 3, 12, 19, 44.

Mr. C. \V. Dale, F.E.S., who is writing a "History of the Sphinges"
in the Yoking Naturalist, has placed together the whole of our five-
spotted Burnets {melitoti, trifolii, and lonicercr) under the name of loti.
Some of his statements and conclusions are startling, and appear alto-
gether unsupported by facts.

Besides the two specimens of Pliisia moneta already noted in the
Record (that in the " Current Notes " for last month being captured by
Mr. Holland), a third was taken at Dover by a school-boy, hovering
over a Delphinium blossom, and is now in Mr. Webb's collection, whilst
a fourth has been captured by Mr. R. A. Dallas Beeching nearTunbridge
Wells.

Mr. N. M. Richardson, B.A., has recorded {Ent. Mo. Mag.) another
specimen of Epischnia bankesiella from Portland. Of the five specimens
which have been captured, Mrs. Richardson has taken three, and Mr.
Richardson two. Mr. Richardson also records the capture, in Dorset,
of specimens of Steganoptycha subsequana in a fir wood, and Mixodia
rufimitrana amongst silver-fir, in the terminal shoots of which the larvse
probably feed.

Dr. J. H. Wood has found a new Tinagma, of which he describes
the life history in the Ent. Mo. Mag. (October). The larva first lives
in the twig, enters the leaf by passing up the stalk, and cuts out its
case from the leaf. There is a thickening for about two inches at the
end of the shoot, and the larvae are best collected before entering the
leaf, as they only enter it at night-time, and remain only long enough
to cut out their cases. The species is described and named betulcs by
Mr. H. T. Stainton, F.R.S., etc.

Mr. E. Meyrick records {Ent. Mo. Mag.) Aplota palpella from
Ramsbury, Wilts, captured in August.

It is with great regret that I have to record the death of two well-
known British entomologists, Mr. C. Hall, of Dover, and Mr. Owen
Wilson, of Caermarthen.

176

Var. of Smerinthus TitiJE. — I bred a fine female .S". ti/ics to-day,
with black hind wings. J. A. Clark, /loie 5M, 1890.

Sexual Variation in Euchelia jacob^^.— I do not remember
having seen it remarked that there is a distinct difference in the colour,
or shade of colour, of the males and females oi Euchelia jacobcca. It is
well known that, contrary to what is usually the case, the males of this
moth are considerably larger than the females ; but this is not the sole
distinction. The moth, generally abundant, has this year been more
than ordinarily so, and, sorting out a long series, I was struck with the
difference of colour between the sexes. The fore-wings in both sexes
have the brilliant carmine identical. In the females the hind-wings
are of the same bright colour ; but the hind-wings of the males are
much lighter — in fact, are not carmine, but crimson. The moths first
made their appearance this year in the latter half of May, and are to be
taken now in the middle of July. A good instance of protective resem-
blance afforded by this moth was noticed by Mr. Dover Edgell at
Bognor. A specimen at rest on a dark red brick wall assimilated in
tints so wonderfully to its surroundings as to be barely perceptible. My
largest male measures exactly if in., my smallest female i^in. A large
number of the larvae were collected and bred by Mr. Edgell in the hope
of obtaining a yellow variety ; but they were all of the normal colours.
I saw some years since a remarkable variety in the cabinet of Mr.
Cabris of Ringwood, in which the hind-wings were of the same smoky
colour as the ground colour of the fore-wings, being destitute of carmine
or crimson altogether. — Joseph Anderson, Jun., Chichester.

Small Variety of Euchloe cardamines. — In reply to Mr. A. E.
Hall (Etit. Record^ p. 98), I may say that I have a male specimen of
E. cardamines, which I took here a few years ago, measuring one
inch and three-eighths from tip to tip, very little larger than his. My
largest male is nearly two inches. — Id. July, 1890.

Small Varieties of Smerinthus populi. — I possess two males of
this species which, I believe to be unusually small. One measures
exactly two inches and an eighth from tip to tip, while the other is
scarcely a quarter of an inch larger. They were both bred from
larvae in 1888. — J. H. D. Beales, Arthur House, Margate. July, 1890.

[These small vars. are generally produced by insufficient or innutri-
tious food. — Ed.]

Local Forms of Ccenonympha davus. — Cceuofiympha davus from
Manchester mosses are dark, darker than Hartford specimens I have,
and apparently darker than the typical C. davus at Kirkby. —
J. Collins, Warrington. August iT,th, 1890.

Smerinthus tili^ var. — I have this year bred a variety of S. tilia:,
in which all the wings are of a beautiful fawn colour similar to the
ground colour of the normal type, but much brighter, the hind wings
being especially so. The green tint is scarcely visible, and even the
dark central band of the fore wings is suffused with the red tinge.
Thorax and body are of the same colour. This specimen was bred
from a pupa found under the bark of elm. Last year I bred a variety

VARIATION. 177

in which the central band is reduced to a small spot. — J. H. D. Beales,
Arthur House, Margate. Jtdy 2^th, 1890.

Melanthia ocellata var. — On June 5th, I captured at
Wimbledon, a var. of Melanthia ocellata, in which the transverse
median band is almost obliterated, the normal inner edge of the
band being indicated by a smoky line. — F. J. Buckell. July 2^th,
1890.

Yellow var. of Tortrix viridana. — I captured a yellow variety
of Tortrix viridana. I see Wilkinson mentions a primrose var. of
viridana, always female, mine is female. — T. A. Chapman, Hereford.

Local Form of Abraxas ulmata. — The form of A. ulmata, which
I have captured near Chatham {ante p. 109) is very unlike that
which, in 1828, I captured about two miles from Bewdley in
Worcestershire. The Chatham specimens vary in the following way :
They are smaller; the ground colour of the anterior wings more silvery
white, and there are fewer clouds ; the fringes of the hind wings also
silvery white and not* bordered with brown. I understand the same
form occurs near Woolwich ; but a Worcester correspondent says that
only the large form exists in the Museum there. It is strange that
the localities where I have captured the large form have always been
near fresh water, and those where I have captured the small near salt
water. Can there be any connection ? — J. Tyrer, Jeffery Street, New
Brompton, Kent. August, 1890.

[I do not see that any connection exists between the forms of the
species captured and the different localities, as far as the influence of
salt and fresh water is concerned. In Durham, specimens of extreme
size (large and small) occur in abundance in the same locality, and with
every apparent extreme in the quantity and depth of coloration of the
clouded markings. My specimens from the Midlands are all com-
paratively large, and those from Kent all comparatively small, but
perhaps this is more apparent than real owing to insufficient material
for comparison. — Ed.]

Melanippe fluctuata var. neapolisata. — M. fluctuata varies some-
what on the Continent, but not so much as in Britain. The variety
was named and figured by Milliere. When sending me Milliere's
extract. Professor Blachier wrote : — " Milliere has found in and near
Naples, this obscure variety of fluctuata. Finding it interesting, he
figured the $ in the 'Iconographie, vol. iii., pi. 131. Last year, I gave
him one of the two females which you had sent to me in October, 1886,
and it is this female that he has figured in the Annates de la Societe
Entomologiqiie de France, 1887, pi. v., fig. 7. Cidaria fluctuata varies
much. It is necessary, however, to consider as the type those specimens,
of which the colour of the wings is of a whitish grey, with three black
spots on the upper wings ; the first at the base of the wings, the second
as large, placed on the costa, the third small, also on the costa. Var.
neapolisata is distinguished from the type by the darker colour of all four
wings, which are sometimes of a blackish brown, sometimes of a smoky
yellowish brown. In the upper wings, the second spot is continued
almost to the inner margin in the form of a more or less complete
band." The species has been found in several localities besides
Aberdeen, among others, Glasgow, London, Clevedon (Somerset),

178 THE entomologist's record.

Bournemouth, York, etc., and would undoubtedly be found in many
others if specially looked for. — W. Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen, N.B.
Jime i2)^h, 1890.

Variation in Melanippe fluctuata. — I notice two distinct types
of variation in Mela7iippe Jluc/iiata, which is a very common moth in
this district, especially in the months of April and May. In the type
which I will call No. i, the dark bars are very distinct and go right
across the wings, they are very black and show up most conspicuously
on the light ground, which appears white by contrast. In No. 2 type,
the dark markings are much less distinct, and stop in the middle of the
wing. I have an extreme case of this type in which the bars are absent,
the only trace of them being two oval spots on the upper margin of
each wing, with dark edges and lighter centres. I find No. 2 much the
commoner type here, and the specimens are larger than No. i. — John
Williams Vaughan, Jun., The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire.

Black var. of Limenitis sibylla. — On Friday, July i8th, T cap-
tured at Holmesley a fine specimen of the black variety of Limenitis
sibylla, — R. E. James, Hornsey, N.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes of the Season (Lepidoptera). — Pitcaple. — Several Nodua
sohrina have been obtained in Aberdeenshire this year. Agrotis pyro-
phila has also been captured, and Siilbia anomola in fair numbers.
Sugar and flowers produced splendid results last month, and I should
pronounce the last half of July and first half of August all that any one
could desire, from an entomological point of view, the only drawback
being the rain. Sometimes insects literally swarmed on the flowers
during the rain, a thing I never noticed before. — W, Reid, Pitcaple,
Aberdeen. August 27/"//, 1890.

Sligo. — Insects seem to be tolerably abundant here this season. Each
year some one species seems to be more abundant than usual. This
has been a year for Chcerocaiipa porcellus ; the flowers of the common
rocket proved very attractive to them as well as to Diajithcecice and
Pliisiidtv. Sugar has, however, been a complete failure, hardly anything
having been obtained at it except Xylopkasia monoglypha^ and of this
species very few of the dark vars. have been captured. Light, on the
other hand, has been very attractive. On the night of August 8th,
between 11.30 p.m. and 1.30 a.m., I captured 147 specimens and 42
different species. My mode of working is simply a duplex lamp placed
at a window ; a tap tells me of an arrival, and I go outside and bottle
the insect, if worth while. On this night, however, I had to stay out-
side, and was unable to bottle one quarter of those that came. The
night was tolerably dark, with a south wind blowing in light squalls.
— P. Russ, Culleenamore, Sligo. August 2(yth, 1890.

Wye Valley {below Builtli). — I think that in our district this year
has, on the whole, been a bad one for lepidoptera up to the present
time. Butterflies have been very scarce, even the commonest sorts
being much fewer in numbers than they generally are. I took a few
specimens of Lyccena argiolus, but not so many as last season. I tried

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 179

the sallows on several nights but did very badly, only taking
T(V7Uflcamfa siabilis, T. instabilis, T. gothica, T. cruda and T. munda.
I failed to get a single T. ruhricosa or T. leucographa, both of which I
obtained last year. During the latter end of May and all through
June, I used a light on every suitable night, and also did a good deal
of beating and hunting posts and tree-trunks. I succeeded in taking
the following insects : — Chcerocampa elpenor, Lithosia ritbr/collis,
Arctia menihasf?-i, A. Inbricipeda, A. fuliginosa, Notodonta trepida,
Nudaria immdana and Nola crishdalis. I also took the following
Geometers : — Mdanippe fluctuaia, M. inontanata, M. iristafa, Hemero-
phila abruptaria, Aniiclea derivata, Paiiagra petrana, Tcphrosia
crepuscularia, Knmia a-atcrgata, Anaitis plagiata, Coremia ferrugata,
C. unidentata, Odontoptera bideniata, Selenia ilbmaria, Abraxas
uhnata, lodis ladearia, Asthena h/feata, A. candidata, Cabera exanthe-
niaria, PStdneria pulveraria, Melanthia ocellata, Cleora lic/ienaria,
Camptogramma bilineata, Larentia olh'afa, L. pedinitaria^ Boa7-niia
repandata, Lomaspilis margwafa, Emnieksia decolorata, E. albulata,
Metrocampa margaritaria. Among the Nocture, I captured Uadcna
thalassina, H. dentina, H. genis/cr, Xylophasia rurea, X. lit/wxytea, X.
polyfldon, Nodiia brunnea, Abrostola tnplasia, A. uriiccF, Phisia dirysitis,
P. iota, P. gamma, Triphcena pronuba, Acrofiyda [Ciispidia) psi, A.
( Viminia) rumids, Agrotis cxdamationis, Graminesia iriiinea, Hecaiera
screna, and Leucania comma. I noticed that the Hadenas, especially
dentina, were very plentiful. I took several specimens of H. genistc^,
which is anything but common here. I took them sitting on the
posts of the railway fence, and, curiously enough, I have always taken
them in the same field. — John Williams Vaughan, Jun., The Skreen,
Radnorshire.

Haihhani and Eastbourne. — I have been spending a fortnight at
Hailsham, arriving there on the evening of Monday, June 9th, in
company with the Rev. C. F. Thornewill. With regard to our captures.
Geometers were very scarce and sugar a failure, one Dipthera oriofi
being the only thing worth having that we took at it. On the other
hand Melitcca athalia was abundant, and it may be worth remarking
that we obtained a good many specimens of it, by searching the stems
of the grass along the rides with our lamps, whilst waiting to look over
the sugar. Our captures included, besides the species mentioned,
Eupithccia plumbeolata, Argynnis sdene, A. etip/irosyne, Zygcena fri/oiii,
Procris statices, Tanagra durrophytlata, Herminia barbalis, Tephrosia
extersaria (very scarce), Chelo7iia plantaginis, C. villica, Cidaria russaia
(some nice varieties), Eurymene dolabraria (two or three), Meirocatnpa
margaritaria, Venilia inaculata and a ioyyi common NocTU^. At
Eastbourne, we took Lyccena adonis, L. alexis, JSIdanippe rivata, AT.
galiata, Cranibus dirysoiiudieUus and Addalia subscricecita, this latter
species occurred also at Hailsham. — E. C. Dobree Fox, Castle
Moreton Vicarage, Tewkesbury. August ^th, 1890.

Durham. — The weather here for the last three weeks has been
extremely bad, the days chill and sunless with much rain, and the
nights cold and windy (generally N.E.). On the few occasions on
which I have attempted sugar and light, both have proved entirely
unproductive. The 9th was a finer day than usual, and a friend and I

180 THE entomologist's kecord.

went to the coast to try for L. salmacis. The day was windy with
occasional intervals of bright sun, and, after several hours' hard work,
we succeeded in taking 23 specimens. They were scarce but in good
unworn condition, and one of them, which I was fortunate enough to
take, was a fine underside variety, the undersides of all the wings being
a curious smoky black, with the spots almost obscured. I also took a
beautiful $ var. of L. alexis. My friend took a solitary specimen of
Procris geryon in fine condition (is not this extremely late for it ?), and
we also took two dozen Geometers of various kinds, so that altogether
we were well satisfied with the day's work. I have recently bred two
vars. of Arctia aija, one much darker and the other lighter than usual,
so that they form a nice contrast, also two vars. of A. villica. — T.
Maddison, South Bailey, Durham. July \2th, 1890.

Nezvbury, — Although at present this season has been wet and dull,
I have found it much better than that of 1889. Sugar seems extremely
uncertain. At Marlborough, up to the time I left (June 28th), luck
was good, night after night the sugared trees had from eight to ten
insects on each of them ; among others being Leucania tuna, Euplexia
lucipara, Hadena pisi, H. ihalassiua, If. chenopodii, H. adusta, Aplecta
herbida, Xylophasia hepatica and Neuria saponari(E. Since I returned
home, I have sugared repeatedly where in 1888 I took some remark-
ably good NocTU.-E and in great numbtrs, but the results have been
very discouraging. For four nights I saw nothing worth taking, most
of the patches having not a single moth upon them. Last week, I tried
a fresh hunting ground, and took 20 fine specimens of Leucania turca
in one evening. With the exception of one Thyatira derasa, one
Noctua triaiiguhaii, and an occasional Tryphcena protiuba, nothing else
was attracted by the artificial sweets. A quantity of grass is still uncut
in the neighbourhood, and I fancy this may account in part for the
failure of the sugar. Light has proved very successful. On July 8th,
I took no less than 50 specimens in my moth trap, all in good
condition, and among them such species as Em/ueiesia alchcmillata,
Eupithecia subnoiata, Acidalia subsericeata, Cidaria dotata, Pcricallia
syriiigaria, Crainbus perle/Ius, Xatithosetia zoegaiia, Smerinthus populi,
TimiDidra amataria, Dipterygia piuastri, Acidalia scutulata and Haitena
dcutina. The larvae of DiANTHrECiyE seem remarkably plentiful this
season. Yesterday, I collected a great number in the capsules of Silcne
iiiflata, and among these are what I believe to be E. affi/iitata larvae.
Last year I spent much time in Pen Wood near here, searching the
flowers of foxgloves for the larva; of E. pidchellata. I hunted only
among the flowers growing thickly together inside the wood. This
year Mrs. Bazett, who was here for a day or two's collecting, found
some larvce on a solitary flower growing in an open space of the same
wood. After this discovery, we found a great number in a short time,
but all from solitary flowerheads in the open spaces of the wood. Can
any lepidopterist give me a i^^^ hints as to the treatment of E.
pidchellata larvae during the winter? I should also be most grateful if
anyone could instruct me as to a method for bringing through
Amphydasis prodomaria. For the last three winters I have been most
unsuccessful with this species. Most of my larvae have "gone down,"
a fine batch of Hadena genistce, is my most interesting family just now,

\

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 181

they are feeding up ravenously on chickweed. I hope to be able to
bring them out this autumn. — M. Kimuer, Newbury, July i']fh, 1890.

Readi7ig. — I remember the time when moths came to sugar, but in
these (lays they appear to have given up the habit, at least here.
Caiocala pT^missa is recorded in "Newman" as occurring in Berkshire,
but I never could find it all the years I have collected till last week,
when I got one on a tree trunk near a very old oak wood. No doubt
I could get a number here, if sugaring were any good, but at present it
is useless to buy the sugar. I have taken H. crassnlis and Leiicania
iurca at Reading, also for the first time. Pwnea stramentalis has been
more abundant than usual, but I have found the commonest moth of
the season, so far. to be Chortodes arcuosa, which fairly swarmed along
the river bank and in the damp meadows. Epione apiciaria flies freely
in the sallow beds it frequents at midnight. — W. Holland, Reading.
July 28///, 1890.

Isle of Man. — On my arrival at Ramsey on August 12th I found the
weather very unsettled, and was at once informed that butterflies were
scarce this season. I however noticed the following : — Polyommatus
phlcEas (very striking forms), Lyccena icarus, Satyrus semele, Pararge
megiera, an occasional Vanessa iirtiar., Pieris rapie, P. brassiccB and dark
P. napi, the latter fairly common, but worn. There was little to be
done during, the day, except beating over-hanging sandcrests ; these
produced only Larentia salicata and Melanippe fiuduata. The nights
were extremely cold ; but on a piece of waste ground adjoining my
garden^ grew a quantity of ragwort among mallow trees, which 1 worked
nightly. Among the mallows I took a long series of Eiibolia cervinaria,
mostly mal(^s. ,. A few Scotosia dubitata, Boarmia repandata (small),
Eiipithecia coftstrictata, Cidaria fussata (nearly black) and C. iinmanata
(very light) were beaten out in numbers from ash trees during the day.
The following came to light but sparingly compared with my experience
during previous seasons : Lnperina testacea, L. capitis, and A. lunosa.
Sugaring failed altogether ; the only species which appeared, being the
Qvex-\)rcsQn\. Xylophasia polyodon. I therefore directed my attention
almost entirely to searching the ragwort at night. As this plant grows
in great abundance in the Island, I selected a pretty glen between cliffs
for this purpose and was soon rewarded by taking some fine Epunda
nigra. The following is a list of others I obtained in the same way :
Noctua xanthographa (various forms), N. g/areosa, A. tragopogonis^
Caradrina cubicularis, Agrotis tritici, A. valligera, Miana literosa,
Trypha;na orbona, T. itiierjecta, Hydrcecia niicacea, P. meticulosa
(common), Agroiis prcscox a.nd A. pyrop/ii/a (rare). I was pleased on
August 28th, to meet again with Stilbia anomola; the females appeared
early in the evening sitting on the flowers of the ragwort, but, owing to
the heavy rains for a week previous to that date, I found them all very
much worn. I may here mention that, in South Wales, I took this
species during two seasons about August 22nd, just emerged in fine
condition. At Douglas and Ramsey I also spent a considerable time
in searching for C. xeravipelina, of which I took a nice series (com-
mencing on x\ugust 26th), all very fine, though only the ordinary form.
Most of these I found between 3 and 5 p.m. on and around the ash
trees, in the grass, and among dead leaves, where careful searching was

182 THE entomologist's record.

required. On the summit of Snaefell, 2,000 feet high, I found Cidaria
populata and Clianeas graiiiinis. In collecting larvae I did not work
much, but brought home a good number oi DianthcBCUE in Silene juaritima,
which had been gathered for me previous to my arrival. During a visit
to the lovely Glen Helen, I noticed larvce oi Abraxas idmata suspended
from an elm tree overhanging a waterfall, and, pulling the boughs towards
me with some difficulty, I picked off about two score. In my garden,
on sallow, I discovered about twenty full-grown larvse of Sphinx populi
and Arctia fuliginosa feeding on ragwort. Agrotis ripcc occurred on
Chenopodium on the sandy shore, where I dug up about one dozen,
but found them much less common than on the opposite coast in
Cumberland last year.

In conclusion, it may perhaps be interesting to botanists to hear that
Brassica moneiisis was growing plentifully on the ground above the
harbour ferry at Ramsey. — J. Jager, 180, Kensington Park Road,
Notting Hill. September 2,0th, \'^()o.

Zeuzera pyrina (^sculi) in 1890. — I am glad to be able to re-
port another successful season with this species. I have again found
the moth abundant in the locality mentioned in the Entomologist of
September last (vol. xxii., p. 234), and also in Highbury Fields, a park
under the control of the County Council. The most remarkable take,
however, was from a solitary ash tree in a front garden opposite my
own door. This tree with a diameter of only a triQe over three inches,
at a height of four feet from the ground, yielded no fewer than twenty-
seven specimens. From June 24th, when I found the first moth, till
July 26th, I visited all three localities once, and sometimes twice each
day, and was thus enabled to be sure that my captures were made
within a short time after emergence. In the old locality sixty-eight
specimens were found, in Highbury Fields twenty- five, and on the
solitary ash tree twenty-seven. In addition to these, a female was
observed on the trunk of an oak at Highgate, when sugaring there
on July loth, and another was bred on July 15th from a pupa found in
my lilac. Warm morning sun seemed necessary to bring out the
imagoes. When the mornings were wet and the temperature low, none
emerged. When the early morning was bright and warm, followed by
rain before mid-day, some emerged, but were all more or less crippled.
The proportion between the sexes was curiously different in the three
localities. In the two new localities where I believe I captured every
specimen that emerged, the results were : in Highbury Fields, four
males to twenty-one females, from the solitary ash tree, twelve males
to fifteen females ; whilst in the old locality where, however, the
height of the trees made it impossible to be sure that every specimen
came under observation, twelve males and fifty-six females were
obtained. In the old locality the ash was again almost the exclusive
home of the insect, one specimen, however, emerged from a privet
bush, and there was evidence that the hawthorns were infected. In
Highbury Fields, the trees attacked were, without exception, young
elms of a diameter of from an inch and a half to three inches ; the
young planes which alternated with these were entirely unaffected.
The damage to the trees was very considerable ; in the case of the
large trees whole branches were killed, whilst the stems of the young
trees were so weakened as to snap across in a high wind, and the

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 183

solitary ash tree was completely killed above a height of four feet from
the ground. The normal hours of emergence are more extended than
I thought last year, and may be set down as from ii a.m. to 4 p.m.
The moths began to appear on June 24th, but, till July 4th, they were
only found on the small trees. It may be that the heating effect of the
sun's rays takes longer to penetrate the large trees. On July 7th, my
friend, Mr. A. J. Hodges, spent a leisure hour in cutting a lilac in his
garden to pieces, and, as a result, found several larvae still feeding,
and by no means fully grown. This would seem to point to the pro-
bability that pyr/na, like Cossus lignipcrda, remains more than one year
in the larval state. I do not find, however, any suggestion of this in
any of the authorities at my command.

I have not observed any striking variations, but a want of symmetry
between the markings of the two sides is noticed in all female
specimens. In size, the males range from an inch and five-eighths to
two inches and one-eighth, and the females from two inches and one-
eighth to two inches and seven-eighths. In the females, the metallic
spots appear clear and bold, as if printed on the surface ; in the males,
all not situated on the margins of the wing, appear as if covered by a
film. The males are much more uniform in marking than the females,
and, as a rule, have the spots quite separate from each other. In
a few specimens the large spots on the basal half of the inner margin
of the fore wings are more or less united, but in none of my specimens
is there any coalescence of spots in any other part of the wing. In the
females, one notices a greater or less freedom from spots of a space on
the fore wings between the sub-costal and median nervures, just
beyond the middle of the wing ; in some specimens the spots are so
few here as to give the appearance of a white patch, whilst in others the
space is hardly marked off from the rest of the wing. The size of the
spots varies considerably in different specimens, as also does the amount
of their coalescence. There is generally more or less union between
the large spots on the basal half of the inner margin, in a few to such
an extent as to give rise to a longitudinal streak in that situation.
More rarely, the spots above the basal half of the median nervure
coalesce and form a longitudinal streak. — F. J. Buckell, 32 Canonbury
Square. August 26th, 1890.

Hybernating larvae. — Will not some well-informed and experienced
collectors commence a series of notes on the best way of getting the
various hybernating larvae through the winter ? It would be very helpful
to less experienced members. For example, I have beaten eight
Trichiura craice-gi larvye out of sallows. Will they do best in a sleeve
on the plant, or in a cage with dry bents and leaf mould, or how ?

Many larvce, like Bombyx rubi, are perfectly easy to manage in the
right way, and almost impossible in any other way.

If some one must make a beginning, I am quite willing to do so —
Bombyx rubi. Plant a root of heather out of doors, knock the bottom
out of a cheese crate, put it round the heather and cover it with
perforated zinc. My larvce were under snow for a week. They came
up in March, and seemed pleased to have new shoots of heather to sit
on and spin among, but they ate nothing more.

Toxocampa pastiniim. When the purple vetch is done, leave the

184 THE entomologist's record.

dry stalks in an earthenware pot or bell glass inverted, and tie muslin
over the top, keep cool and dry. I did not lose a single larva.

Apatura iris. Sleeve out on sallow, so that the larvae can get on to
the stem or a thick branch. They glue themselves on to the living
bark, but are difficult to get through the winter. Tate, of Lyndhurst,
got some through one winter, but failed last year. They must be
moved off the sleeve every day, as none of his which hybernated on
the sleeve survived. — G. M. A. Hew^ett, S. Winefride, Winchester.

Time of appearance of Plusia festuc^. — In No. 5 of the
Record, I see a note on this subject by Mr. J. Collins. Perhaps my
experience in the matter may be of interest. I have found that Plusia
festuccE occurs regularly twice in the year here; at the end of June, and
again in September. I have never seen the pupa of the June brood,
but always get that of the September, when I look for it, and, as 1 have
never looked for that of the June brood I cannot assert that it does
not exist. I am inclined to think that the moth is double brooded, for
the June specimens are in too good order for hybernated specimens. I
take them in gardens at the back of these houses ; my next door neigh-
bour has a lot of turncap lilies, and these are a favourite haunt of the
Fliisice, but I have also taken them at sugar on the palings of my
garden. — W. F. Johnson, Winder Terrace, Armagh. September ^th,
1890.

FooDPLANT OF EupcECiLiA NOTULANA. — I have Seen it stated that
E. notiilatia is to be found feeding on Imda dysenterica, but I have
only found it on mint, or, rather, in the stems of that plant, although
Inula grows abundantly in the same place, in fact, mixed with the
mint. I have examined a good number of Inula stems, but found no
E. notulana. — N. M. Richardson, Monte Video, near Weymouth.
August 2Pth, 1890.

Capture of Psyche reticella. — I captured this species on a salt
marsh at the mouth of the Thames, flying in company with Eupcecilia
vectisana. — J. A. Cooper, Leytonstone. July 21st, 1890.

Note on Tortrix decretana (Tr.) and T. lafauryana (Reg.). —
I have again bred a nice but rather short series of these species from
larvce feeding in united leaves and shoots of Myrica gale (bog myrtle),
near King's Lynn. It is, however, to be regretted that both of these
insects, which do not appear to have been yet recorded from any
other district in the kingdom, should be so subject to ichneumon
parasites. Moreover, these parasites are increasing to such an extent,
that, from larvce of T. decretana collected this year, I have bred at least
three times as many of them as moths. Obviously both T. decretana
and T. lajauryana must soon become scarce here, unless something
occurs to lessen the number of their parasitical enemies. — Edward A.
Atmore, King's Lynn, Norfolk. September 26fli, 1890.

Distribution of Viminia menyanthidis in Scotland. — In Dr.
Chapman's very valuable and interesting paper on Acronycta, he ex-
presses the opinion that Viminia menyanthidis does not occur in the
Scottish Lowlands. By that he means, I suppose, Scotland south of the
Forth and Clyde. It does, however, occur in the Lowlands, both east
and west. In my notes I find records of it throughout Scotland from

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 185

the Tweed and Solway to Moray and West Ross, and it probably goes
further north. I have a note also that the larva is sometimes found
on menyaiithes (whence, of course, the name), but I never saw it myself
on that plant. — F. Buchanan White, Perth. September, 1890.

Capture of Aepophilus bonnairii. — Yesterday 1 spent some
hours in searching the rocks at low- water mark for the rare sub-marine
bug, Aepophilus bonnairii, and succeeded in finding one specimen. I
had lifted a piece of seaweed and caught sight of the insect as it was
disappearing in a crevice in the rock. — W. A. Luff, 12 Mansell Street,
Guernsey. September 29M, 1890.

Plusia moneta and Cuspidia alni at Tunbridge Wells. — You
may perhaps think it worth while to record in your magazine for this
month, that I captured at light in the High Woods near this town on
the I St of July last a very fine specimen of Plusia moneta. I sent the
specimen up to Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster (as it was unknown to
me), and they have identified it as that species. I also captured
Cuspidia alni at sugar in June, in a wood within a quarter of a mile
of my house. — R. A. Dallas Beeching, 24 St. James' Road, Tunbridge
Wells. October \st, 1890.

Catocala promissa near Reading. — I have to record the capture
of a second fine Catocala promissa at Padworth, about eight miles from
here. — (Mrs.) E. Bazeti, Springfield, Reading. August 26th, 1890.

Emmelesia unifasciata. — A large proportion of this species usually
remains in the pupal stage two years. I am now breeding specimens
from larvae collected in October, 1887, they having remained in pupte
three seasons. — W. G. Sheldon. July 2isl, 1890.

Retinia resinana. — I left Aberdeen May 26th for Forres, in search
of the larvae of Retinia resinana, and am pleased to say my journey was
successful, although rather a long one. I found the larvae rather common
in resinous lumps on the fir-twigs, but whether this is their second year
as larvae, I cannot say, never having reared the species before. Ac-
cording to Mr. Adkin's experience, which was published in the Ento-
mologist two or three years ago, this larva takes two years in feeding. —
A. Horne, Aberdeen, N.B. July, 1890.

FooDPLANT OF Catocala fraxini. — What is the natural foodplant
of C. fraxini ? Its name of course suggests ash. Newman gives
poplar and ash. The first time I obtained ova of this species I sleeved
them on ash, and lost the lot ; they never began to feed. Next year I
tried the ordinary Italian poplar, which they ate readily, and 22 imagines
were produced from 24 eggs. The same year a Plymouth correspon-
dent informed me that he had failed to rear them on ash. This season
I forced some three dozen and fed them (in the hot-house) on poplar,
and when the weather was suitable, sleeved them outside on the poplar,
transferring 2 to the balsam poplar, and, for experiment, I sleeved 4 of
the finest larvae on ash. Those on poplar did well, on ash the larvae
died, not a single sign could I detect of the ash having been eaten.
Has the larva ever been reared on ash in England ? It seems very
strange that the larvae should refuse ash when half fed, and starve in
preference to eating it, if ash is a natural food. Perhaps some ento-
mologist can tell me whether the larvae will, under any circumstances,

c

186 THE entomologist's record.

eat ash. If so, I should be much obliged. — Hope Alderson, Hilda
Vale, Farnboro', Kent. July 2,'^fh, 1890.

Insect Parasites. — The spider referred to by Mr. Milburn, of
Darlington, in the Entom. Record (vol. i., p. 133), is Chagleiiis venii-
stissimus. Caradrina cubicularis is frequently infested by it, probably
through the moth's habit of resting in hay-stacks, etc. Last June I
was unable, through pressure of work, to set immediately a couple of
Agrotis ashivorthii. I placed them in a relaxing pot nearly full of
damp sand. On the sand was a piece of brown paper to rest the
moths upon. In a couple of days I found the moths attacked by a
host of similar, but white, spiders. They had eaten through the paper
and attacked the moths. I have not got to the end of the puzzle yet.
There was apparently, nothing in the pot but beaten sand, which, I
ought to say, had been there a couple of years, a few drops of water,
and the brown paper. The pot stands in a warm room, and is covered
by a layer of damp cloth which fits closely under the tight earthenware
lid. — J. Arkle, Chester.

Killing Lepidoptera. — Notwithstanding the praises lavished upon
ammonia, I still prefer the cyanide bottle, the active agent in which, by
the way, is not cyanogen, but hydrocyanic, or prussic acid. The great
objection urged against the cyanide bottle is that it makes insects so
stiff as to render setting difficult. If, however, the insects be left in
the bottle for forty-eight hours they will be found quite as supple and
easy to set as if killed by ammonia, and will remain so for nearly a
week.i The advantages of the cyanide bottle are its much greater
handiness and decidedly more rapid action. This last is an important
point, as the more rapidly an insect is killed the less chance is there
of its knocking itself about in the death-struggle. A great objection to
ammonia is the number of species whose colour is damaged by its
action, as testified by its advocates. There are a few, such as Agriopis
aprilina, Hylophila prasinana and Aielanargia galatea, whose colour is
injuriously affected by the cyanide, but they are much less numerous,
and in these cases I use chloroform. Mr. Tutt's observation that
insects killed by ammonia dry much more quickly than those killed by
cyanide puzzles me. It is difficult to see why the mode of killing
should influence the rapidity of evaporation of the fluids of the body. —
Francis John Buckell, 32, Canonbury Square.

Killing Libellula depressa. — On May 24th I visited Epping
Forest on my first excursion in search of dragonflies, having earlier
found the larvse abundant in the many pools. I carried with me a small
homoeopathic phial filled with oxalic acid in solution, and a small litho-
graphic pen in case. One prick of the pen filled with the solution in
the thorax of the depressa was sufficient to kill it, and the specimens
were in good condition for setting in the evening. The smaller species
I boxed, and killed with a cyanide bottle on reaching home. — R.
MarshxMAN Wattson, 14, Narford Road, Upper Clapton, N.E. June
28M, 1890.

^ This is exactly what I say. See Dr. BuckelFs last sentence.

187
ggRACTICAL HINTS.

~ By W. HOLLAND.

{a) Get the men who are potato digging in market gardens, to look
out for large pupte for you, and you will sometimes have a number of
Acherontia atropos brought you.

(jb) Do not fail to put on sugar every possible night now for Dasy-
cainpa riibiginea. It would probably be heard of in many more districts,
if collectors did not give up the sugaring too early. A good, place to
try is in or near an oak wood. If ivy is not near or convenient to
search, cut off branches with blossom and place in favourable looking
spots, and it will double your chance. Even if you do not get ricbiginea,
other species as Xylina semibrunnca, X. petrificata, and X. rhizolitha,
Calocampa vefusta, C. exokta, Hoporina croceago and Cidaria psittacata
may be attracted sometimes till the end of November.

(c) Examine stems of wild parsnip for larvae of Cotichylis dUucidana.
The white frass is conspicuous just above the lower nodes of the stem.
Cut off stems containing larvre into convenient lengths and place in
damp sand.

{d) Beat thatch of old summer houses in gardens, and Alucita
polydactyla may be got in plenty.

{e) Beginning to middle of November, search after dark in birch
plantations, and Hybernia awatitiaria and Cheimatobia boreata may be
found in large numbers at rest hanging from the twigs and branches and
also on the grass below.

(/) From about the 6th to 20th of November, look out for Pacilo-
campa populi, Pefasia cassinea and Ptilophora plumigera at light. The
two first named rest on dark surfaces near the light (see Ent. Record^
p. 20) ; cassinea is sometimes out a {Q\y! days earlier i\\z.n populi.

(g) Beat hedges containing spindle for Pteroxia caudella before it
hybernates.

(//) Far more pupge of Smerinthus tiiiie may be dug up at elm than
at lime trees, and now is the best time to get them. Close up to
tree only.

(/) Pull off bark from willow trees and rough fences near, for
larvse of Apainea unanimis, which hide away early, you will sometimes
find pupae oi Ptilodoniis palpina when doing this.

ERRATA.

Page 164, line 18 from bottom, '■'■ Pastinum'''' should l>e '^ Pastiiiaca."
Page 164, line 5 from bottom, for bincEvella read niiiibella or senecionis.

fgOCIETIES,

Entomological Society of London. — October i, 1S90, — The
Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the chair.
The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited, and read notes on, a long and varied
series of forms of Cry modes exulis, collected in June and July last in
Iceland. In reply to a question by Lord Walsingham as to whether all
the forms referred by Dr. Walker to Crymodes exu/is had been identified

188 THE entomologist's record.

as belonging to that species, Mr. Kirby said the species was a very
variable one, and that several forms had been described from Labrador
and Greenland. Mr. South stated that he had examined Dr. Walker's
specimens, and he believed that most of the forms exhibited had been
described by Dr. Staudinger in his papers on the Entomology of
Iceland. Dr. Sharp exhibited a specimen of Orfiiihomyia avicularia,
L., taken near Dartford, to which there were firmly adhering — apparently
by their mandibles — several specimens of a mallophagous insect. He
also exhibited some specimens of fragile Diptera, Neuroptera, and
Lepidoptera, to show that the terminal segments in both sexes might be
dissected off and mounted separately without the structures suffering
from shrivelling or distortion. Dr. Sharp also said, in reference to the
statement made by him, on p. 421 of his paper recently published in
the ' Transactions ' of the Society, as to the number of the segments of
the abdomen, and the position of the genital orifice in the female of
Hemiptera-Heteroptera, that he had recently been making some dis-
sections, and found that the structures externally were difficult of
comprehension, and he now thought that the statement he had made
from observation, without dissection, might prove to be erroneous.
Mr. G. F. Hampson exhibited and remarked on a series of Erebia melas,
taken in July last, in the Austrian Alps (Dolomites), by Mrs. NichoUs.
Captain Elwes observed that this species was abundant in the Pyrenees ;
but although he had frequently suggested to Dr. Staudinger and other
European lepidopterists that it probably occurred in the Swiss or Austrian
Alps, he had never been able to obtain specimens from any part of
Europe except the Pyrenees ; and that it had been left to an English
lady to be the first to take a species of Erebia new to these Alps. He
added that the species only frequented very steep and stony slopes on
the mountains, so that its capture was attended with difificulty. Mr.
McLachlan exhibited specimens of an extraordinary Neuropterous larva
found by Mr. B. G. Nevinson in tombs at Cairo. He said that this
larva had been assigned to the genus Nenioptera by Schaum, who
described it as having been found in tombs in Egypt (Berl. Ent.
Zeitbchrift, vol. i.); and Roux had previously (Ann. Sci. Nat. t. xxviii)
described and figured it as an abnormal apterous hexapod under the
name of Necrophilus arenarius. Mr. Nevinson supplemented these
remarks with an account of his capture of the specimens in the Egyptian
tombs. Mr. G. T. Baker exhibited a series of forms of species of the
genus Boarmia from Madeira ; and also a series of melanic varieties of
Gracilaria syringella from the neighbourhood of Birmingham. Mr. W.
F. H. Blandford exhibited and remarked on a series of specimens of
Dermestes vulpinus, which had been doing much damage to the roofs of
certain soap-works in the neighbourhood of London, where it had no
doubt been introduced with bones and fat. Mr. R. W. Lloyd exhibited
a specimen of Carabiis catenidatus, in which the femur of the right fore-
leg was curiously dilated and toothed. He stated that he took the
specimen at Oxshott, Surrey, on the 27th September last. The Rev. C.
F, Thornewill exhibited a black variety of the male of Argynnis aglaia,
taken by himself in July last on Cannock Chase ; also a number of
living larvae of a species of Enpithecia feeding on the flower-heads of
Tanacetlun viilgare collected in a limestone quarry in Leicestershire.
He expressed some doubt as to the identity of the species, but the

SOCIETIES. 189

general opinion was that the larvae were only those of Eupithecia
absynthiata. Mr. H. Goss exhibited, for Mr. G. Bryant, a variety of
the larva of Trichiura cratcegi. Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited a specimen
of Plusia moneta, Fabr., a species new to Britain, talcen at Reading by
Mr. W. Holland in July last. It was stated that a second specimen of
this species had been taken at Dover last June, and was now in the
collection of Mr. Sydney Webb of that town. Mr. Kirby said that
Mynheer Snellen had reported this species as being unusually common
in Holland a few years ago. Mr. W. Dannatt exhibited a variety of
Papilio hectorides from Paraguay. Mr. Osbert Salvin said he believed
he had seen this form before. Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited a curious
little larva-like creature, found by Mr. Green in a rapid mountain stream
in Ceylon, and observed that there was some doubt as to its true
position in the animal kingdom. It was made up of six distinct
segments, each of which bore a single pair of laterally directed processes
or unjointed appendages. Mr. Hampson remarked that the appendages
were very suggestive of the parapodia of certain chaetopod worms, but
that all the known polycha^tous worms were marine. Lord Walsingham
and Mr. McLachlan expressed an opinion that the animal was of
myriopodous affinities, and was not the larva of an insect. Mr. Baker
read a paper entitled " Notes on the genitalia of a gynandromorphous
Eronia hippia." — H. Goss, Hon. Sec.

City of London Entomological Society. — September \Zth, 1890. —
Dr. J. S. Sequiera exhibited a box of lepidoptera from Bournemouth
and the New Forest, including Emiomos tiliaria, Luperitta testacea (very
fine), Triphtena orbona, Hydracia micacea, Hesperia sy/vanus, AIela?ithia
oceliata, Fseiidoterpna cytisaria, females of Satyrus semele, Ellopia fas-
ciaria, etc. Mr. J. A. Cooper, a small series of suffused Bryophila
perla, and living imago of Arctia menthastri. Mr. Battley's exhibit of
insects from Lyme Regis contained Satyrus a^geria, S. tnegcera, bleached
forms of S. janira, Arge galathea with eye-spots, a yellow var. of
Zyg(e7ia filipendulcz, Lycccna agestis, Aiiana liferosa, several Deltoides^
etc. ; two fine specimens of a large green locust ; several fossils, com-
prising vertebrae of Ichthiosaiiriis and Plesiosauriis, shells of Ammonites,
Lima, Gryphea, and many others from the Lyme Regis district. Mr.
Hanes exhibited series of Noctua /estiva and N. rubi. Mr. Bellamy,
males and females of Satyrus semele, one specimen having a broad
streak on forewing and an eye absent. Mr. Clark, a very variable series
of Smerinthus tilice. Mr. Goldthwaite, a very handsome series of
Thecla betu/ce, reared from larvae obtained at Epping Forest, all the
specimens were exceedingly fine. Mr. L. Tremayne, a series of
Fidonia piniaria (all males), two Saturnia carpini, three Macroglossa
Juciformis, and three Bombyx rubi (one very curious var., the lines on
forewing meeting together and forming an arch). Mr. Simes, bleached
Satyrus janir a from New Forest, and stated that this form of the insect
was much commoner than the type. Mr. Lusby, Lyca;na adonis and L.
aiexis from Croydon. Mr. Milton's insects from Wellington included
Thecla quertus, T. W-album, Nemeobius lucina, Chelonia plantaginis,
Melanippe hastata, Lobophora viretata, Eupithecia lariciata, Abraxas
ulmata (from Burton-on-Trent), Asthena blomeraria, Dianthcecia
cucubali, etc.

190 THE entomologist's record.

Coleoptera: — Mr. Hanes, a number of beetles taken at sugar at
Brockenhurst. Mr. Heasler, local species from the Isle of Sheppy,
comprising Aiithiais huinilis^ Bembidiurii ephippium^ Tachys sciitellaris,
Ptinus lichaium, Pogitmis /iffoj-a/is, P. chakeus and P. luridipennis.

A discussion on the lateness of the season was introduced by Mr. J.
A. Cooper, and taken part in by Messrs. Hanes, Battley, Simes,
Tremayne an I others. Dr. Sequeira called attention to the develop-
ment of new foliage in some lime trees growing near his residence at
Hackney. Observations were also made on the same subject by other
members. The President reminded the meeting of the exhibition of
Tceniocampa species on October i6th, and asked those present to bring
exhibits of the genus.

October 2nd. — Mr. Conquest exhibited a series of Geometra papilio-
7taria, bred from larvje taken in Tilgate Forest, a bred series ot Plusia
orichakea from the Cambridgeshire fens, together with fine series of
Notodonta cucidlina, N. droinedarius, PJ. chaonia, JV. dodonea, Cymato-
phora fluctiiosa^ Asthena hiteata and Crambus pinetellus ; altogether
this was a very fine exhibit. Mr. Tutt, for Dr. Chapman, exhibited a
very long seiies of fine varieties of Cuspidia alni picked from a large
number of bred specimens. Many of the specimens had the pale parts of
the wings very much suffused with black scales (referred to as var. siiffusa),
while others presented every possible form of variation in the size and
shape of the orbicular, from total absence to a large, well-developed,
pupillated spot. Mr. Battley, a series o( Apamea ophwgra?n7iia, captured
at Stamford Hill, a dark form of Boannia rhoviboidaria var. perfumaria
and a specimen of Crocallis elinguaria suffused with brown scales.
Mr. Goldthvvaite, Pcedisca sordidana, Conchylis fraficillana and other
species from the Isle of Wight. Mr. Clark, a series of Aciptllia
spilodactylus from Freshwater. Mr. Simes, a series of Cloantha
solidaginis, from Cannock Ciiase. Mr. Milton, Nonagria typlue, Gorttiya
flaziago, Hydriccia petasitis and others. There were several exhibitions
of larvae, beaten in Epping Forest during the week, chiefly Platypkryx
utiguuula, P. hainuhi, Detnas coryli, Epiiyra tri/lnearia, and Notodoiita
cajnelina. The reports from Epping seem more favourable than those
of last year. A discussion on the family Apamid^, and exhibition of
the species of this group, was arranged for November 6th.

Cokoptera : — Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited Lepiura scukllata, captured
at the New Forest on August Bank Holiday ; also Astynomus ccdilis
and Rhaguim bifasciatiim. Mr. Pearson, several living specimens of
Blaps similis, from Stoke Newington. Mr. Battley, Opik mollis, cap-
tured on October 2nd, at Epping Forest. Mr. Cripps, Clythra ^punctata,
from Brockenhurst, and Toxotus meridianus, Strangalia melanura, and
Malachius (tnens, from Chattenden. Mr. Heasler, Lithocaris brun/ieus,
from Highgate, Notiophilus ritfipes and Treclius secalis. Mr. Milton,
the following from Tottenham : — Carabus gramtlatiis, Silpha liito?-alis,
and Hydrous caraboides. Mr. Milton also exhibited a very fine
specimen of an Homopteron — Zedra aurita. — G. A. Lewcock and
E. Hanes, Hon. Sees.

South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— Sepkmber 2^th, 1890. — Members seem to have returned to town
again, as the attendance was better than it has been for some time.
Mr. Adkin exhibited larvae of Apkcta occulta, and imagines of

SOCIETIES. 191

Homceosoma bincevella and Myelophila cribrum, both from thistle ; and
made remarks on the protective resemblance of the latter species
to the glumes, etc., on the flowering stems of a certain grass, which
grew in amongst the thistles. Mr. Mera exhibited a very nice series of
Bisulcia ligustri^ and a var. of Argytinis euphrosyne with the central
area of the wings banded, taken at Chattenden last June. Mr. Barker
exhibited Boarmia repandata var. conversaria, vars. of Hypsipetes
elutata and the dark banded form of Caiiiptogramma bilitieata. Mr.
Jager exhibited the specimens of Callinwrpha hera recorded in last
month's number, and a large box of Manx captures, and read a note
on his work in the Isle of Man^ a full account of which is given in the
" Notes of the Season " for the month. Mr. Wellman, comparative
series of Hyponoineuta padellus, H. cognatellus and H. evotiymellus.
Mr. Fenn, Scotch forms of Cidaria inwiaiiaia, extreme forms of Agrotis
airsoria, and a specimen of Ephestia ficulella captured in the rooni
where the meeting w-as held. The most interesting exhibit of the
evening was that of Mr. Bright (Bournemouth). His box contained
a fine lot of local varieties, including the dark form of Limenitis
Sibylla (New Forest) ; two specimens of Urapteryx savibucata (Wolver-
hampton) showing extreme variation in the direction of lines on
superior wings; vars. of Arctia caia\ Vanessa urticcp., reported as
captured by Mr. Mountford at Polegate, showing apparent reversion
to an American species, Argyntiis paphia vars. with pale areas, from the
New Forest A. adippe var. cleodoxa from Sussex ; splendidly suffused
vars. of Venusia cambricaria from Sheffield ; a fine var. of Boarmia
roboraria (New Forest) ; a magnificent series of the dark and red vars.
of Ta^niocampa gracilis from the New Forest, and a series of the heath
form of CEnectra pilleriana (Bournemouth), which is strikingly different
from those obtamed by Mr. Eustace Bankes and other collectors
in Dorsetshire ; other varieties included aberrant specimens of
Syrichthus alveolus (New Forest), Boarmia repandata (English and
Scotch forms), B. abietaria, Tephrosia biundi/laria, Larentia aesiala
(Rannoch), Coremia propugnata, Fidonia atomaria, etc. Mr. Carrington
made some remarks on the capture of C. hera ; Mr. Fenn pointed out
that this species was first captured in England by Mr. D'Orville ; Mr.
Tutt stated that specimens had been cajitured this year by Mr. Hollis,
and that there was no doubt about the authenticity of these captures ;
Mr. C. G. Barrett quite agreed that there was no doubt thrown on the
authenticity of these specimens, but the doubt arose some time ago as
to its probable introduction ; Mr. Tutt pointed out that the locality
where these were taken, was very near the geographical limit of the
species, but that the climatic conditions in Devon would be favourable,
an opinion with which Mr. Jenner Weir acquiesced. Mr. Cockerell gave
a most interesting account of the phenomenon of "alternation of
generations," as observed in certain gall-flies and its bearing on
parthenogenesis. Mr. Carrington wished to correct an error {Record,
p. 165); he did not find larvce of A. lathonia, hut made an almost
unsuccesful search for ova. Messrs. Bright, Carrington, C. G. Barrett
and J. Jenner \Veir joined in a discussion on the food of Lyctena agon
in which was a good deal of speculation and but very little fact. The
meeting was brought to a close by Mr. Jenner Weir reading some
notes from New Zealand and Australia.

192 THE entomologist's record,

October ()th. — Several interesting exhibits took place. Among others,
Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited the specimen of Plusia moneta taken at
Reading by Mr. Holland, and expressed an opinion that the species
was gradually spreading northwards. Mr. South, ordinary specimens of
English and Scotch Noctua /estiva, with a few specimens of the Shetland
variety. Mr. W. West, a series of Celcena haworthii from Derbyshire.
Mr. Cockerell, four most interesting specimens of Colias eurytheme : —
(i). C. amphidusa, (2). C. keetvaydin (spring form in the Rocky Mis.), (3).
C. ariadne (winter form in Texas), (4). C. eriphyle (autumn form in the
Rocky Mts.). These four forms had been shown to be one species by
breeding one form from eggs laid by another. An exhibition of four
specimens of Argynnis enphrosyne, produced from ova laid in June, led
to a discussion as to whether this species and selene wer double-
brooded in nature. Several members stated that they had .let with
occasional specimens of the second broods of this species.^ lyir.
Tugwell exhibited bred Heliophobus hispidus, and referred to the tact
that there was no appreciable violet tinge on the specimens. Mr. Tutt
remarked that in specimens he had bred from pupee, given him by
Lieut. Brown, there was no such tinge. He also pointed out that his
remarks re the species ( Varieties of British Noduce) were perfectly
correct, and that our specimens are in no way identical with Hiibner's
figure, although in a note published in the Entomologist some time ago,
it might be supposed that his remarks were inaccurate. Mr. Fenn ex-
hibited some good forms of Triphccna orbona, Agrotis nigricans, Viminia
myricce, and Cnephasia octomuculana from Scotland, also one specimen
of Agrotis pyrophila from Aberdeen. Mr. Tutt exhibited for Lieut.
Brown, a magnificent series of Agrotis pyrophila from Portland, two of
the specimens being especially ochreous, and others showing a fairly
developed central band. He also exhibited Scotch specimens for com-
parison. Mr. Joy, living larvae of Toxocampa pastinuni from Cam-
bridgeshire. Mr. J. Jenner Weir, two fine Vanessa milbertii ixom North
America, with Vanessa urticce for comparison, and remarked that the
specimen exhibited as a var. of V. urticcB by Mr. Bright at
the last meeting, and stated to have been captured at Polegate,
was, as Mr. Tutt had suggested at the previous meeting, V.
milbertii, and could not possibly be British. Messrs. Cockerell,
Jenner Weir, and Tutt made other remarks about this specimen
before the matter dropped. Mr. Billups exhibited parasitic Hyme-
noptera, and Mr. Cook some beautiful nests of Vespa sylvestris. Mr.
Tutt referred to a Pyrale, which had been caught near Chepstow and
given to Mr. Mason, who sent it to him for identification. This,
he pointed out, was a probable importation from South America, and a
species new to science. The rest of the evening was amusingly spent in
a personal discussion relating to the reports of the Society, and the
unique position of the Society in not sending official reports within a
few days of the meeting to the Record. As a result, it would seem that
the Council are quite out of touch with a large proportion of members
on this subject. — Ed.

* Selene is recorded as occurring in Perthshire in August this year, in this month's
Record. — Ed.

<^^ AND ^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 8. Vol. I. November 15th, 1890.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES.

By Ur. T. a. chapman.
{Continued from page 150.)
\CRONYCTA {Vimhiia) venosa. — It must be some
thirty years since I first reared this species, and was
impressed with its close resemblance, especially as
a pupa, to ruinicis and menyantJiidis, with which
species I was very familiar, and whose differences from psi and
leporina, the other species of Acronycta I knew most of, were
so much greater than separated them from voiosa. It was
therefore with much pleasure that I received a batch of fertile
ova from Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, after having in vain tried to
secure ova from moths reared in captivity. I may have some-
thing further to say about the pairing of Acronyctas in confine-
ment, a subject on which, however, I am still nearly as much
in the dark as my experience of venosa would appear to indi-
cate ; for with this species I have entirely failed in three
several years ; yet Sepp relates that he obtained two larvse.
These happened to emerge together, a male and female, and,
pairing, provided him with a batch of eggs. The batch of
eggs I had was in fact two batches laid by the same moth, and
consisted of several hundred eggs. Having laid one batch, the
moth, finding, I presume, no tempting place to lay another,
disposed them as a second layer over the first. This was, of
course, an accident that would not happen in a state of
freedom, and was fatal to the hatching of the under layer.
Nearly the whole of each layer consisted of eggs laid in one
imbricated set, each o.^'g overlapping its neighbour about one-
fourth of its diameter. Each Qgg is overlaid by three others,
or, where a little irregularity occurs, by four others ; the regu-
larity of the arrangement was very exact ; in runiicis the eggs

194 THE entomologist's record.

overlap a little further, and are not unfrequently a little less
regular in the orderly arrangement of the rows of overlapping
eggs.

In venosa the silky lustre of the group of eggs is more
striking than in any other species, but is approached by
rumicis. When first laid, the eggs are of a sulphur yellow, but
soon become reddish brown, with paler markings, much in the
pattern of rumicis, as regards size and arrangement, but less
definite and distinct and without the dark apical mark. The
ribs are fewer than in rumicis, about 41 to 45, being thus a
little larger and bolder ; the crenulations or secondary ridges
are somewhat more evident, and terminate towards the
summit or micropyle in rather more decided mammellse. The
diameter is from 0*95 to i"i mm. ; the height must be about
•4 mm., but I got no satisfactory measurement, owing to the
attachment of the eggs to each other.

The larva, when newly hatched, is whitish, but soon gets
darker, and much resembles the other species of Viminia.
3.4, 6.7, 10. 1 1, and 13 are pale segments, 2 is also rather pale,
head black (as in others). The tubercles are distinctly larger
and darker in the dark segments, paler and rather smaller in
10, and especially so in 11. The anterior trapezoidals stand
up prominently, so that, seen laterally, they form a serrated
dorsal ridge, especially marked in 3.4, 5.6, and 12, and notably
deficient in 11 ; each has 3 hairs, except 4 in 9th and 5 in
12th segments ; the other tubercles have each i hair. The
hairs are long, about i mm. (larva 2 mm.), and several,
especially in 13, longer. The larva is rather paler than the
other Viminia, the tubercles being deep brown rather than
black. In rumicis, which comes nearest to venosa, the tubercles
are also not quite black as in the others, but are even rather
paler than in venosa. As the larva grows, the distinction be-
tween the pale and dark segments becomes more marked than
at first. The scutellum of the 2nd segment has 4 hairs on
either lateral half; this is the same as in the other Viminia
of which I have a note. As compared with rumicis, the larva
is paler, tubercles smaller and blacker, but the form of the
tubercles, disposition of hairs, and relative size of the nth
segment seem identical. In the full-grown (in 6th skin) larva,
the alternation of pale and dark segments is perhaps more
marked than in the other species of Vimt7iia.

The description of the several stages becomes rather
monotonous. It is noted, as in the other species, that in the

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 195

2nd skin (after the ist moult), the tubercles are black, and so
closely packed as to make the larva at first look black ; lo is
a weak, and ii a very weak segment, as regards the develop-
ment of the tubercles ; on the others, the anterior trapezoidals
form a large boss, each spiculated like a hedgehog by the
bases of the hairs, which are 8 or g in number, 5 or 6 on the
posterior trapezoidal, and 6 or 7 on the supra-spiracular, the
post-spiracular already dwindled to little more than a point
with I hair. The alternation of light and dark segments is
still very plain, the posterior spiracular tubercle is very small;
on segment 12 the trapezoidals are welded into one boss, the
nth is still markedly small. The larva gets thicker from i to
5, remains nearly uniform in 6 and 7, tapers again to the nth
segment, the 12th being again large. In some specimens,
there is a lighter region, almost amounting to a band, between
the trapezoidal tubercles, and, in a very few, a white patch on
the dorsum of the 3rd segment. They still like to feed
gregariously, but a solitary larva does not appear altogether
unhappy, as is the case with distinctly gregarious larvae, such
as }'oung Moma orion or Endromis versicolor.

After the 2nd moult (in 3rd skin), the colour is rufous,
marbled in two shades, with an indication of a paler line be-
tween the anterior and posterior trapezoidals, most marked on
3.4, 6.7, 10 and II, and there is a decided white spot above the
subspiracular tubercles of 2, 3, and 4 ; roughly speaking, how-
ever, the general tone and tint is fairly uniform, and shows up
the black tubercles distinctly ; these possess 3 or 4 strong and
6 or 8 paler bristles, they are not quite so large as in ruuncis,
the post-spiracular still exists as a dot.

The 5th segment is the largest, and thence the larva tapers
regularly backwards, the 12th segment being a doubtful excep-
tion, owing to the rather larger size of its tubercles. \Mien
full grown (in 3rd skin), the dorsal region, extending to the
anterior trapezoidals, is darker (brownish fuscous), and a
yellowish band may be described between the trapezoidals,
whilst below them the sides are marbled with brownish fuscous
and a dirty yellowish white.

In the 4th skin, when the larva has attained a length of
14 mm., the colours are black and orange, the bluish grey
sides and yellow subdorsal band contrasting with the black
tubercles, somewhat suggest the full-grown larva of Pontia
brassiccE. The dorsal area, between the anterior trapezoidals,
is a deep reddish brown, almost black; between the trape-

196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

2oidals is an orange band, between the posterior trapezoidal
and the spiracles is again chocolate brown, and the sub-
spiracular is orange yellow. These yellow bands are a pro-
nounced portion of a system of transverse marbled lines,
which, in the chocolate area, are bluish grey, and are very
sparse on the dorsal region, but on the lower area cover more
space than the chocolate brown colour, the tubercles black,
also the head, except two narrow brown lines on each side,
one bounding the clypeus and the other a little higher up.
Beneath, the colour is a pale chocolate, with the marblings of
a greyish green. Each tubercle carries several long black hairs,
about the diameter of the larva in length, but longer on 3, 12,
and 13, and more abundant, but shorter, whitish-brown ones.
The larva is thickest about 3 and 4, and tapers gradually back-
wards. The tubercles on the dorsum still give a serrated
aspect to the outline seen laterally, which is similar in the
other Viuiinia, but for some reason does not strike one so
distinctly as in this species.

In the 5th skin, the larva is very similar to the 4th ; the
description I have taken differs somewhat in its expression,
and may assist in forming a picture of the larva, otherwise the
repetition would be redundant. The length is 21 mm. It
tapers slightly backwards, with a suspicion of a hump on 12.
A hairy blue grey larva, with blacker back and yellow subdorsal
line ; the post-spiracular tubercle is reduced to a hairless dot, the
others are all well developed, with two black hairs and many
(about 15) pale ones two-thirds the diameter of the larva in
length, and some (on 2, 3, 4, and 12) are twice as long as the
others — tubercles black, skin black but thickly marbled with
paler streaks ; in the back these are reduced to a few pale
dots, between the trapezoidals they coalesce into an irregular
orange yellow band, lower they are still numerous, of a whitish
blue grey, giving a general grey tone to the larva ; on the sub-
spiracular line they again unite in a narrow broken line of an
orange yellow colour round the subspiracular tubercle, and a
similar patch extends upwards, and includes the spiracle and
the post-spiracular tubercle. The pale marblings form circles
round the tubercles, especially the posterior trapezoidal and
the supra-spiracular. The head is black with white labrum
and palpi.

In the last skin, the larva attains a length of from 34 to
40 and 45 mm., a hairy larva, marked longitudinally with
black, grey, orange, and yellow. It has now no riiinicis form.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 197

but is fairly cylindrical, tapering a little at each end, the head
is set on squarely, and it does not protrude the jaws, nor does
it draw itself up into any humped attitudes, nor curl itself
round. There is a good deal of variety in the brilliancy and
darkness of colouring of different larvae. The general arrange-
ment and character of markings is as in the previous skin.
Assuming the black to be the ground colour, it is broken up
by narrow streaks, mainly in transverse lines of colour, which
is, in places, pale creamy ochreous, in others, brick red. These
form a nearly continuous band between the trapezoidals as a
paler subdorsal line, and also a nearly continuous subspiracular
line. The dorsal area, between and in front of the anterior
trapezoidals, forms a black dorsal band, broken up behind the
trapezoidals by the transverse lines, of which six may be
counted — they are much interrupted, and do not materially
interfere with the apparent continuity of the black dorsal band ;
the pale subdorsal band has an irregular margin owing to the
branching off of the pale streaks, it lies between the anterior
and posterior trapezoidals, and almost includes both of them.
Its colour is a brick red on the middle and front portion of
each segment, yellowish ochreous behind.

The next section reaches from this down to, and including,
the spiracles ; it is black, but much broken up by the yellow
ochreous streaks or marblings, w^hich are most numerous on
the posterior part of each segment, less so in front and least
so in the neighbourhood of the supra-spiracular tubercle.
The lateral or subspiracular line is yellow, but at the centre
of each segment it is red ; here it includes the large sub-
spiracular tubercle, and, stretching up behind the spiracle,
includes the small post-spiracular tubercle. The spiracle itself
in front of this, is conspicuously white, in a darker patch
belonging to the zone above. This lateral area is identical
in form and in relative colour with the lateral line in niDiicis.
Immediately on moulting into this skin, the colours of this
band in vcnosa are much more brilliant, and not far from those
of ruinicis. This is notable, as it is the rule for colours to be
pale and less pronounced immediately after a moult. Indeed,
I have, in describing the 3-ounger stages of these larvae, erred,
in noting how, after each moult, or on hatching, the blackness
of the tubercles packed together makes the larva appear black,
although, as it grows, and they separate, the paler colour of
the skin asserts itself. Ininiediately on hatching or moulting,
however, the larvae really look pale, as the tubercles are then

198 THE entomologist's record.

a pale ashy grey, and it takes some time, often very short, for
them to assume their inky blackness. To return to venosa,
the lower surface is black with pale cinereous marblings, but
the actual ventral surface is paler, with tendency to central
black line. The surface, from the centre of the subdorsal
band downwards (excepting the subspiracular line), is finely
dotted with minute black hair points, though it is hardly
possible to say there are any hairs, as they are nothing more
than these points. The tubercles are rounded bosses carrying
15-20 hairs, the supra-spiracular and ventral are black, the rest
reddish, the post-spiraailar is very small, with only one or two
hairs. The trapezoidal and supra-spiracular tubercles have
each 4 or 5 black hairs stiffer than the others, which are
rufous, as are those on the other tubercles. The lateral line
does not extend to the 13th segment, but the lateral tubercle
is red, and on 14, pale, almost yellow.

The hairs are about 2 mm. in length, longer at each ex-
tremity, a few in front being as much as g mm. The anterior
portion of the 2nd segment is black, with two orange dots, —
apparently trapezoidal tubercles — its anterior margin is fringed
with rufous hairs, falling closely over and obscuring the head ;
the rest of the segment is darker than the others ; on the 3rd
segment, the darker areas are stronger than on the others, at
the expense of the lighter, both towards its anterior and pos-
terior margins, the legs are black, the head black, with an
orange-brown inverted V above the clypeus, and three irregular
streaks on the cheek, arranged as if radiating from the jaw ;
palpi and labrum yellow (nearly white), jaws black.

The larva here described is the palest and most richly
coloured, others are much darker, and some may be almost
black. Some, again, have a paler line on the whitest part of
the lateral line. The head and spiracles (white) do not vary
in colour. The black specimens have a hoary look from the
pale hairs over the black skin. As the darker larvae get full-
fed, they show rather more of the paler marbling, giving indi-
cations of the subdorsal and lateral lines, especially towards
the incisions, the marblings indeed may always be detected
with a glass, though so darkly coloured as to have little effect
on the general tone of the larva. This is especially so near the
incisions and in the regions of the subdorsal and lateral lines.
The outer sides of the anterior trapezoidal tubercles and the
subspiracular and post-spiracular tubercles are obscurely reddish
in these darker larvae.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 199

In a very pale larva, the black dorsal area is only pronounced
between the anterior trapezoidals, and is then brown rather
than black, the subdorsal yellow is not defined from the
marblings of the area, below which, the colour is rather of a
pale greenish yellow with black spots than dark, as in other
specimens. The white spiracles, so conspicuous in a black
larva, are here hardly seen.

When ready to spin up, this larva voids some damp frass,
very unlike the dry material of a feeding larva, and shrinks
very much in bulk, diminishing in length from 45 to 33 mm.,
whilst the colours lose all definition and brightness. Rtiviicis
loses little or nothing in bulk before spinning up. It suggests
itself to me, that the food of venosa, being bulky in proportion
to its nutritiousness, the larva is, for its accommodation, more
expanded than in the other Viminia, though aiiriconia has a
good deal of the same habit of shrinking and voiding moist
frass before opening. This is, indeed, I believe, really a very
universal habit, though varying much in degree, the large ^A\i-
worxns, yama-mai, cecropia, etc., voiding some actual fluid when
preparing to spin.

In its habits, the larva is not unlike the other Viminia.
The young larvae take each a line of cells in the leaf of the
grass or reed, and eat the surface between the septa on either
side, and, as they are at first somewhat gregarious, they have
a processionary aspect, attacking adjacent series of cells, and
this habit lasts into the 3rd skin, when they are more indepen-
dent and devastate the leaf more thoroughly. Some gregarious
larvae pine and refuse to eat when solitary ; of all the larvae I
have experimented with, this is most marked in Endromis ver-
sicolor when young. But I think there is a decided amount of
the same habit in Viminia, at least in venosa, auricoma, and
menyantJiidis, when small, and would be in rumicis, were he
not so hardy as to stand much ill-usage with impunity.
Isolated rumicis in their ist skin seem disconsolate, and they
all wander about till they find their brethren. They coil up
when disturbed, and when larger, have a curious way of
apparently desiring to drop when coiled up, but really
retaining a hold by the anal prolcgs. Venosa does not coil
up so readily and completely as the others.

The cocoon is of whitish silk, and made amongst dead grass,
leaves, bits of reed, or any other available debris. It has a
rather weaker place at the top for emergence ; the colour of
the silk is very like that of auricoma. The cocoon is perhaps

200 THE entomologist's record.

rather longer and more slender than that of the other species,
but could not be easily distinguished from them, except by the
character of the material amongst which it is made.

The pupa is very like that of rumicis. The mesothorax does
not project backwards, as in rumicis, and the following seg-
ments are relatively smaller, the thoracic and fixed abdominal
segments are more slender, making the whole pupa look more
delicate and slender than rumicis or any other Viminia. The
marginal hoops of the six abdominal segments are nearly as
pronounced as in rumicis, the rough points cover the rest of
the segment, and are nearly as large as in rumicis. The seg-
mental incisions, i.e., the softer chitinous parts of the free
segment, are black and finely granulated, as in the other
species. The frontal knobs are the same as in rumicis. The
anal armature is very similar, the pen-nib-like termination is a
little longer and more slender, it has the same four points, and
a faint indication of a central dorsal one, the bristles are more
strictly terminal, not covering quite so wide an area, and are
perhaps a little longer, stiffer, and darker in colour. The
minute hairs, at the base of the antennas, etc., appear to be
identical.

Among the points, in which this species is clearly very
closely allied to rumicis, none is perhaps more remarkable
than the lateral line of the full-grown larva, the outline of
which, and relative colouring, are identical in the two species.

In rumicis (a loud vulgar fellow), the lateral line might be
described, as two broad white dashes, anteriorly and posteriorly,
on each segment, connected by a brilliant red patch. With
the same outline, the red is, in venosa, much toned down, and
passes without great contrast into the paler yellow portions,
and so forms a tolerably regular band. In a genus like
Acronycta, where the larvae, even of closely allied species, are
so different from each other, in form, colour and markings, a
close identity like this appears to imply a near relationship.
The eggs are also very similar, those of venosa are perhaps less
specialised than those of the other species of Viminia ; not
having the bold pale markings of auricoma, or the distinct
special dot and pale circle of rumicis, they, nevertheless, more
nearly resemble those of rumicis, than do any of the other
species of Viminia, and, in groups, the two species have much
the same tone and silky lustre. The pupae are very similar,
venosa looks more bulky in the abdominal segments, or, more
correctly, is more slender thoracically, generally enough so, to

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 201

enable an opinion to be formed, as to which species is under
examination ; the general surface gives also an impression of
less roughness, because it is usually more fully extended, as
though better fed up, and the smoother portions of the seg-
ments are more in evidence, but as to the details of sculpture,
the frontal nodules, anal armature, etc., there is rather an
identit}' than a resemblance between the two species, and a
number of pupai of both species mixed together, would be as
difficult to separate as would those oi psi and tridens, except
that the intersegmental membrane is black in venosa, and
brown in innnicis.

(To be continued.)

gglBLIOGRAPHY.

Additions to the British List and Changes in Nomenclature.

Lepidoptera.

Cuspidia abn var, siijfusa (Tutt), Lewcock and Hanes, n. var. Ent.
Rec, 190.

Pyralid, caught near Chepstow, Tutt, South Lond. Ent. Soc, Oct 9th
[ = Aphytoceros n. sp. aff, nigrolinealis (Warren) ; no doubt an acci-
dental introduction].

Zygczna loti varieties lotucerce (Esp.), cboraci (Prest), irifolii (Esp.),

confluens (Stand.), lutescens Tutt, orobi {Yih.) = irifolii of many

authors, and yienensis 'E>x\gg^ = 7fieiiloti Auctt. Angl. — C. W. Dale,

Young Nat., October. See Ent. Rec, 175.

Some works bearing on the nomenclature of our Geometers and

Pyrales, which have recently appeared, deserve notice : —

C. Freih. v. Gumppenberg. Systema Geometrarum zonce temperationis
septentrionalis ; in Nov. Ad. Leop.-Car. Akad., 1890.

In this great descriptive work on the Geometra; of the north
temperate region, the nomenclature differs much from that familiar
to us in England. Rheumatoptera, for instance, is an immense
genus, including among other things our Melanthia bicolorata and
oceilata, Melanippe hastata, tristata, montanata, sociata, rivata,
galiata, and fluctiiata, and even AstJiena blomeri, and Canipto-
gramma bilineaia. Lygris Hb. includes our Cidaria silaccata,
reticulata^ populata., iestata, and prunata. Many varieties are
enumerated, but there is not very much that is new. Under
RJieumatoptera \Camptogra!nma\ bilineata,'\s described'a new variety,
infuscata, having the median area of the wings more or less in-
fuscated. This variety may be entered in the British list, as it is
familiar to our collectors.

R. South. Additions to the British List of Deltoids, Pyrales, and
Crambids since 1859. A series of papers now appearing in
Entotn., compiled mainly from the original records, which are some-
what inconveniently scattered. On p. 330, EpJiestia roxburghii
Gregs., following Ragonot, is maintained as a good species.

202 THE entomologist's record.

E. Meyrick. On the Classification of the Pyralidina of the European
Fauna. Trans. Eni. Soc. Lond., Sept., 1890, 429-492.

Certainly a very useful paper, though there will be some differ-
ence of opinion about the generic nomenclature. Those who are
specially interested in the group will read the original paper, but
it will be convenient to note here some of the deviations from our
present nomenclature. Phlydcenia Hb. includes our Scopula
prunalis, etc., and is the Scapula of Meyrick, olim. Loxostege Hb.
includes Spilodes stidicalis and verticalis- In the Crambidce, alpin-
ellus Hb, appears as a Plaiytes. The Pterophori present several
changes, so that we get Trichoptilus Wlsm., with T. paludum
(Zell. ) ; Stenoptilia Hb., for pterodaciyla (L.) and others ; Abicita
L. has no longer any connection with hexadactyla, but is used for
inonodactyla (L.), lithodactyla (Tr.), etc. Orneodes is used for
hexadactyla. Crasiinetts n.g. includes Leiopiilus brachydadylus
(Tr.), which has been elsewhere referred to Psehwphorus^ Wallgr.
Pterophorus Geoff, includes galadodadyliis, spilodadylus, etc.

HVMENOPTERA.

Cameron's Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hytnefioptera, vol. iii.,
1890, contains much that is new or interesting. Cimbex sylvarujn
is described with three varieties, tristis (Fb.), sylvarum ( = the type),
and varians Leach.

PSEUDONEUROPTERA.

Mr. W. F. Kirby's Synonymic Catalogue of Neuroptera Odonata
(1890, p. 202) will be of immense service to all students of these
insects, whether they accept his nomenclature or not. So far as the
British species go, the tabulation of their synonyms and varieties is
very useful, and there are several alterations in generic names to
be noticed. Thus, we get Agrion virgo (L.), Alicronympha pumilio
(Charp.), Ccenagrioti puella (L.), and C pukhelhuji (Lind.)

There is a genus of Pompilidce, by the way, called Priocnemis
Schio .te. Mr. Ashmead, in his catalogue of the Hymenoptera of
Colorado (Bull, i., Colo. Biol. Assn.) spells this Prio?iocnemis. Now is
this correct? If so, which will have to give way, the amended
Prioc?iemis, or the dragonfly genus Prionocnemis Selys, 1886, mentioned
in Mr. Kirby's catalogue ?

HOMOPTERA.

Idiocerus nubilis n. sp., Buckton. Mon. Brit. Cicad., Pt. iv. Oct.
1890, p. 118. PI. XXV. figs. 4, 4a. Haslemere. Bronzy or olive-
green is the general colour. Abdomen greyish-black.

— T. D. A. C.

Scientific notes.

Hybrids between Smerinthus ocellatus and S. populi. — In the
Record., p. 95, I recorded that I obtained ova from a pairing of
these two species. These ova proved fertile, and the larvce fed up
rapidly on willow in my garden. The birds must have taken a good
many, but those I took in turned to pup.^ from July 20th to July 27th.
Strange to say, instead of going over the winter, as 6". ocellatus and S.
populi pupae generally do, I bred the imagines (ten in number) in three

1 Psdnophorus will take precedence. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 203

weeks. Although larvae of ocellatus and populi fed up side by side with
them, and turned to pupce about the same time, I have had none of the
typical specimens emerge. Why should the hybrid emerge and not the
others? — P. Kirk, Dura St., Dundee. October, 1890.

[Mr. Kirk has generously sent me five specimens of the ten he reared,
as well as a preserved larva. Theyj^are perfectly intermediate between
the two species. The fore wings have all the characters of both
species, the basal line as in populi, b it with distinct traces of a
shade showing the angulation of the basal line in ocellatus, the hind
wings have the fulvous basal patch of populi (no red colour) and in-
distinct eye spots characteristic of ocellatus. My five specimens are
four males and one female, the sexes appearing to be quite distinct. — Ed.]

Aphytoceros vagans (mihi), a Species new to Science. — A few
weeks ago Mr. Mason, of Clevedon, sent me a Pyralid moth, taken
at Chepstow, asking me if I could get it named for him. I handed
it over to Mr. Cockerell, who, after carefully comparing it with the
British Museum species, has come to the conclusion that it is
probably new to science. It is, apparently, a native of South America
or the West Indies, which has been accidentally imported. The
species has close affinities with Aphytoceros nigrolinealis . It has
a strong superficial resemblance to our Hydrocatnpidce, with the
anterior wings iridescent bluish-white ; the basal portion of the wing
dark brown, slight traces of stigmata, with a strongly iridescent patch
on the inner margin of the wing, crossed transversely by a pale
brownish band ; posterior wings silvery white. A full description of
the species by Mr. Cockerell will appear shortly. — J. W. Tutt.
November, 1890.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Eupithecia venosata in Silenk inflata. — The larvae mentioned
{^Record, p. 180) as being captured in Silene ijiflata and supposed to
be Efnmelesia affinitata, proved to be E. venosata. I found E.
affinitata larvae afterwards, but only in red campion. — M. Kimber,
Newbury, Berks. Noveinber 6th, 1890.

Notes of the Season (Lepidoptera). — Deal and Dover. — From
the 24th July, I spent a month collecting at Deal, the first three weeks
in the company of Mr. Tutt. As every one knows who has visited this
locality, success is greatly dependent on the amount of sunshine and
absence of wind. Of the former no complaint could be made, but the
westerly and south-westerly gales which blew, especially during the last
ten days of our stay, made collecting at times nearly impossible.
Admittedly a bad season, if not the worst, in the memory of most of us,
it was accentuated by the unattractiveness of sugar. The year opened
well and continued so until the end of May ; at that time the majority
of the species were at least ten days in advance of their period of
emergence in recent years; but the cold nights of June and July
gradually forced everything back, until, by the end of the latter month,
nearly everything was a fortnight late.

Our record was not remarkable for anything new or particularly rare.
Rhopalocera were conspicuous l)y their absence, and we only noticed such

204 THE entomologist's record.

as LyccEua corydon, L. astrarche, Arge galatea, the common Vanessce,
etc. Sugar produced nothing of note, Leiicania straminea, L. cofiigera,
Nonagria fulva^ Ccviiobia riifa, Hydrcacia niditans^ Apamea sublustris,
Cerigo cytherea, Lupei'ina testacea, Mamestra abjecta (i), Caradrina
blafida, C. cubicularis , Agrotis valligera, A. puta. A, siiffusa, A. corticea,
A. nigricans, A. tritici, Nodiia rubi, JV. iimbrosa, Hadena chenopodii,
Miana fiwuncula and AT. literosa were the best of a bad lot. On the
sandhills Lithosia pygmeola was scarcer than usual, and I fancy the day
is not far distant when this species, as far as Deal is concerned, will
cease to exist. A few Crambus contaminellus flew at dusk ; Aspilates
citraj'ia was not scarce, at rest on the grasses after dusk, and Eubolia
liiieolata abounded everywhere. We took a series of Odontia dentalis
among the Echium (at the flowers of which Afacroglossa stellatariim was
common), but it was scarce and local, as also was Melia anella obtained
by assiduous searching at the roots of the marram grass. Along the
dyke sides a few Lithosia coiuplana and Addalia eninfaria turned up,
but we were too late for the latter. Sduvnobius forficelius and Cxnobia
riifa were abundant, and gigantic $ Oaonestis potaforia occasionally
sailed over the Typha in company with Leiicania impura. Eudorea
pallida was not scarce, and a few E. lineolalis were knocked out of old
hawthorns by the beating-stick. Cledeobia angustalis, LLerbula cespifalis,
Crambus geniculellus and C. warringtonelliis, although occurring freely,
were not in such profusion as usual.

On the Downs, etc., in the vicinity of St. Margaret's Bay, numerous
species were obtained, among them Litliosia griseoia, Gnophos obscurata,
Strenia dathrafa, Aspilates giivaria, EiipilJiecia piinpinel/afa, E. sub-
fiilvata, Me/anippe galiata, AI. rivata, Scotosia diibitata, Cidaria pyraliata,
Eremobia odiroleiica, LLdiothis inarginata, Pyralis cosfalis, P. giaiicifialis
(common in haystacks), Eudorea cenibralis, E. ingratella, C. angustalis,
LLonia:osonia siniiella., Phycis adornateiia, Oncocera ahenella, Melia
socielia, Tortrix icterana, Peronea aspersana, Didyoptcryx /loliniana,
Peiithina sellana, Sericoris cespitana, Eiidiromia striana, Sciaphila
nubiiaiia, S. pe?'terana, S. pasivana, Splialeroptera idericana, Phoxopteryx
comptana, Grapholitha nigromaculana, Catoptria ciFcana, Ephippiphora
trigeminana, Semasia rufillana, Stigvwnofa leplastriana, S. composana,
Dichrorhainpha politana, D. plumbagana, D. acuniinatana, Catoptria
micro^rammana {?), C. fii/vana, C. scopo/iana, C. cafia, C. citrana (i),
Aphelia osseana, Eupcecilia hybridellana, Chrosis tesseratia, Argyrolepia
zephyrana, Conchylis franci/Iana, and C. gigantana in more or less
abundance. The larvas and pupce of C. gigantana we collected in
plenty in the seedheads of Centaurea scabiosa.

Of the TiNEiNA I will leave Mr. Tutt to speak, as he is far more at
home among them.

Other larvae were scarce, with the exception of LLalias chlorana,
which were abundant, and a few Peronea hastiana, Snicrinthus oceliatus,
etc., all in osier.— Charles Fenn, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill,
Lee. September C)th, 1890.

Swansea. — On June nth, I went down to Swansea, hoping to do
great things among the coast species, but was grievously disappointed,
as, owing to the incessant rain, I was only able to sugar some half-
dozen times on the sandhills during my stay there, and then nothing
came freely to the bait. The L. and N. W. Railway runs along the

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 205

sandhills, between Swansea Bay and Mumbles Road Stations, there
being wooden railings on each side, the posts of which I sugared for
half a mile or so, but my entire bag consisted of about half a dozen
each of Agrotis ripce, Leucatiia littoraiis, and a few Alamestra albicolon,
A. tritici, Viminia rumicis and Miami furimcula ; these being all the
NocTU.'E I turned up there, excepting one A. prcuox, which was taken
by shaking the crests of the sandrush, growing in profusion there.
Geometr.b were a little more plentiful, Eubolia litteoluta and Cidaria
fulvata being very common among the Galium and sandroses, with an
occasional Melaiiippe galiata and Epioiie apiciaria, a rather extraordinary
place for the latter, as I observed no willow or nut near, and have
never heard of them feeding on poplar ^ (which occurs there), although
Merrin gives it as a foodplant. Larentia didymata simply swarmed
along a ditch close by, and appeared to me to be darker than those I
took in Hampshire two years ago. I managed to find time, amid brief
intervals of sunshine, to make two or three excursions inland, and came
across Zygcrna trifolii and Z. filipeudulcc in the same field, which was a
boggy sort of place, and which I am afraid will be overrun next year,
as a colliery has started thirty or forty yards off. Acidalia iDimiifata
also occurred in the same place, but all were more or less worn or laded,
though oddly enough the ^J's of Z. trifolii were in moderately good
condition, while the ? 's were decidedly /ai-i-t'^, which I think is revers-
ing the general order of things, as I always fancied the $ 's emerged
first. I managed to get some ova, and have some larvae still feeding,
though I doubt whether I shall be able to get them over the winter.
Never having tried rearing that species before, I should be very much
obliged to any one who has, who could give me a few wrinkles on the'
subject. The railway banks between Killay and Gowerton Stations
yielded Emmelesia albulata, Eticlidia mi, Asthena Infeata, Eubolia
palumbaria, and the black form of Ypsipetes elutata (bilberry-fed, 1
think it is called) on the wing, and Viminia rumicis at rest on posts. At
Penllergare, which is about five miles from Swansea (inland), I took a
few Hydrelia unca, which were rather worn, on June 14th, and in the
same condition (rather better if anything) on July 21st, there being a
succession of emergences, I presume, as I am told there is a second
brood in September. It is rather a difficult thing to get them, owing to
the nature of the ground where they occur, as you sometimes find your-
self deposited in a ditch in following them up. They start out of the
sedge, fly for twenty yards or so, and then down again ; so keeping your
eye on the spot where they alight, you cannot see where you are walk-
ing. I also got Argy?inis seleiie, Fliytometra ce/iea, A. remutaia, and a
few larvae of Clostera reclusa, which, I believe, has not been turned up
there before. I netted one specimen of the bee-beetle, which hovers
over flowers (preparatory to alighting) like Macroglossa bombylifonnis.
On rhododendrons, about a mile and a half from the sandhills, I took
over a dozen Chccrocampa porcellus, 2 C. elpenor, and i Flusia pul-
chrina, also a few Ilermifiia tarsipennalis ; sugar in the same place pro-
duced I Thyaiira bails, i T. derasa. Bade /in pisi, H. thalassina,
Xylophasta rurea, and i Grammesia trilinea var. billnca, while Uydrivcta
niditans and Noctua timbrosa came to the flowering seed-heads of the
leek. I got Bryophila perla on walls, but only a few. Nothing what-
' We get more from poplar than willow at Deal. — Ed.

206 THE entomologist's record.

ever came to the lamps, which in '87 yielded Orgyia piidibunda, Odon-
iopera bidentata, Smerinihus popul i, ?ind many other common things,
and 3 Notodonia dodoncea ; also Cuaillia ufubratiai at rest on tent pegs
in morning, being attracted apparently by the aforesaid lamps, which
ran along the bottom of our camp. I tried beating for larvce on two or
three occasions, but only got i N. didcta off poplar on July 18th,
which emerged on August 12th, and unfortunately turned out a cripple.
I also got a few larvre of Eiipithccia pulcliellata in foxglove. On the
whole I think I did very badly, and hope to do better there next year,
especially as I now have some idea of the various localities where
things are to be found. — R.B.RoBERTSON,Fleet, Hants. 6'^//£';-'//^^/',i89o.

Perthshire. — From July 26th to August 9th, I was staying at the
Pitlochrie Hydropathic, Perthshire, and found insects fairly plentiful.
By far the commonest butterfly was Erebia blandi?ia, which did not put
in an appearance till August ist, but then literally swarmed in several
localities, more especially in a copse at the back of the Hydropathic,
where it was a common occurrence to get four or five specimens in the
net at one stroke. They were also common in the pass of Killiecrankie,
Glen Tilt and on the Dunkeld Road, but the males everywhere pre-
dominated, only three females being seen. Lycccna icarus was also
very common everywhere, the females being very large and brilliant ;
but L. artaxerxes was rather scarce, only a dozen specimens being
taken, and these restricted to two very small localities. On Ben
Vrackie (about three miles from Pitlochrie) CxnonympJia davus was
very plentiful, but only in one place, at an elevation of about 1,000
feet. Here also were Argyniiis selene and A. aglaia in abundance,
both in lovely condition, the females of the latter all being very large
and dark. On the heath here, also, were to be found in sheltered
positions Sa/urnia carpini and Bombyx ruin (very small), the former
being much smaller than those found at Brockenhurst a fortnight
earlier. Among the moths taken on Ben Vrackie were Eidwlia vunsur-
aria {vety dark), Larentia acsiata (some almost black), Enunelesia
ericetata, Coremia munitata and Pliisia iutcrrogationis. L. casiata was
occasionally kicked up from the heath, but was usually found at rest on
small pieces of rock. On one such piece, about a couple of feet square,
I counted 14 specimens. Among some pines just beyond the village
of Moulvie were found Cidaria riissafa, C. immauata and Thera
obeliscata, all very common. The only other insects worth mentioning
were Larentia olivata (common) and Geoinetra papilionaria (one
specimen at light). I was prevented from doing any night work, or
else, probably, the list would have been larger. — R. E. James, Chester-
ville, Hornsey Lane, N. August \%th, 1890.

Hampstead. — Referring to the capture of Apamea ophiogranima at
Hampstead {Record, 159), I may add that a second specimen of this
species was taken in the same place by my friend Mr. E. H. Evans, the
captor of the specimen already recorded. The insects were taken on
the 23rd of June and the 12th of August respectively. — -Henry A.
Hill, 132 Haverstock Hill, N.W. September, 1890.

Folkestone. — On August 30th, I ran down to Folkestone (accompanied
by my friend Mr. Lovvrey) for a CoUas hunt. The weather was every-
thing that could be desired, and we immediately turned in the direction

NOTES ON COJ.LECTING, ETC. 207

of Shorncliffe along the Downs. We had not gone far before we were
struck by the remarkable scarcity of Rhopalocera. The first species to
attract our attention were a worn specimen of Vanessa cardiii and a few
Melanargia galatea, which of course were also very worn. By this time
we had arrived at a large field of clover, where I had last year captured
C. edusa, but on this occasion could not see either of the three.
Argymits aglaia was still represented by a ioss worn females. V.
polychloros, one specimen, and one or two V. io were all that had come
to our nets. Continuing our walk and passing along another clover
field, Mr. Lowrey suddenly sighted a Co/ias, and calling to me (being
the nearer), I gave chase, and had the pleasure of capturing a fine hyal':
^. The day had now considerably advanced, and although we kept
well to the clover, this was the only specimen seen. The only other
Rhopalocera to be found were Pararge megce.ra, Lyciena icarus and
corydon, and also a few worn Z. bellargiis which rather took us by
surprise as generally bellargiis can be taken fresh quite late in
September. — Joseph H. Carpenter, Johnson Villa, Streatham, S.W.
September i^lli, 1890.

Chatham. — A visit to Holly Hill by way of Snodland, accompanied
by three friends, on the 26th of INIay, was the commencement of opera-
tions this year. On the wing we found Argynnis etiphrosyne^ Syrichthus
alveolus, Thanaos tages, Euchloe cardamines, Gonepteryx rha>n?ii, and
Thecla rubi; but, as yet, no Ly as na alsus. On the return home, in a
quarry pit we found Euchelia jacobcece and several small species.
Subsequent visits to this locality gave Anaitis plagiata in plenty, but
worn, whilst Eubolia bipunctata abounded. Early in June, I captured
Chelonia pla!ilagi?iis, Arctia villica, Scoria dealbata, and others, near
Strood. On the 6th of that month, on the way to Queensdovvn Warren,
I captured a few Abraxas iilmata ; Lyactia adonis, L. alexis and L.
ar^ioliis occurring sparingly in the Warren. On July i6th, going by
train to Faveisham, I explored Houghton Woods, but took nothing
worth noting. During July and August I captured a large number of
Arge galatea, a pretty gclden-coloured var. of Saiyriis Janira, and some
numbers of 6". hyperaiithus, varying much in the spotting. A visit to
Holly Hill on August ist produced Lyccena cegoti, Argynnis aglaia,
Lyccena alexis, Acidalia bisetatn and Aspilates citraria. On the 6th ot
September I visited a new locality and found Lycana adonis plentiful,
with some bronzy looking varieties. The season, within a radius of
eight miles round Chatham, has been a bad one. Many of the common
species such as Vanessa io, V. aialanta, V. cardui and others having
been entirely absent. — J. Tvrer, Jeffery Street, New Brompton, Kent.
September, i8go.

Lyjidhurst. — I arrived at Lyndhurst on July 6th, and worked in the
neighbourhood until the 26th of the same month. The weather during
my stay was decidedly bad, not more than seven days being really fine,
and consequently the lepidoptera were very scarce except a few ex-
ceedingly common species. On inquiry 1 found that Argynnis paphia
had not been seen, and Limenitis sibylla was only just coming out. I
was also told that very few larvre of Thecla quercus had been taken.
However, I was not discouraged, for such reports are always prevalent.
and I determined to work for what was to be got. The following is a

208 THE entomologist's kecord.

list of my captures : — Argynnis selene, common, and still in fairly good
condition. The females deposited a quantity of ova, from which larvos
are now feeding. A. aglaia, sparingly, in meadows and open places
near woods, A. adippe, not uncommon on bramble and thistle flowers,
but not in very good condition ; I obtained one very pretty variety, in
which all the silver spots on the under side are more or less diffused
with blue. A. paphia, gradually becoming more common as July
advanced : the females were not well out when I left, and I only took
one specimen of the var. valezina. Vanessa iirticce, one or two examples
at thistle flowers. Limenitis sibylla, fairly common towards the middle
of the month, though not easy to get in good condition. I met an
entomologist just after he had taken the black variety ! Apatura iris
was heard of several times during my stay. Arge galafea, local and
uncommon. Pararge cegeria, examples of the vernal brood ^ were still
flitting about, many of them being almost unrecognisable. Saiyrus
sefnele, a few males at Stubby Copse. Epinipliclc janira, this species
was of course in full force everywhere, whether fine or wet ; I took
one small male, rather smaller than a typical iithoiius ; I also took
many examples in which the wings were partially, and in some cases
wholly, bleached. E. fithonus, just emerging towards the latter end of
my stay. E. hyperatithus, common in wood rides and among bracken.
Cce/w?iympha pamphilus was abundant everywhere. Theda qiierciis, one
specimen only seen. Lyccena cegon was in large numbers on all the
heaths, and to be boxed easily at dusk. L. alexis, common, but not so
plentiful as Z. cegon. Hesperia linea and sylvaniis, at flowers in meadows,
etc. Zygana trifolii was exceedingly local, and only occurred very
sparingly. Z. filipenduliC was not common. Calligenia mi?iiata, rather
local, but common in its habitat at dusk. Lithosia meso/nella, not
uncommon near woods. NcineopJiila russula was abundant on the
heaths, but had to be kicked out. I took four females, from which I
obtained a quantity of ova. Hepialus hectiis was common at dusk,
hovering over bushes, etc., like a pendulum. Odonestris potatoria^ one
$ at light. Platypteryx falcula, one example beaten from birch.
Stauropus fagi, one specimen was taken by a friend. Leucania impura
and L. pallens were common at dusk at Matley Bog. Agrotis porphyrea
was to be taken commonly flying over the heath at dusk, or settled on
the flowers after. Anarta viyrtilli was fairly common on the heath,
and in good condition. Phyto7iieira anea was common in similar
situations. Acronycia {Cuspidia) tridcns, by day on tree trunks. Thyatira
batis, one specimen at dusk, over brambles. Uropteryx sanibucata and
Metrocampa inargaritata were common in wood rides at dusk. EUopia
fasciaria, to be beaten out of pines by day, or taken flying at dusk.
Pericallia syringaria, not uncommon. Seleiiia ilbistraria var. deliniaria,
two specimens at Matley. Acidalia emarginaia, rather uncommon.
Acidalia bisetata was local, though common in its habitat at dusk.
Cleora licJienaria, one specimen on a fence. Boarmia repandafa,
common at dusk ; this species seems to be fond of the flowers
of the foxglove {Digitalis purpurea). B. roboraria one specimen
seen. Pseudoterpna cytisaria, commonly kicked up on the heath.
Geometra papilionaria, one specimen at Matley Bog. Phorodesma

^ The vernal brood of this species is out irx April, and another brood in June and
July, a third in August or September. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 209

bajularia, probably common, though only two examples were taken,
on account of the high flying habits of this species. Hemiikca
thy77iiaria was common at dusk. Ephyra trilinearia was not uncom-
mon among beech. Cabera exanthe?naria and C. piisaria, common in
wood rides at dusk. Macaria alternaia, one specimen in a pine wood.
M. liturata, common in pine woods. Bupalus piniaria, still about,
though mostly worn. Lomaspilis Jiiargmata, one specimen at dusk.
Of the Eiipithecice, linariata, sobrinata^ vulgaia, centaureata, and
coronata were to be taken on fences. Thera firinata, one specimen
amongst pines. Melanthia ocellata and Melanippe mojitatiata were
common at dusk. Cidaria falvata, occasionally amongst dog rose.
Pelurga comifnta, one specimen at light. Euholi i palumbaria and E.
mensuraria were both common, the former on the heath, the latter in
grassy openings of woods. Ypsipetes elutata was very common, by day
and night, and one or two nice varieties were taken. Hyria auroraria
was not uncommon on the heaths.

It will be seen that the great blank in the foregoing list is in the
NocTU^, and this is on account of the absolute failure of sugar —
indeed, I have seen only one insect on sugar this year. What the cause
of this failure is I am at a loss to explain, for it is not only in this one
district that it does not answer, but wherever I make inquiries it is
always, " Sugar is not a bit of good." It is not, I would venture to say,
because there are no NoCTUiE about, for I saw plenty of common
species, such as Tripluv.na promiba, Cosinia irupezi/ia, Xylophasia
polyodon, etc., on the wing ; but even they did not come to the
bait. Neither is it solely on account of the attractive power of lime
bloom, for it was a similar state of things before that tree flowered.
Sugar failing, our night work then was confined to dusking and attract-
ing what species we could to light, but even by these means we did not
take anything like the number of species that we ought to have taken.

One day each was devoted to working for Hesperia lineola and
Zyg(zna »ieliloti, but both expeditions were failures. Larvae, too, were
very scarce. Gonepteryx rhamni was common on the buckthorns, and
Saturnia carpini, Bombyx ri(bi\ Anarta ?nyrtilli, and Cidaria testata
were to be swept out on the heath. A friend told us that where he had
taken as many as sixty larvae of Asphalia ridens in 1888, there was
not a single one this year !

On the whole, I must say that though I am very glad of those insects
that I did take, I think this season must rank far below the average. —
James A. Simes, 4 Cricketfield Road, Lower Clapton, N.E.

Isle of Man. — I sugared nightly in the woods at Trumode near
Douglas, from the iSth to the 21st of June this year; but only took
two TriphcE7ia pronuba, and one Agrotis exclamationis. The nights were
mild, with a warm breeze blowing. At the same place, the previous
year, and on the same dates, insects simply swarmed. Although sugar-
ing has proved a failure here this year, the season proved an exception-
ally good one for Dianthcccia cccsia and D. capsopJiila. Of these
insects, I took a number of fine specimens. Cirrhocdia xerampelina
did not appear this August in profusion, to my knowledge only eight
specimens were taken. — H. SHORTRionE Clarke, 2, Osborne Terrace,
Douglas, Isle of Man. October ^th, 1890.

Essex. — On the August Bank Holiday this year, I made an excursion

C

210 THE entomologist's RECORD.

to the Essex salt-marshes, where I took Hesperia lineola in some abund
ance. I found it flying with H. linea, although the latter appeared to be
less abundant. The time was really too late, as I found many quite
worn and useless. It appears the species prefers marsh-land, but it
evidently occurs elsewhere, as a friend of mine had some that he took
at Felstead, where there is no marsh, when at school, thirty years ago,
and has had them in his cabinet labelled as H. Ihiea. — A. W. Mera,
Forest Gate. October \j^th, 1890.

Reading. — Sugaring is still of little use. Noctiia rhomhoulea is the
only species which has visited the bait in fair numbers, and these were
mostly worn. Larvse of Hcliothis viarginatiis may be obtained plenti-
fully just now, by sweeping Ononis after dark. Xanthia citrago are now
emerging from larvae collected in May from spun-together leaves of
lime. These larvfe are easily seen between the leaves against the sky.
They seem to stick to their tents in the day but come out at night to
feed, and may then be beaten into the Bignell from lime, and some-
times from nut. They are best found young, for when nearly full-fed
they appear to be more independent and wander about in the day.
When full-fed, they lie dormant for six or eight weeks before pupating.
Can anyone tell me the foodplant of Pionea stranieiitaiis, and when
would be the best time to search for it, autumn or spring? — W.
Holland, Reading. September T^rd, 1890.

Babbiconibe. — I have just returned from a bicycle trip to Babbicombe,
where I found Dysthymia luctuosa common but mostly worn. I hoped
to find Leuca7iia putrescens ^\Qv\\\{vi\., but only took one specimen; the
same remark applies to Lithosia caniola. Sugar was a complete failure,
and after trying several nights I gave it up, made my way to Sidmouth,
where I was informed Hesperia actcson was fairly common, and on to
Brockenhurst. Limeniiis sibylla has been comparatively scarce this
year, and Argynnis paphia also. I went to the headquarters of Catocala
spojisa and C.proniissa, but sugared in vain. — W. Dannatt, Westcombe
Park. August iZth, 1890.

Guernsey. — On reading Mr. Hodges' very graphic description of
the "Habits of the larvse of Nonagria geniinipintda" in the July No.
of the Record, and having once captured a specimen of the perfect
insect in Guernsey, I determined to search the reeds for pupse. After
a few hours' work I brought away about 20 reed stems each containing
a pupa. I carefully removed the pupse from the stems and placed them
on damp moss, and had the satisfaction of breeding 15 moths, only one
being crippled. The whole of them emerged from August 20th to 30th
from 7 to 8 o'clock in the evening.

I have also captured about 20 specimens of Eubolia peribolata this
season ; the first capture being made on August 30th. They occur in
furze brakes at the top of the cliffs, are very local, and might be easily
overlooked, as you have to get in amongst the furze bushes where they
are thickest, regardless of the pain caused by the furze thorns sticking
into your limbs. — W. A. Luff 12, Mansell Street, Guernsey.

Notes of the Season (Coleoptera). — Farnham. — During the
early part of August, I paid a visit to my old locality, Farnham,
Surrey. I seldom fail in getting something in this district to add
to my collection ; but the weather was decidedly against me on

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 211

this occasion, and beyond netting a couple of Cicindela sylvatica close
to North Camp Railway Station, Aldershot, I did very little. Crypto-
cephalus minutus was fairly common on the heath, and Coccinellida:
were decidedly scarce. Even in the hop plantations the larvae, or
" serpents " as they are locally termed, were not plentiful ; and in
many places I found only two to a single pole, although the " fly "
{Fhorodo?i Jiumuli) appeared in such quantities as to give no hope of
any hop-crop whatever. The only species I could find on the hop-
plants being Coccuiella bipunctata, C. '] -punctata and C. variabilis.
In the fir plantations C. ob/ongo-guttata was not abundant, but could be
had by working for; C. iS-guttata was prevalent on the Scotch firs;
C. oce'llata seemed backward, indeed I generally take more of this
species later and earlier in the year. C. \ ^-punctata is generally a
common insect at Farnham, but the perfect form was entirely absent,
although I met with a few of its larvse. Other Coccinella species were
also uncommon, and the reason of their scarcity is attributed by the
planters to the heavy rains which appear to have washed the larvae
away. At Moor Park I turned up several Cioniis scrophularice and C.
blatferice, but not in such numbers as formerly, as the undergrowth has
been cut and large quantities destroyed. My holiday here was of short
duration, and, as previously mentioned, nothing of importance came to
my net. West Wickham. — On August i6th, I went to see my old
friend, Mr. W. Chaney, and we proceeded to West Wickham woods in
the bright weather for an afternoon's sport. On the road, I picked
up a stray chafer {Rhizotrogus solstitialis) ; this chafer is common
at Hampstead, and also in many parts of Kent and Surrey. In
the woods, I obtained Cryptocephalus piisillus, RJiynchites nanus
and Cceliodes rubicundus (commonly), three species of Orchestes,
and, sitting on the flower of the yellow ragwort {Senecio jacobcecc), I
found a nice male specimen of Strangalia \-fasciata. This last was a
good capture, and I was very pleased to get it. Among the odd
insects which came into the umbrella was a specimen of the curious
Homopteron, Ledra aurita ; this I obtained from birch. I also
captured two long-legged Hemiptera, and handed them over to Mr.
Chaney. This trip was one of the pleasantest I have experienced
during the season. Islington. — On August 26th, while sitting at supper,
I saw a beetle running quickly across the room. I went for it and found
it to be a fine specimen of Sphodrns leucophthabnus. This insect is
supposed to be common in the " London District," but I do not know
a single person who can procure a specimen by simply searching for it.
My friend, Mr. Thompson, of Regent's Park, adopted the plan of
leaving a small light burning in his cellar, then going down and sud-
denly turning on the full glare ; in this way he captured three specimens
last year, but this season I have not received one from him. — G. A.
Lewcock, 73, Oxford Road, Islington.

Peronea perplexana, Barr. at Armagh. — In August and Sep-
tember, 1889, I took a number of this species here. I obtained it
along with others of the same genus by beating the hedges in the after-
noon. The moths thus disturbed fly out and are captured, but they
need considerable quickness both of eye and hand, as they dart down
to the ground and hide at the roots of the herbage, or else; make their

212 THE entomologist's record.

way back into the hedge, from whence it is not always easy to dislodge
them a second time. They are mostly among hawthorn, but I have
beaten them out of hedges formed of a mixture of blackthorn and
bramble. I hoped to have got their larvae or pupae this season, but
failed to do so. The moths are here, however, for I have taken a good
many since the 26th August. They appear at the end of August, and
last for about three weeks. — W. F. Johnson, Armagh. September ^th,
1890.

Leucania vitellina in the Isle of Wight. — On Friday night,
the 26th ult., I was fortunate in securing a specimen of the above
rarity at sugar on a fence at my usual working ground in the Isle of
Wight. The night was unfavourable, being very light, owing to an
almost full moon, with very high wind and a few clouds. There were
hardly any other moths on my whole round, even the commonest being
absent, I saw one Agrotis saucia, the only one I have seen this
autumn, but this was too sharp for me to be able to box. The most
notable absentee in my experience, has been A. suffusa, which usually
swarms, but of which I have only seen two or three specimens this
autumn. — Albert J. Hodges, 2 Highbury Place, N. October 2iid,
1890.

Note on Phoxopteryx obtusana. Haw. — This pretty little Tortrix
seems to be somewhat spasmodic in its appearance here ; probably it is
so in other localities. At the end of May and early in June, 1888, I
observed it to be rather common in one restricted spot, flying freely in
the early evening sunshine around a few oak-trees, and from these trees,
specimens might also be beaten during the day. Previously, the few
specimens I took annually were invariably associated with sallow, and,
once or twice, specimens m cop. were actually obtained by beating
sallow. This season, P. obtusana has once again occurred freely near
its old habitat, but, strange to say, every one of the fifty or sixty
specimens taken were flying around or beaten from young birch-trees.
Its larva has^ I believe, not yet been discovered, and its probable
pabulum is, not without reason, a puzzle to me. Perhaps when its
life-history is elucidated, its larva may prove to be a general tree-
feeder, or, as is not at all unlikely, it may feed upon some low plant. —
E. A. Atmore. September 26th, 1890.

AcRONYCTA (Viminia) auricoma NEAR CHATHAM. — Soine ycars ago,
my friend, Mr. Chaney, and I took a considerable number of this
species, most of which were given to Dr. Allchin. Probably we took
more in 1859 than any other year, but all my dates are in July, and I
never saw any sign of the species in any other month. ^ — J. Tyrer,
Jeffery Street, New Brompton, Kent.

Insects at Raspberry blossoms. — I would advise careful attention
to raspberry canes when in blossom. Some time ago I was in the
walled garden of a Scotch " lodge " where the raspberries were in full
blossom and the flower-beds edged with blue pansies. Moths came
to these two attractions in astonishing numbers. The low growing

^ This would agree with the second brood. I believe Mr. lugwell has taken this
second brood near Hailsham, Sussex, and I know that in the same locality, May is
considered the month for the first brood by the Brighton collectors. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 213

flowers were thronged with Pliisia chrysitis, while almost every blossom
on the fruit bushes had its P. bractea, festuccB, iota, or pidchrina. Other
common species were of course present. — Lester Arnold. Oct. 1890.

Differences between Cheimatobia boreata and C. brumata. —
C. boreata differs from brumata in many respects. The colour has
never that decided brown tint we see in brtimata, but shades off to
olive or blackish. The size is greater, and the form when expanded
is more triangular in boreata than in brumata. The hind wings are
paler, and this is so apparent when resting with wings raised above the
back, that they are separated at a glance ; in fact, the whole insect is
much lighter. The wings of the ? boreata are double the size of
those of brumata. — C. Fenn, Burnt Ash Hill, S.E. Oct. ^th, 1890.

Larva of Cheimatobia boreata. — I have found that my larvae of
the above differ from those of C. brumata in three distinct ways, being
larger, head black, and black spiracles, and feeding upon birch prin-
cipally, but not exclusively. — A. E. Hall, Sheffield. Oct. 26///, 1890.

Hybernating larv^. — Following the Rev. G. M. A. Hewett's
suggestion as to the desirability of accumulating notes on the various
methods by which hybernating larvs may be successfully wintered,
I venture the following : —

Bombyx querciis. —I had about forty ova of this species, in August,
1886, and the young larvae on hatching, were immediately given
bramble, on which they fed steadily till about the middle of November,
when they were about as large as full-grown B. fieustria larvae. By
picking the bramble in shady spots, one is enabled to find green
leaves for the larvae throughout the winter. In cold weather they
remained on the stalks of their foodplant motionless, but on warmer
days \vould sluggishly feed. Mine were kept in a roomy cage in an
attic. By about the end of April of the next year, the larvae started
feeding again in earnest, and were easily reared, not one having died
during the winter.

I have, at present, young larvas of Triphcena fimbria and Larentia
olivata, and should be very glad of any hints regarding their
management. — R. M. Prideaux, 9, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol.

Results of Breeding, 1890, — Lasiocampa quercifolia {Record, p.
133) came out well, but larvae of Mamestra albicoloii died young. A
fair lot of Bombyx trifolii were all stung ; four Luperina cespitis
only, out of thirteen, have emerged, and I have only eight pupae out
of a whole brood of Hadena genistce. — G. M. A. Hewett, Winchester.
September K^th, 1890.

I had a large number of larvae of Hadena genistce, and they fed
up in a most exemplary fashion. When full-fed, however, they began
wandering about the breeding cage, and finally suspended themselves
by one clasper to the side of the box and died. From eighty ap-
parently healthy larvae I have not obtained a single pupa. Mr. Tye,
of Birmingham, informs me he has often tried to rear H. giauca, but
they have all died in the same manner as my H. genista;. The genus
Hadena, perhaps, requires special treatment. — M. Kimber, Newbury.
October i^tk, 1890.

214 THE entomologist's RECORD.

Hadena genistce appears to be a difificult species to get through
properly ; my experience coincides with Miss Kimber's in every
respect, a grand batch of larvje dying off in exactly the same manner.
They were fed on knot grass, and I attributed my failure to the food.
— O. C. GoLDTHWAiTE, Leyton. October I'jth, 1890.

Plusia festuc^ near Bolton. — This species has been taken here
for many years, formerly in great numbers, but has been so closely
sought after of late that it is now comparatively rare. I am convinced
that it is not double-brooded here. The larvae hybernate when very
young, beginning to feed again in April, as soon as the Iris makes its
appearance. Emergence goes on for some time when the imagines
once begin to appear. Cehzna haivortldi has been plentiful on our
moors this September.— J. Grime, 217, Halliwell Road, Bolton.
October, 1890.

Abundance of Larv^ in the London District. — Around Brock-
ley, I have found larvae most abundant. Had I been so disposed, I
could have taken hundreds of those of Mamestra hrassiac, M. persicarice,
Pelurga comitata, Eupitliecia sidmotata, Hadena chenopodii, Mania iypica,
Arctia caia, A. tubricipeda, A. menthastri, etc. — H. J. Turner, 13,
Drakefell Road, Hatcham, S.E. October, 1890.

Agrotis pyrophila in Aberdeenshire. — I am glad to see that
Agrotis pyrophila has occurred at Portland. I did not see Lieut.
Brown's examples, but, as I have already got the species from him, I
have been able to compare with Aberdeen ones, and I find the Portland
pyrophila are generally larger, lighter in colour, and more distinctly
marked than ours. A few, which I bred, are particularly darker. This
species is distributed all over Aberdeenshire, and appeared in fair
numbers this year. I get them at sugar, but more often at flowers : —
the yellow iris, thistles, dock, reed, ragwort, and in gardens, sweet-
william being particularly attractive. They need thorough searching,
and, as the best localities are wild rough places, and dark windy nights
are best, one has to be very careful. It is a most uncertain insect,
some nights appearing in fair numbers, but generally, singly, and with
miles between them. They have also an odd habit of crawling below
bark and loose planks on palings and outhouses ; in fact, immediately
the light is put upon them, they make a dive to hide, if they are not
too busy with the sweets. I placed about twenty under muslin upon
growing plants, to try and get ova. Unfortunately, only one $
deposited, and then, only a very few ova. In my absence from home,
my brother thought he could succeed where I had failed, and he
obtained a few more ova, by the rough and ready method of squeezing
their abdomens, and more curious still, all have hatched, and are
feeding on dock and knot grass. The ovum is yellowish in colour
when newly deposited, and about the size of and very similar to that of
Triphccna orbona, but it gets dark before the larva emerges. The
latter is dark green, very like that of Noctua augur, but more sluggish.
If collectors were to search about the roots of grass, in the localities
where the imago is to be got, I have no doubt they would turn up the
larvae. The best time, I think, is about the beginning of May, and the
search must be conducted after dusk. — W. Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen.
October, 1890.

SOCIETIES. 215

Keeping Retinia resinana through the Winter. — Mr. Home,
of Aberdeen, has sent me larvae of this species, and probably many
other lepidopterists have been similarly suppHed. In the autumn of
1888, I had larvae from Mr. Salvage. I placed the twigs in the garden,
with no protection whatever, all the winter, and, in the following April
or May, put them into a large empty flower pot, and tied a piece of
calico over the top. Every larva pupated all right, and emerged in
due course. — J. VV. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E. November, 1890.

Crambus myellus near Pitcaple. — A lad brought me specimens
of this species, which he had captured near here, but they were all in
poor condition. I am sending the best one (picked from those shown
me) round in the Exhibition box. The species was not uncommon,
flying in the afternoon. — W. Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen. October,
iSqo.

Capture of Mecyna polygonalis.- — ^In June, 1885, I captured the
enclosed specimen of M. polygonalis on a hillside near here. It has
been in my cabinet ever since, as a var. of Stenopteryx hybridalis. —
J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset. October 1890. [This is
an undoubted specimen of M. polygonalis. — Ed.]

Phorodesma smaragdaria. — I have taken a i^w dozen P. smarag-
daria larvae on the Essex coast, where I also got one example of Tortrix
costana var. laiiorana. I have not heard of the capture of this var. for
some time. — C. Fenn, Lee, Kent. September, 1890. [Mr. Whittle
took one at Shoeburyness this year. — Ed.]

fgOCIETIES,

South London Entomological Society. — October 2yd, 1890. —
This was a slack meeting, very few exhibits being made. Mr. Bouttell
exhibited two series of Ennomos angularia, one batch fed on elm, the
other on sallow. Mr. Bright exhibited vars. of Arctia caia, and a
series of Triphccna subsequa taken by Mr. Salvage in Forres. He also
called attention to the report re Vanessa milberti {Record, p. 192), and
again exhibited the specimen, which was compared with the Canadian
V. milberti in the Society's collection, and proved to be identical. Mr.
Adkin, a short series of Tortrix piceana from Surrey and Hants, and
remarked on the length of time the species had been overlooked. Mr.
Fenn stated that he believed the rarity of the species was due, in a great
measure, to the habits of the larvae. Mr. Joy exhibited Plusia festucce
from Cambs. Mr. Hawes, specimens of Argynnis etiphrosyne showing
variation in the quantity of black markings. Mr. Barker, specimens of
A. selene, taken near Hastings, on August 29th and 30th, 1881. Mr.
Tugwell, for Mr. Lachlan Gibb, specmens of Colias and Pieris rapce
from Canada. Mr. Cockerell, a specimen of Myzine sexcincta, and
remarked that its hymenopterous appearance did not prevent its being
eaten by birds ; a cocoon of Zygcena filipendiilcr, partly white and partly
yellow, and remarked that cocoons were frequently entirely white or

216 THE entomologist's record.

yellow, but rarely a combination of the two colours in one cocoon. He
also remarked that Mons. Oberthiir, in Insect Life, had recently written
on dimorphism, and assumed that in sexually dimorphic species the $
departed from the type, and that in sexually dimorphic species a form
of the $ ought to occur like the $, and instanced Argynnis niphe,
which is generally distinctly sexually dimorphic, having produced a $
form at Trichonopoly similar to normal males. — Ed.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society
— October \6th. — Exhibits: Coleoptera — Mr. Beck, a Longicorn from
India ; a series of Cicindela sylvatica from Aldershot ; Dytiscus dimiatus
from the New Forest and several other species. Mr. Cripps, pupa-
cases and perfect form of Hypera fasciculata, and red var. of Lasia
glflbosa, Mr. Bryant, Calosoma inquisitor, Silpha ^pioictata, Geotrupes
pyreftceus, and numerous other species from the New Forest. Lepidop-
tera : — Mr C. A. Briggs, varieties of Abraxas grossulariata from the
London district. Mr. Lewcock, on behalf of Mr. Robson of Hartlepool,
photographs of that gentleman's large series of the latter insect, also of
D. vinula. Mr. Jager, a fine series of Callimorpha hera and the
Chelonidce. Mr. HoUis, Callimorpha hera. Mr. Heasler, an example
of Deilephila eiiphorbii?, captured at light in Paris. Mr. Machin, a
series of Arctia niendica, including specimens from Huddersfield and
the south of England, also the Irish form. Mr. Smith, various
species from Lyndhurst. Mr. J. A. Simes, a number of life-histories.
The following species of Tceniocavpa were exhibited. Mr. Bouttell, a
series of opiina, taken at Wanstead on grass stems near dwarf sallows in
1 88 1 and 1882. Messrs. C. G. Barrett and J. A. Cooper made observ-
ations respecting the capture of the species in the south of England,
and Mr. Fenn stated that the insect had also been taken at Lewes,
Sussex. Mr. C. Fenn exhibited populeti from Lee. Mr. J. A. Cooper,
gothica var. gothicina and instabilis. Mr. Mera, opima and populeti.
Mr. Mason (of Somerset), long series of vmnda. Mr. Boden, the red
form o{ gracilis. Mr. Bright, a fine series of the red form of gracilis
from the New Forest. Messrs. A. J. Hodges, Clark and Tutt, their
cabinet drawers containing the genus. Mr. Raine, Taniocampa larvje.
Other exhibitors were Messrs. Battley, Hanes, Gurney, Milton, Nichol-
son, etc. Mr. J. W. Tutt opened the discussion and gave an outline
of the genus, and its phases of variation. The following is a brief
summary of his remarks : —

I. Structure. The genus Tcentocampa belongs to the Orthosiid^
and the species in the genus, although very closely related, are
sufficiently distinct to give broad sub-divisions. The species leucographa
and rubricosa, although very closely allied to each other, are very
dissimilar to hyperborea {alpina), which seems to be an aberrant member
of the Agrotidce, and there appears no reason whatever for uniting these
species in the genus Pachnobin. Instabilis and opitna are also very
closely allied, populeti superficially so, but structurally more closely
allied to stabilis, whilst nnnida is perhaps, next to opima, more closely
allied to instabilis than any other ; gracilis, in its typical forms, appears
to be fairly distinct, and although perhaps most closely allied to stabilis,
its dark varieties run insensibly into the almost parallel forms of
instabilis. Gothica, through vdit. gothicina, appears to be more closely related

SOCIETIES. 217

to stabilis, and, although its larva and structure are truly Tamiocampid,
yet it has a remarkable superficial resemblance to the genus Noctua.
Mimosa (probably the most specialised species) is, at the same time,
the most aberrant member of the genus ; its larva is Tccniocatupid, and
its relations are with s/a/>ilis and cruda, but having no very close con-
nection, apparently, with either. The groups into which it appears
advisable to divide the genus for the purpose of comparison are : (i).
Leucographa -A-wdi riibricflsa ; (2). Miindn, instabilis, opima, gothica ; (3).
Populeti, gracilis, stabilis, cruda ; (4). Miniosa. The relation of these
groups to each other was fully discussed.

II. Variation. Taking the genus as a whole, we find very closely
allied species, and should naturally look for parallel ranges of variation.
The " origin of species " points out that this should be so, for if a slight
modification and gradual development, owing to environment, etc.,
bring about specific distinction, it follows, that reversion and natural
selection generally, will aid in the development of somewhat similar
forms under similar conditions The general variation was then con-
sidered under the following heads : — ( i ). Colour variation ; (2). Variations
in size, shape and position of stigmata; (3). Modifications of transverse
lines (basal line, shade between stigmata, angulated dotted (or wavy)
line beyond the reniform, and line parallel to hind margin; (4). Develop-
ment of dots and wedge-shaped marks, parallel to hind margin. All
these points were fully dealt with and illustrated by the various species,
T. instabilis, as the most variable member of the group, being repeatedly
taken as the basis on which the various arguments were worked out.
Mr. Tutt then made a few remarks as to the effects of "Natural Selec-
tion " on the variation of the same species in different localities. Of the
specimens of instabilis sent from Hereford, almost 50 per cent, were
dark, whilst from Forres, of those sent not more than 2 per cent, were
dark ; but these specimens were picked, and probably the percentage
given might be erroneous and misleading, as Mr. Tutt had worked
neither district. The large amount of material needed for working up
a subject like this fully, Mr. Tutt suggested, prevented many from taking
up the study, and the material was not at hand in the Museum at
South Kensington. The comparative inaccessibility of the scientific
collection to ordinary workers was much to be deplored, although Mr.
Tutt did not think the curators of the entomological department were
in any way responsible. He could not help thinking that the collections
might be made of more real service to British entomologists than they
are at the present time. Mr. Tutt concluded by acknowledging his
great indebtedness for material and suggestions to Dr. Chapman, who
had supplied him most generously with specimens to work out the
variation.

Mr. Fenn stated that from his experience of T. miniosa, he considered
it closely allied to cruda, and that its resting position in nature, was
very similar to that species. It also varied considerably. Dr. Euckell
had observed that the T/ENiocampid.^^ all emerged at about 10 o'clock
a.m. Mr. Machin, Mr. C. G. Barrett, and others also took part in the
discussion. Replying to Mr. Lewcock with respect to neuration, Mr.
Tutt said it could not be depended on altogether, as it was unstable
and very unreliable. Votes of thanks to Mr. Tutt and the country
exhibitors were unanimously accorded.

D

218 THE entomologist's record.

November 6th. — Exhibits : Coleoptera — Mr. Boden, Cicindela sylva-
tica, C. campestris, Lina popii/i, Toxotus 7neridianus, Cryptocephalus
aiireolus, etc. Mr. Ellis, Chrysomela baiiksii, Elaphrus riparius, and
several others from Herts. Mr. Lewcock, on behalf of Rev. J. Isabell,
a box of Coleoptera, chiefly Staphylmidcc, from Cornwall. The rest of
the evening was devoted to the discussion of the Apamid^e, in connec-
tion with which Messrs. Clark, Tutt, Nicholson, Battley, Dr. Sequeira,
and others, exhibited specimens. Mr. Lewcock, on behalf of Mr.
Collins of Warrington, also exhibited a box of specimens of the Apamid^e,
taken by that gentleman in the Warrington district. Mr. Tutt stated
that his remarks would be more in the style of" gossip " than " science,"
but he hoped that something might be learned from what he had to
say. He then gave an outline of the genera in the family Apamid^,
and showed how certain species in some of these genera, were closely
allied to other species in the genera of the family Hadenid.'E, although
so widely separate on our list. In the genus Hydrcecia, Mr. Tutt pointed
out, in his fine series, the differences between niditans (X..),2^\A paludis
(Tutt), and compared these species with lucens (Frr.), captured by Mr.
Collins near Warrington. In Xylophasia — ncrea was especially dealt
with, and the range from var. argentea (Tutt), to var. 7iigro-rubida (Tutt)
as exemplified in his long series, was fully illustrated, whilst a drawer
showing the different vars. oi X. polyodon, proved of great interest. The
local vars. oi Heliophobus hispidus were dealt with, followed by a criticism
of the paper, published by Mr. South in the Entomologist, on Luperina
7iickerlii ; — Mr. Tutt pointing out that Mr. South's paper, based on in-
sufficient data, tended to be misleading as to the specific identity of the
species, as Mr. Baxter's specimen was an undoubted var. of L. testacea,
and agreed in no way with Freyer's original description of tiickerlii.
The genus Mamcstra occupied some time — ahjecta being referred to the
adusta group of the genus Hadetia. Apaviea includes the most protean
Noctuid {didyma) in the British fauna, and Mr. Tutt pointed out how
strange it was that the two most nearly allied species to didyma — unatiimis
and ophiogramma — were so constant. Attention was then drawn to the
apparently 'erroneous position of leucostiom i {fibrosa) in Apamea, and
its close resemblance to Hydrcecia. Miana furimcula, as offering a
good illustration of response to environment, was next considered, and
was well illustrated by a splendid series of above 200 specimens in
Mr. Tutt's cabinet. M. fasciuncula was a var. of strigilis without doubt.
The Rev. W. F. Johnson had sent Mr. Tutt specimens perfectly inter-
mediate, and equally well-named as either species. Notes on the rare
species of the family, which proved most interesting, brought the
remarks to a close. A discussion ensued, in which Messrs. Clark,
Lewcock, Battley, Simes, and others took part, and the proceedings
terminated with votes of thanks to Mr. Tutt and the country exhibitors.
The President drew the attention of the members to the Pocket-Box
Exhibition on November 20th. — G. A. Lewcock and A. U. Battley,
Hon. Sees.

Entomological Society of London — November ^t/i, 1890. — The
Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the chair.
Lord Walsingham announced the death of Mr. Atkinson, of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta. Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited a number of Lepidoi)-

SOCIETIES. 219

tera collected in June last near Digne, Basses Alpes, including Papilio
alexanor ; Parnassius apollo, larger and paler than the Swiss form ;
Anthocharis tagis var. belleziua ; Leiicophasia dupo?ic/ie/i ; Theda spini \
Thecla ilicis var. cerri ; Lyaena argiades var. corretas ; L. bellargus var.
ceronus \ Melita\i deione ; and Argy'/mts eiiphrosyne. Mr. W. E. Nichol-
son also exhibited a collection ot Lepido[)tera, found near Digne last
June, which included very large specimens of Papilio luachaon ; P.
podalirius ; TJiais ruinina var. medesicaste, larger and redder than the
Mediterranean specimens ; Apatura ilia var. dytie ; Argynnis adippe
\2lX. cleodoxa \ A. daphne; Alelanargia galatea \zx. leucojuelas ; Vanessa
egea, bred from pellitory; Satyrus sewele, and many others. Mr. C. O.
Waterhouse exhibited the wings of a large species of Attacus, split in
halves longitudinally so as to show the upper and lower membranes.
Dr. D. Sharp exhibited a photograph he had received from Professor
Exner, of Vienna, showing the picture obtained at the back of the eye
of Lampyris splendidula. He stated that this picture is continuous and
not reversed, and shows the outlines of lights and shades of objects
at a distance as well as of those closer to the eye. Mr. H. Goss
exhibited a specimen of Zygxna filipejidnlte. var. c/irysanthenii, which
he had taken at Rhinefield, in the New Forest, on July 15th last.
Dr. P. B. Mason said this variety was known on the Continent
of Europe, and was tigured by Hiibner in his Sanunlung, a copy
of which work he exhibited. He added that he possessed a similar
specimen of this variety taken in Wyre Forest, Worcestershire. Colonel
Swinhoe stated that he possessed a similar variety of a species of Syntoinis.
The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited a number of Diptera, Hymenoptera
and Coleopte'-a recently collected in Iceland ; also drawings illustrating
the various forms of Crynwdes exulis occurring in Iceland which he had
shown at the October meeting of the Society ; he also exhibited seven
varieties of Alelanippe thuleana, nine of Coreinia inunitata^ and a few of
JVoctiia conflua, illustrating the varied forms of these species occurring
in Iceland. Dr. Mason said that the only British specimens of N. conflua
which he had seen resembling the Iceland form of the species were
taken at Wolsingham, Durham. Mons. A. Wailly exhibited and re-
marked on a number of Lepidoptera from Japan. The collection
comprised about thirty species, eleven of which, it was stated, were not
represented in the British Museum collections. Mr. A. C. Horner
exhibited a number of rare species of Coleoptera, including Honialota
crassicornis, Gyll., H. humeralis, Kr., and Euryporus pidpes, Pk.,
collected at Church Stretton, Shropshire ; and also specimens of ^///rtra
nitida, Sturm., Oxypoda atnieiia, Fair., Honialota testacespes, Heer,
Lithoceris apicalis, Kr., and Epunea negleda, Heer, from the neighbour-
hood of Tonbridge. Mr. Meyer Darcis exhibited a specimen of
Termitobia physogastra, Gangelb., a new genus and species oi Bradielytra
obtained in a white ants' nest. Dr. Sharp commented on the interesting
nature of the exhibition. Colonel Swinhoe exhibited a collection of
moths from Southern India, which comprised about forty species,
distributed amongst the following families : — Syniomidic, Liihosiidce,
Ardiidce, Lasiocanipidce, Zerenidcc, Fidonidcc, Leucanidw, Heliothidce^
Aioiiiiidce, Poaphilidie, etc. He also read a paper describing these
species, entitled " New Species of Moths from Southern India." Tlie
Rev. T. A. Marshall communicated a paper entitled " A Monograph

220 THE entomologist's record.

of British Braconidse. Part IV." Lord Walsingham read a paper
entitled " African Micro- Lepidoptera." This paper contained de-
scriptions of seventy-one new species, and of the following nine new
genera, viz : — Autochthonus, Scalidoma, Barharoscaridia, Odites, Idio-
pteryx, Microthaiinia^ Lic/nocera, Oxymachicnis, and -Micropostega.
Several European genera were recorded as new to the African fauna :
and several American genera, one Australian, and one Indian genus
were also recorded as represented in Africa. — H. Goss, Hon. Sec.

lOTICES, REVIEWS, Etc.

An Illustrated Handbook of British Dragon-flies. By W. Har-
court Bath. Published by E. W. Allen, 4 Ave Maria Lane, E.G. — A
popular handbook in any branch of the science of Entomology, by means
of which the collector can at once name the species which he collects,
is sure to attract recruits to that particular branch, and from the number
of those who commence as collectors, are obtained the few who become
scientists, systematic or otherwise. Without attempting anything
scientific, the above book gives a beginner sufficient help to name his
captures pretty readily, and, thus far, will be useful to those for whom
it is intended. Of those who commence in this way, many will soon
get beyond the contents of a handbook, and with the elementary know-
ledge already obtained, can easily go on to the study of more advanced
scientific text-books. The few British dragon-flies can so easily be
collected v.-ith lepidoptera, that I shall be astonished if the publication
of this book does not lead to an increase in the number of collectors of
that beautiful group. — Ed.

A History of British Lepidoptera, with Coloured Plates. By
S. L. Mosley, F.E.S. Published by the Author, Beaumont Park
Museum, Huddersfield. This work, of which Part i is to hand, should
prove useful. There are six Plates to Part i, and I would suggest, that
although Plates i.-iv. are fairly well done, it would be advisable to
reprint Plates v. and vi., as the ova, larv^, and pups on these are
excessively bad, and the imagines but little better. I notice on p. 6,
that Parnassius delius is said to be very like Piei-is crafivgi. Surely this
is not seriously meant. On the same page, the author appears to
believe that insects are "blown over" from the Continent, and gives
credence to the report that P. apollo was recently observed near Dover.
Errors in the letterpress do not tend to improve the book, but this
defect will probably disappear in the succeeding Parts. If the Plates
are improved the book will probably find a ready sale. — Ed.

The Rochester Naturalist, Vol. I. Published by The Rochester
Naturalists' Club. This volume of 506 pp., besides containing many
articles of general interest to naturalists, has several devoted to lepi-
doptera, and a list of the Macro-Lepidoptera of the district, compiled
by Mr, W. Ghaney, will prove of the utmost use to all those lepidop-
terists who specially work the county of Kent. The volume is to
be obtained from Mr. J. Hepworth, Union Street, Rochester. — Ed.

'^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 9. Vol. I. December 15th, 1890.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES.

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

{Continued from page 201.)

\CRONY CTA {Viviinia) rumicis. — I have, to some
extent, taken this species as the type of the sub-
genus Viviinia, and used it for the purpose of com-
paring the others with, rather because it is the most
abundant and easily obtained, and therefore the most con-
venient for the purpose, than because I have any decided
opinion that it is a more ancient and primitive species than the
others. The humps on the 5th and 12th segments of the full-
grown larva of riiviicis give it a peculiar outline, which is
further pronounced by the attitude it assumes by laying its
head prone and slightly raising the 5th segment off the surface
on which it rests, I have called this the rumicis form or out-
line. This form is assumed in the earlier larval stages by all
the other species of Viviinia, but lost again by the full-grown
larva. Curiously there is least of it in venosa, which in all other
respects, egg, newly-hatched larva, and markings of full-grown
larva and pupa is closer to rumicis than they. It is also perhaps
remarkable that the outline of the larvae of psi, tridejis, and
sirigosa should be so strongly that of rtimicis, though belonging
to a widely different section of the genus, their newly-hatched
larvae {psi and tridens at least), also, have the same pale and
dark segments as Viminia, so that it would not perhaps be safe
to suppose that the rumicis outline has been assumed by them
independently ; but I am, nevertheless, inclined to regard the
coincidence as due rather to a parallel variation in allied species,
than to a common descent from an ancestor of rumicis form.

222 THE entomologist's record.

The egg (Plate VII., figs, i and 2), when first laid, is white
or faintly greenish in tint, and soon becomes yellowish, it then
gets streaks of red in a network, as if it were going to take the
aspect of a/ni or auricovia ; the streaks, however, become more
numerous and suffused, there is a central red or brown dot on
the apex surrounded with a pale zone, and the rest of the egg
is finely dotted with yellow or orange dots on a reddish-brown
base. This colouring is assumed in two days in warm weather,
in cool weather not under a week is occupied in the progress of
the change to full colour. When massed together, the eggs
appear to have a black dot at the apex of each. They are laid
in a regularly imbricated fashion, and have in mass the silky
lustre already referred to. They are almost exactly i mm. in
diameter and 0.32 mm. in height. They have about 54 ribs, of
the same character as in the other species. In some lights the
crenulations of the ribs have more of the appearance of rows
of beads, but this is not due to any essential difference from
the other species, which would probably present a similar
aspect when favourably viewed.

The newly-hatched larva (Plate V., fig. 7) is pale, but very
quickly the tubercles blacken, and when somewhat fed, or
indeed at first, with sufficiently close observation, the segments
present the typical pale and dark coloration characteristic of
Viniinia with the weak nth segment of Acro?iycta. The pale
segments have each tubercle surrounded by a white zone, the
rest of the segment being pale rufous, the dark segments are
brown, and the pale zones round the tubercles, in these, are
rufous.

The anterior trapezoidals are large, with an angular hollow
edge to fit the posterior trapezoidals ; they have three strong
hairs, and two, or even three, weaker ones : the hairs, as well
as the tubercles, are nearly black. On the nth segment, the
tubercles are very small and the hairs short, but the anterior
trapezoidals possess five hairs. The other tubercles have one
hair each, on some posterior trapezoidals is a faint point as of
a second hair.

The scutellum of the 2nd segment has three hairs on each
half, and the second tubercle (supra spiracular ?) has two hairs.
On the 3rd and 4th, the anterior trapezoidals have each three
hairs. Unlike venosa, the larva, as it grows, shows the alterna-
tion of light and dark segments less distinctly.

In the 2nd skin, it appears to be black, but the skin is really
dark brown ; there are white areas around the trapezoidals of

THE GENUS ACROXYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 223

3 and 4 and round the posterior trapezoidals of 6.7 and 11,
and white or orange markings on the front portion of the 12th.
Segment 5 is especially large and black, 11 is small and its
tubercles dwarfed, 12 is decidedly humped. Below, the colour
is pale brownish, as well as round the sub-spiracular tubercles.
The hairs are long and black, from 6 to 12 on each tubercle,
except the post-spiracular, which is barely visible. \\''hen full-
fed in this skin, the colour is fuscous brown, and the white marks
round the trapezoidals, now take the form of a series of orange-
yellow spots and patches between the trapezoidals and surround-
ing the posterior trapezoidals, most marked on segment 3,
especially as regards colour, next on 11, and are wanting on 5,
8 and g. The markings round the sub-spiracular tubercles
also form a series of yellow patches, amounting almost to a
lateral line.

On entering the 3rd skin, the tubercles and hairs are so
abundant and black, that nothing further can be detected,
except the presence of a reddish lateral line, and that some
pale markings exist, especially on 11, and also on 12 and 13.
When fairly grown in 3rd skin, the length is 6-7 mm., it sits,
when at rest, in typical riimicis attitude, head pressed flat, with
jaws forward, dorsal surface rising thence rapidly to hump on
5th segment, then falling with a hollow sweep to 11, and rising
suddenly to hump on 12. The hump on 5 is not yet distinct,
and results merely from the largeness of the segment itself and
its larger tubercles. On segment 12, the large tubercles rest
on a surface higher than the general level. All the anterior
trapezoidal tubercles are larger, they stand out in a pronounced
manner, and give an angularity to the outline. An orange
rufous area, forming a lateral band, surrounds the sub-spiracular
tubercles ; on 3 and 4 are white marks, between the dorsal
tubercles ; on 6 and 7 there is a white double line between the
anterior and posterior trapezoidals ; a similar marking forms a
continuous line along 10, 11, and on to 12, and 11 has two
dorsal white spots ; 13 is paler than the rest of the larva.

In the 4th skin, the appearance is very much that of the full-
grown larva, the 5th segment very large, tapering rapidly to the
head; the rz/ ;///«> form is, in fact, almost more pronounced here
than in the full-grown larva — a parallel perhaps to the other
ViininicB, which have a runiicis outline in the 3rd and 4th
skins, which they afterwards lose. The general colour is black,
with two somewhat square white marks below and in front
of the trapezoidals of 11 and 12, as somewhat conspicuous marks.

224 THE entomologist's record.

and as part of a tendency to a white band in this position,
which is again most evident in 3 and 4, 6 and 7, and partially
in 9. There is also a row of dorsal red spots which tend to be
red transverse lines in the incisions of the segments, decidedly
so between 12 and 13, and less so on those in front. There is
abroad red lateral line immediately above, but almost including
the sub-spiracular tubercles. In a very few examples this line
is nearly white towards the incisions (as in last skin). The
post-spiracular tubercle is a mere dot ; the other tubercles are
black, carrying bundles of black bristles as long as the diameter
of the larva. The tubercles on 5 and 12 are larger than the
others, as the segments themselves are. On all the posterior
trapezoidals are some white bristles, most pronounced on 6 and
7, also on 2.3 and 4. Beneath, the colour is paler, pale fuscous.
There is some little variation in the markings, some specimens
having the white spots from 6-12 very distinct, and with reddish
and ochreous marblings, which coalesce into pale circles round
the posterior trapezoidals of 6-1 1, and some of the supra-
spiracular tubercles. The spiracles are inconspicuous.

On entering the 5th skin, the newly changed larva viewed
dorsally looks like a black cross in a white setting, the dorsum
is black and the 5th segment with its tubercles and hairs is
also black, whilst the subdorsal hairs of 2,3.4 ^^^ ^ ^^'^
onwards are whitish, and the white lozenges of 10. 11 and 12
complete the white border towards the tail. As the larva
grows, it becomes more like the full-grown larva, but retains
the black and white aspect, as compared with the brown tone
of the larva in the last skin. The lateral line also is yellowish
towards the incisions. The posterior trapezoidal, and, to a less
degree, the anterior, and the supra-spiracular tubercles have an
abundance of plumose hairs, black on 5th segment but white
(or pale ochreous) on the others, most abundant on 5 and 6
and diminishing thence in either direction so that 3 and 10 are
almost without them ; spiracles white with a conspicuous white
dot in front of each ; head black, with, in some specimens, an
inverted V above the clypeus, brown.

In the last (6th) skin, the length is from 29 to 34 mm.
When first moulted, hardly any markings are visible and the
larva (especially the variety with red hairs on 5) might pass
for fuliginosa. As the larva grows, the various markings
appear and the familiar aspect is assumed — it seems unneces-
sary to transcribe my description of so well-known a larva,
though it may be well to call attention to the marblings of the

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 225

ground colour, which are of a similar character and disposition
to those described under venosa ; and the minute dotting, with
hair points is the same. The larva varies little except in colour
of hairs and in trilling details of markings, but its general
aspect varies immensely according to how much it is fed up
and according to its attitude. The front view, when a full-fed
larva is drawn up in sulks is very bizarre, the head being sur-
mounted by two white triangles pointing up to the brown and
black hair tufts.

It happens however, that, I met with, last year (i88g) at
Llandudno, a remarkable variety of the full-grown larva. The
ground colour was a light salmon with some darker marblings,
the lateral line white, interrupted by the salmon-coloured sub-
spiracular tubercle, some dark marks between the dorsal yellow
dashes and subdorsal white marks. The spiracles white on a
dark mark extending forward to the next incision. The hairs
reddish salmon, the head black, with large lateral area reddish,
and clypeus reddish with black centre. This larva produced a
moth of the ordinary form — whether this was a rare example
approaching an albino form, or whether the pale limestone of
the Orme's Head, on which it was basking, has developed a
local race of this coloration, I do not know.

The number of moults in Acronycta is five, but a number of
the species do, upon occasion, reach the last skin in four
moults, omitting the fifth skin ; and where, as in rnmicis, that
skin has a special distinctive marking or coloration, or arrange-
ment of the hairs, these larvae never exhibit that particular
phase. In rnmicis this is by no means uncommon, most broods
presenting some examples of it. I have also noted it in
menyanthidis, auricouia, Icporina, and aceris, and have no doubt
it occurs, if more rarely, in all the others. This variation has
no relation to sex. When I first met with it, I thought that it
probably represented an attempt to press forward and get in
another brood, to become double-brooded, but this also I found
not to be the case, nor was there any difference in size in the
full-grown larvai or imagines. It seems to be a spontaneous
variation, whose meaning and use have yet to be discovered.
It is an interesting circumstance to note, in connection with
this, that abii alone has four moults as the normal number, and
that, in rare instances, it moults five times like the others.
The light which these instances throw on the sudden change
of the larval form and colouring, in moulting from the fourth
to the last skin, must be more fully dealt with under that species.

226 THE entomologist's record.

Although the four-moult form has no relation to an attempt
to reach the imago state more rapidly and to become double-
brooded, nevertheless rnviicis presents it more frequently than
the other species and is also the one (after aiiricomd) that most
frequently is double-brooded. In the south, there are always
autumnal specimens, usually I think a second brood. In the
north, there is no second brood and rarely if ever an autumnal
specimen.

The pupa (Plate I., fig. i.) is black (length 17 mm., width
52^mm,), the general outline is cylindrical, not only from the front
to the end of the wing cases, but to the end of the next two
(free) abdominal segments, the remaining (fused) segments
taper rapidly, and except in plump pupas, irresistibly suggest
that they are a portion of a smaller pupa attached in place of
the proper segments.

Ventrally, the coverings of the proboscis, first and second
pairs of legs, antennas and wings are more marked off from each
other and distinct, than is usual in Noctua pupae, and their sur-
face, though, broadly speaking, smooth, is marked by numerous
close transverse wrinkles, the tips of the third pair of legs also
appear. Dorsall}', the posterior edge of the mesothorax is very
marked as if it were overhanging the next segment, the meta-
thorax is not very distinctly separated from the ist abdominal
segment. The four abdominal segments, forming part of the
solid portion of the pupa, and the two free ones (5 and 6) have
a similar sculpturing, though less boldly on the first three than
the others. The hind margin of each segment (Plate II.,
fig. 4b) is raised in smoothly rounded projecting ribs {vi?nen),
whilst the rest of the segment, at least dorsally, is rough with
very numerous raised and pointed dots and warts, most pro-
nounced close up to the vimen and dorsally. The flexible mem-
brane uniting the free segments is usually lighter than the rest
of the pupa, dark or even pale brown, and is covered with very
minute dots closely set in regular rows. The dorsal aspect of
the 7th abdominal segment, the first of the solid terminal por-
tion, has the warts of the preceding ones, but not the marginal
rib — the remaining segments are nearly smooth. In the finest
pupae, the boldness of the " hoops " on 4th, 5th, and 6th abdo-
minal segments gives an appearance of greater thickness here
(an approach to venosd).

The anterior extremity of the pupa (Plate II., fig. 4a) is
marked by two raised rough knobs, situated between the bases
of the antennae. The spiracles are in the usual position, viz.,

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES. 227

between the pro- and mesothorax, immediately behind the
antenna case and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th abdo-
minal segments. The spiracle of the ist abdominal segment is
covered by the wings, and that of the 8th is seen as an obso-
lete mark on the 2nd segment of the terminal piece.

The anal extremity (Plate II., fig. 4c) is conical, but broader
at the tip, and is slightly hollowed in front, like a very broad
stubby pen. The armature consists at first sight of a dense
brush of fine brown bristles, but this is often sufficiently rubbed
off to show that the pupa itself has certain points or processes.
The end resembling the stubby pen is a rectangular surface, not
directly terminal, but facingsomewhat dorsallyand armed at each
corner with a blunt point, not sufficiently developed to be called
a hook, but suggests that it is a rudimentary one. In some
specimens, there is an indication of another pair placed be-
tween the two ventral ones, but additional dorsal ones are 'not
sufficiently pronounced to be quite sure of. There are the
usual pairs of minute bristles at the bases of the antennae, on
the outer side of the frontal tubercles, one on each side of the
clypeus (?), a small group on each side of the back of the
mesothorax, and some on each side of the back of the 12th
and 13th segments, all these are barely more than microscopic.

I have already said, that the other Viniinia pupae differ
from that of runiicis, only in the degree in which these several
features are more or less pronounced. I find it convenient to
describe the 5th and 6th abdominal segments as the "free
segments," the rest being fixed or fused together in the thoracic
and anal masses. I believe the Macros have, as a rule, only
these two segments free in the pupal state. It is indeed only
broken by a few genera such as Trocliiluini, Hepialus, Zeuzera,
and Cossus, which, in several other respects (except size), have
much affinity with the Micros.

As to its distribution, Stainton's classical expression in the
Manual, of " Common everywhere," would still be applicable
to riunicis, were it not that ruinicis, like other species, is
disappearing, or at least becoming very rare in the densely
populated districts.

{To be continued.)

An excursus of Plate V. will be published next month.

Errata — P. igg, line 17, for "opening" read "spinning; "
p. 194, line 13, for "mammellae" read "mammillae;" p. 194,
line 5 from bottom, for " 6th " read " ist."

228 THE E^^TOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Larv^ of Acronvctas in First Skin.

Fig. I. — Acronycta ( Viminia) auricoma. Larva in first skin fed a little X 20 diam.
Fig. 2. — Acronycta ( Viminia) auricoma. Larva full fed in first skin x 12 diam.
Figs. 3 and 4. — Acronycta {Viminia) mcnyanthidis. Larvae partly fed in first skin

X 24 diam.
Fig. 5- — Acronycta { Viminia) myriciv. Larva full fed in first skin, indeed close upon

first moult X 22 diam.
Fig. 6. — Acronycta ( Viminia) venosa. Larva fed a very little in first skin x 34

diam.
Fig. 7. — Acronycta ( Viminia) nimicis. Larva half fed in first skin X 27 diam.
Figs. 8 and 9. — Acronvcta [BtMilcia) ligiistri. Larvce well fed in first skin x 22 diam.
Fig. 10. — Acronycta [Cuspidia) aceris. Larva in first skin newly hatched X 30 diam.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

{Contimied from page 172.)

Tt has been suggested, and I have known it assumed as fact,
^ that exposure to cold frequently darkens the colour of cer-
tain double-brooded species of lepidoptera, and have seen
Selenia illustraricx brought forward to illustrate the assumption.
But, if cold could aid, in any way, the production of melanic
forms, why, in Britain, do we get our most melanic forms on
the west coast of Ireland, where, owing to the influence of the
Gulf Stream, the temperature is, for the latitude, exception-
ally high ? It is also a matter of fact, that species from dry
open areas in the high latitudes of America and Europe
present no traces of melanism.

The first writer on the subject of dark coloration being pro-
duced by a low temperature, was Professor Weismann. To
me, his experiments, so far as lepidoptera are concerned,
appear of little or no value. The incidental influences of
moisture, etc., appear to have been overlooked entirely, and
his experiments were too general to be of much service. Mr.
Merrifield has been paying considerable attention to the influ-
ence of temperature on seasonably dimorphic species, and his
general conclusions {Transactiotis of the Ent. Sac, 1889, pp.
78-97) are of much greater value. Professor Weismann prin-
cipally directed his attention to the application of a low
temperature to the pupa, and considered, that retardation in
this stage, was the principal factor in producing a dark colo-
ration in a winter form of a double-brooded species, where

Pl.V.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 229

the seasonal forms were dimorphic in colour ; hut I helieve
myself, that the influence (whatever it may he) which produces
a dark coloration in these species, acts hut very little (if at all)
in that stage, and that the larval stage is the one most affected
by the exciting influence. If this darkening takes place by
retardation in the pupal stage, then, the insects of northern
Europe and America, instead of being, as they are, more than
usually pallid, would be excessively dark, for many north-
country species appear normally to pass two years in this
stage. It is in mountainous and other humid districts, that
we find dark-coloured insects developed, and, since the spring
specimens of several seasonally dimorphic species {Tcplirosia
crepusmlaria, Selenia illustraria, etc.) are darker coloured than
the summer specimens, I think it more than likely, that delay
and environment have infinitely more influence in the larval
stage, than the same influences can possibly have on the
comparatively quiescent pupal form. It is, therefore, advisable
to note, with regard to these dimorphic seasonal forms, that
Mr. Merrifield writes : — " In the double-brooded species, the
governing consideration is, which brood am I to belong to —
the summer form or the winter form ? and that decision can
only be arrived at in the larval (growing) stage, and may be
then controlled by external influences, e.g., temperature.^ I
do not believe that temperature^ can ever convert the one form
(summer or winter) into the other, unless brought to bear on
the larval stage" (/// litt.). Again, after all the care that Mr.
Merrifield has taken with his "temperature" experiments, he
writes : — " Like you, I am by no means prepared to accept the
position that cold causes melanism. / t}ii7ik it quite probable
that, in some cases, it may produce an opposite effect " {in litt.).

I will now quote one or two more of Mr. Merrifield's obser-
vations, which appear to me of importance, and the value of
these remarks is enormously increased, when we consider,
that, having his attention directed especially to " cold" as the
cause of the darkening, he could not reconcile his results as
being borne out by differences of temperature. He writes : —
" So far as my experiments on pupae have gone, the results of
them appear in close accordance with those of Professor
Weismann, but other experiments seem to indicate that the
temperature^ to which the larva is exposed in its growing stage

^ If accompanied Ijy humidity.— J. W.T.

^ Mr. Merrifield's experimenls were based on temperature. He therefore assumed
that all his results were produced by temperature. — j.W.T.

^ I consider these differences caused by the more " wet" condition. — J.W.T.

230 THE entomologist's recoed.

has much to do with the colouring of the perfect insect "
(p. 82). Mr. Merrifield also writes: — "As to the causes of
variation in colour, markings and shape, the inquiry is a more
complicated one, of course embracing the pupal stage, though
I am inclined to think, for reasons I will give, that it should
by no means be confined to that stage" (p. 84). The first
observation relates to Ennouios autumnaria, which were bred in
the " wet " and cold summer of 1888. There were three sets :
one kept out of doors and exposed to wet and cold ; a second
kept indoors in a " drier " and warmer atmosphere ; whilst a
third was kept indoors but " bottled." Mr. Merrifield, treating
his as " temperature " experiments, supposed the differences in
these sets to be due to the difference in temperature. I con-
sider the difference due to the difference of the "wet" and
moist conditions to which the larvae were subjected. Mr.
Merrifield writes : — " In autumnaria, the difference (between
these first two sets) is most marked and very conspicuous.
.... Generally, if not always, the spots and marks of the
forced ones are less dusky, and not nearly so dark ; nearly all
the males, and all but one of the females, have fewer spots than
the corresponding sexes in the sleeved ; on the underside^ the
differences are more strongly marked. The general result is,
that of the 26 forced, there is only one that comes up to the
general standard of the 24 sleeved in abundance and in dark-
ness of spotting and other marks, and there are only 3 of the
sleeved, which, in lightness of spots and marks, approach the
general hue and appearance of the 26 forced" (p. 86). That
is, those that were exposed to the wet season of 1888 as larvae,
were much darker than those bred indoors and protected from
these conditions. Mr. Merrifield, regarding this experiment,
goes on to say ; — "The difference in appearance between the
forced and the sleeved being so marked, I give in detail the
facts, which appear to indicate that, in this case, the conditions
to which the larvae were subjected may have had much to do
with the very striking difference in the moths. One of two
conclusions, at all events, seems almost to follow from the
experiments, viz., that the larval period was the critical one,
or that the colour of the perfect insect, in this single-brooded
and summer-pupating species, can be affected by exposing the
pupae to a very moderate difference of temperature." Mr.

^ This tends to prove my previous statement, as to looking for variation on the
underside of butterflies. This moth rests like a buttertiy willi its wings drawn up
over its body. — J.W.T.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 231

Merrifield then goes into particulars of these two broods,
together with the third or " bottled " brood. But, in all these
particulars Mr. Merrifield argues as if only temperature were to
be noticed, although he states that whilst there was so much
difference between the " forced " and " sleeved " imagines, the
" bottled," kept indoors at a comparatively high temperature,
and which, if temperature were the prevailing factor, ought to
be more like the " forced," turned out to be, " in colour and
intensity of marking, not far from the sleeved." The process
of " bottling " at once tends to place the larva; under moist
and humid conditions, which seem to have affected these in the
same way as the rain of 1888 affected the sleeved. Mr.
Merrifield then writes : — " If the great difference between the
forced and the sleeved originated in the pupal period, it would
seem to follow, that the difference between about 66° and about
75°-8o°, during an exposure of a very few weeks, is sufficient,
in this species for the purpose " (p. 8g). Now, I would ask,
how, in the name of common-sense could this be ? If this
were so, pupae subjected to this difference of temperature would
produce two forms of the same moth, and every mitiimnaria
spending its pupal period at 66° should have a tendency to
melanism. Other species, I presume, should follow the same
rule. Nothing, I think, better shows that Mr. Merrifield was
right, when he wrote : — " I think the larval period is the
critical one," and again :— " I do not think temperature can
ever convert one form into the other, unless brought to bear on
the larval stage," than the extract just quoted. There is no
doubt the action of moisture (it may be more or less affected
by temperature at the same time, but I fail to see how) on
the larva is the cause of the darkening.

Professor Weismann had recourse to a very far-fetched
notion to explain the reason why he supposed, that, although
a difference of 14.9'^ R. (33-5° F.) between the German winter
and summer temperatures failed to originate a climatic
variety of Papilio podalirius, a difference of 9° F. between the
summer temperatures of Germany and Sicily was sufficient to
do so ; his suggestion being, that the cause was to be found in
the absolute temperature reached ; and I am rather surprised
that Mr. Merrifield seems inclined to follow him in (what
appears to me) his fallacious reasoning. However, for our
purpose, it is sufficient to consider that Professor Weismann
and Mr. Merrifield are both obliged to leave the " cold " theory,
to explain in other ways, why climatic races are developed in

282 THE entomologist's record.

countries with high temperatures. In short, the " cold "
theory of melanism can only be maintained or bolstered up by
finding different explanations for almost every different case.
I have no doubt, that, if Mr. Merrifield's attention had been
directed to humidity as a cause of darkening, my own ideas of
melanism would have received substantial corroboration. I
think no better proof of the small effect " cold " can have in
darkening colour, could be produced than Mr. Merrifield's
remarks on " icing." He writes of some moths, produced from
pupae iced for a considerable time : — ■" The cooling in this case
not produce any change of colour, or, if any, it is a very slight did
one." Again, about another experiment, Mr. Merrifield (p. 93)
writes: — "The later ones of the 8 are very much darker
than the earlier ones, and, though the progressive darkening
is not quite regular, it is difficult to look at them without think-
ing that retardation of development has been the operative
cause, t/ie retardation in this case not being associated zvith cold,
as the pupae have rarely or never been at a lower temperature
than ^Qp. There are some other facts which rather favour the
view that retardation, without cold, may be a cause of, or at
least be associated with, darkening," etc. ; and again (p. 94),
" there is no marked difference (in colour) between those which
have been frosted and the rest." What a pity it seems that
Mr. Merrifield's attention had not been directed to the inci-
dental circumstance of " humidity," as some most valuable
results would undoubtedly have been obtained.

Lord Walsingham's paper on Melanism, which has attracted
some attention, is also based on temperature. His paper can
hardly be said to propound a theory, as it scarcely seeks to
show what is the cause of melanism, but that, melanism once
having been produced, the dark coloration is an advantage to
the insect possessing it ; it then goes on to suggest that this
advantage, therefore, is the cause of the insect being melanic ;
although, how it can in any way be looked upon as a " cause "
of melanism, I fail entirely to see. But we have to bear in
mind that, although the whole of Lord Walsingham's theory (?)
{Presidential Address to the Yorkshire Naturalists' Society,
1885) that melanism is probably due to the rapidity with
which the insects would absorb heat because of their darker
coloration, is extremely interesting and full of good reasoning,
yet it is entirely misleading, because based on entirely fallacious
data. The assumption, that insects from high latitudes are
generally melanic, is entirely erroneous. They appear to be

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 233

in some instances, if we confine ourselves to the British Isles,
or even to the western shores of Europe under the influence
of the Gulf Stream, but, in the hi<:^h latitudes both of Europe
Asia, and America, especially at low altitudes, melanism is
practically unknown. Mr. Dobree {Entoni. xx. pp. 25-28)
thoroughly exposed this fallacy, and showed how incorrect it
was, and Mr. Jenner Weir {Entoin. xx. p. 85) supported Mr.
Dobrde's facts ; and, since the whole of Lord Walsingham's
theory was based on this incorrect assumption, the misleading
character of the theory may be easily estimated. The actual
fact " that dark colours would be advantageous to insects,
owing to the rapidity with which they would absorb heat," is
a simple statement of fact that the most elementary student of
physics would understand ; but that this is the cause of
melanism is another matter, especially when it is assumed,
that, as the temperature gets lower, the moths get darker,
which is contrary to fact, unless the lower temperature is
accompanied by increased humidity. Lord Walsingham, too,
allows nothing for the fact that moths generally fly by night,
and that radiation would have to be taken into account, as it
is another elementary fact in physics that " good absorbers are
generally good radiators ; " but still the previous fact, that the
moths of northern latitudes are riot generally given to melanic
tendencies, renders most of the arguments in the paper equally
abortive,

Mr, Dale, in the Young Naturalist Supplement, Jan. iSgo,
PP- ^1^ 38? after pointing out that melanism is essentially
characteristic of the most humid districts, asserts that : — " The
dry chalk soils of the South absorb a greater amount of heat .
than the wet peaty soils of the North, and to that, in conjunc-
tion with the fact that there is more rain and consequently less
sunshine in the North, is melanism entirely due." Grandly
assertive, but entirely unconvincing, this was rather severely
handled by Lord Walsingham in the February number of the
same Magazine, but Mr. Dale again comes to the front, and
begins by denying one of the most elementary laws of physics,
viz. : — that dark-coloured substances do absorb more rapidly
than light-coloured, and then adds : — " The pith of my argu-
ment is this — dark-coloured soils absorb a great deal of
moisture and cannot absorb so much heat as light-coloured
soils, which are dry." Here Mr. Dale assumes, evidently, that
all dark soils are necessarily " heavy " {i.e., retentive) soils, and
vice versd, an obvious error. The amount of heat absorbed by

234 THE entomologist's record.

the soil depends on the quantity of water in it ivJiich does not
drain through — in other words, on the quantity of evaporation
to be effected by the sun's rays, before they can commence
warming the soil. Side by side and equally well drained, a
dark clay absorbs more heat than white chalk. Mr. Dale's
statement above — " Consequently less sunshine," etc., ia again
difficult to understand. More rain does not always mean less
sunshine. Probably the most brilliant sunshine in the world
is found in India, and yet some parts of India register above
400 inches annual rainfall. In fact, Mr. Dale's notes are
scarcely worth serious criticism ; they offend against the most
elementary facts of geology and the most elementary laws of
physics.

I think cold may therefore be looked upon as quite a -minor
factor in the production of melanic forms, even if it may not be
altogether neglected, for it is clear that the coldest areas
do not normally produce dark-coloured insects, and if cold
areas do not produce melanic forms in nature, I think it a
satisfactory deduction that experiments, based on temperature,
which appear to give results tending to show that a low
temperature does produce dark-coloured forms, should be
looked upon with grave suspicion unless all attendant circum-
stances have been fully taken into account. At present, I am
inclined to look beyond temperature for the explanation of
results, which appear to have been produced in experiments
based on temperature, and there is no doubt that, had the
experiments been carried out with a view of testing the in-
fluence of moisture, much more satisfactory results would have
been obtained.

{To be continued)

JglBLIOGRAPHY.

Additions to the British List and Changes in Nomenclature.

Lepidoptera.

Aphyioceros vagans, n. sp. Tutt, Ent. Rec, 203 (introduced).

At the meetings of the City of London Ent. Soc, Oct. 16 and Nov.
6, the following changes in the nomenclature of British Noctuids
were suggested by Mr. Tutt. Tceniocampa to include leucographa
and rubricosa ; Aliaiia fasciuncula to be reduced to strigilis var. ;
Mamestra abjeda to be placed in the adiista group of Hadena. It

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 235

was also stated that leucostigtna ^ was apparently not an Apamea,
and that Luperina van nickerlii of South was not Freyer's insect of
that name.
Opsibotys is proposed as a new generic name for Lederer's first division
of Bot)s (type O. fuscalis, Schiff.), by W. Warren, Ann. Mag.
N.H., Dec , p. 474. Botys disappears from among the Pyrales
altogether, the original type of that genus being the Lythria
pitrpuraria of modern authors.

COLEOPTERA.

Canon Fowler's Coleoptera of the British Islands is a work which will of
necessity be consulted by all those interested in our beetles, so
that any account of its contents or detailed enumeration of the
changes from the older works becomes almost superfluous. In
vol. iv. we are glad to see the generic name Longitarsus adopted,
as its validity has long been recognised in other countries. Under
L. jacobacB is described a new var. rufescens. On p. 304
Chrysomela staphylea is described with a new var, sharpi from the
Solway district.
Anthonomus rosince Des Gozis, W. W. Fowler, E.M.Af., 312-313.
Repton, Burton-on-Trent, and Norfolk. A very small species,
allied to A. til mi.

Hymenoptera.

Fr. W. Konow, Tenthredinidae Europee. Dent. E?it. Zeitschri/t, 1890,
Heft ii., pp., 225-255.

This important paper contains a synopsis of the genera and a
list of the species of European sawflies. There are also descrip-
tions of many new genera, which it is to be hoped will prove more
satisfactory than some sawfly "genera" have done in the past.
The changes in the names of our British species are many.
Cimbex silvarian, F., appears as C. feffiorata, L. Hylotoma, Latr.,
becomes Arge^ Schrank. Euitra, Cam., becomes Cryptocampus,
Htg. On the other hand, Sirex, L.. is used instead of Urocerus,
Geoff., as is usual in this country and contrary to the custom in
America. The new genera include the following : —
Amauronemattis n. g. with glenelgensis Cam,, hiimeralis Zett.,

arcticus Thorns,, etc.
Pachynetnatus n. g. for einersbergensis Htg,, etc.
Lygceonematus n. g. for ambiguiis Fall., scoticiis Cam., etc.
Micronetnatus n. g. for hibeniicus Cam,, and abbrcviatus Htg.
Eriocampoides n. g. for testaceipes Cam., and cinxia Klg.

Apanteks rujicoxis, Marshall MS., n. sp. (sine descr.), Bignell. En'tom.
383. Bred from Chelonia villica found at Torcross, S. Devon.

Sapholytiis connatus, Hartig, Cameron, E.M.M. 313. Reared from
galls of Atidricus noauli ; Clydesdale.

Xestophanes brevitarsis, Thoms., Cameron, I.e. Galls on Potetitilla
totme7itilla.

Aulax hypochoeridis, Kieff., Cameron, E.M.M. 314. Swellings on
peduncles of Hypochoeris radicata,

— T, D, A. C.

^ This species is placed in a separate genus {Helotropha) near Hydrircia in Dr,
Staudinger's list, — Ed.

236

IgCIENTIFIC NOTES.

Fecundation before Hybernation. — There seems to be a great
deal of doubt as to whether those species of Lepidoptera that hyber-
nate, pair in the autumn, or whether the sexes take no notice of each
other until the following spring. I have heard it remarked of some
Vanessa, that only the females hybernate, but I have myself found males
of most of them in the spring I have captured Vanessa polych oros
in copula in August on two or three occasions. Have any of our readers
facts on this subject ?— J. W. Tutt. December, 1890.

PuPiE IN A Common Cocoon. — About the middle of last month
I opened nine or ten cocoons of Boinbyx trifolii, which I considered
overdue ; in one of these, in no way larger than the rest, I found two
pups pressed together. They appear to be females, and much smaller
than usual. This agrees with what Mr. G. M. A. Hevvett speaks of in
the case of the closely allied Eriogaster lanestris.—¥. B. Newnham,
Church Stretton, Salop. October, 1890.

Disease as a Cause of Variation. — I have a strong opinion
that disease is, in some cases, the cause of many aberrations,
especially where the two sides of the insect do not coincide. To any
one who has bred lepidoptera in quantities (especially Macros), the
occurrence of holes (in the hind wings more generally) is a common
thing. That it is caused by injury before the msect emerges from
the pupa is evident, for were this not the case, the fluid (which, I
believe, causes the expansion of the wings) would exude through the
edges of the hole, as can readily be proved. I believe this to be the
liquid, which is afterwards exuded from the anus of the insect as a
drop of whitish, reddish, or chocolate-coloured fluid, and to be simply
the excess of moisture which is thus disposed of. — C. Fenn, Lee.
November, 1890.

I should like to refer to the hole or malformation in the hind wing
of Mr. Robinson's aberrant, Orthosia upsiloti. Mr. Fenn is certainly
correct in saying that such holes are caused by injury before entering
upon the pupal stage. No doubt our artificial mode of breeding
increases the danger of such malformations, and of cripples generally,
but that such do occur at large now and then, a specimen of
O. viacilenta which I took at ivy this season, will show. This
example has two holes, one large, the other small, both round and
separated by wing nervures. The microscope shows the edges of
the holes to be quite smooth, and there is little or no disturbance of
the scales. The malformation (with a concave piece of the hind
wings absent) which takes place in the hind wings of Liparis dispar,
appears to be of very frequent occurrence, and I once bred a
specimen of the large American Bombyx, — A. polyphonies — with the
wings deeply indented in the same way. — G. C. Griffiths, Clifton,
Bristol. November, 1890.

There seems very little doubt in my mind, that most malformations
become absolutely fixed at the moment that the larva becomes changed
to a pupa. Any one, who has had the good fortune to observe an
insect at this point, would immediately be struck with the fact that, at
the final larval exuviation, the external organs of the imago in their
rudimentary form are perfectly formed and shaped, and that the larva

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 237

at that moment has every character of the imago. The epidermal
secretion which immediately takes place, and which, hardened,
becomes the chitinous covering which we call the pupa case, is an
external structure, and perfectly separate and distinct from the
immature imago which it envelops, although the separation only
becomes absolute as scale development proceeds and is matured.
It must be perfectly clear, therefore, that the slightest injury at the
moment of change, will cause the secretion which forms the chitinous
case, to be imperfect, the membrane will probably be injured, the
scale development at such point of injury fails to become normal, and
malformation is the natural result. Holes in wings are, however, oc-
casionally due, to minute parasites, which, although sapping the
vitality of the host, do not cause death, and the parasite escaping
from the pupa case, before the imago, leaves a tiny hole through
all those portions of the wing (membrane, etc.), through which it had to
make its exit. Total absence of wing development, which we frequently
find, appears to be due to the first cause (injury at pupal change).

But disease not only produces monstrosities and aberration of
form, it also produces variation in markings. Cripples are well
known, owing to imperfect cell-development, to tend to have a
coalescing of spots and markings, and dots are frequently formed into
more or less imperfect bands in crippled specimens. I bred a long
series of Arctia menthastri from pup» sent me from Scotland. They
were all strongly marked, one being an exceptionally fine radiated
form (var. walkeri). However, many never emerged, and, on opening
the dead pupae, I found nearly all were of the dark radiated variety.
It would appear that those pupge which were too weak to emerge had
a greater tendency to vary than those that emerged. I may add that
many of this brood had more or less malformed wings. Here, I feel
satisfied, disease was the general cause of the variation. It would be
interesting to have other facts. — J. W. Tutt. December, 1890.

The malformation on the margins of the wings, mentioned by
Mr. Griffiths as occurring in Z. dispar, is probably due to interbreeding.
It has been more particularly noted in L. dispar and Macaria notata
than in any other species. — Sydney Webb, Dover. November, 1890.

Sudden Development of the Wings of Chesias spartiata. —
I have been breeding C. spartiata and have noticed four nights in
succession, that a specimen has been out, running rapidly over the
muslin top of the box, but with tiny unformed wings. On looking
into the box in the morning, the appearance was just the same until
about 8 or 9 a.m., when a pair of long pointed wings would suddenly
drop. Is this usual ? and why do the wings remain so long un-
developed and then develop suddenly? — E. Bazett, Reading,
November, 1890. [This is so opposed to our ordinary ideas of wing-
development, that it would be interesting to get further information as
the result of observation. — Ed.]

Glands on the Thorax of Certain Lepidoptera. — Has any
one noticed that Liparis salicis has the power, when annoyed, of
ejecting a pale greenish or yellowish fluid from (apparently) glands,
situated on the thorax, above the eyes ? I have specially noticed this
lately. — C. Fenn. Juh\ 1890,

c

238 THE entomologist's record

In July last, Mr. Fenn mentioned that Z. salicis has the power of
ejecting a fluid from (apparently) glands, situated on the thorax, and
I find that that species is not the only one similarly provided. At
the time I read Mr. Fenn's note, I was breeding Ardia caia, and
found ihat if the thorax of that species is gently pressed, or the insect
irritated, two glands situated just in front of the red collar of the
thorax, give out drops of greenish fluid. These glanis appear, under
the microscope (after denuding the thorax of scales), as whitish pro-
cesses, larger at the orifice than below, and the fluid when tested with
litmus paper, gives a slightly acid reaction. The species is certainly
a distasteful one to birds, as also is salicis according to Mr. Poulton's
experiments, and it seems as if this fluid may be one of its means
of defence, as it would probably be sufficiently acrid to disgust any
bird which might approach it. On mentioning the matter to my frier.d
Mr. Prideaux, I found that he also had this summer, noticed for the
first time these glands in A. caia. I hope, as opportunity offers, to
examine other species with a view of ascertaining whether they possess
these organs. — G. C. Griffiths, Clifton, Bristol. November, 1890.

These glands are present in many Cuspidates I believe. Is the
acid not a form of formic acid? — Sydney Webb, Dover. Ahr.\, 1890.

[I have repeatedly noted these glands, and, like many other
subjects, thought it was hardly worth recording until brought to my
notice by someone else. It is to be hoped that further attention may
now be given to the subject. — Ed ]

^URRENT NOTES.

The Young Naturalist, which has now become quite a recognised
entomological Magazine, is to commence the new year under the title of
the British Naturalist.

Mr. E. A. Butler, F.E.S., records the capture of a 5^ and a $
specimen of Nabis boops, near Gomshall, Surrey, in August last.

Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, F.E.S., records {E.M.M.) the larvs of a
Nepticula in osier {Salix alba) ; which differ from the larvje of
N. salicis, feeding in sallows, although the wings appear the same.

Mr. G. T. Baker, F.L.S., records (E.M.M.) rearing Eulepia crihrum
on ordinary grasses. Mr. Goss, F.L.S., says the same species feeds
well on Erica cinerea and E. ietralix, but starved on Calluna
vulgaris.

Mr. W. W. Smith {E.M.M.) notes great flights of Culex, Tipula and
Tetramoriutn in New Zealand.

Professor C. II. Fernald, Mass., U.S.A., says that : — " Mr. Meyrick's
revision of the Pyralidina of Europe {Trans. Ettt. Soc. of London.,
Part III., 1890) is one of the most important papers on Systematic
Entomology that has appeared for a long time."

A specimen of Chcerocanipa nerii is reported to have been captured
by a lad of twelve, flying round honeysuckle near Dartmouth.

239

W

,,^^ARIATION.

Small var. of Euchloe Cardamines. — T possess a (J which is the
same size as the exami)le recorded by Mr. Hall {anfe, p. 98). It was
captured in Epping Forest on May 22nd, 1889. Innutritions or in-
sufficient food is probably the cause of these dwarfs.— J, A. Slmes.
December, 1890.

Americam Varieties of British Lfpidoptera. — For the following
Geometrte, see Packard's Mon. Geom. Moths (1876), and other works : —
Hypsipetes sordidata v. nulnlofasdata, Pack. Primaries yellowish
white, with nine transverse bands ; the
broad pale band well defined.
V. alb/fasciafa, Pack. Ground colour of prim-
aries dark olive-green, with blackish irro-
ration ; medium transverse band white
and well developed. A Californian form,
Cidaria inincata v. brunneafa, Pack. A small and dusky form

from Labrador.
Cidaria prunata v. nubilata, Pack. Markings well developed ;
much like Newman's figure.
v. desti?iata, Moeschl. Markings more broken
up, afcer the manner of Newman's figure
of miata.
V. /ugubrafn, Moeschl. A form allied to the
last but more suffused.
Coremia miinitata v. labradore/isis, Pack. A dark form from Lab-
rador.
Melanippe fliictuata v. ideafa, Guen. Very near the type. Se-
condaries white, with the markings less
distinct.
Triphosa dubitata v. hcesitata, Guen. California. Larger, wings

more pointed.
Mctrocampa margaritata v. perlata, Guen. The extradiscal line
bent at right angles on the costa.
V. pcrlaia, subv. viridoperlata, Pack. Cali-
fornia. Rather larger than the eastern
form.
Tiie above list merely comprises a few notes thrown together, and is
far from complete. — T. D, A. Cockerell. October, 1890.

Local Variation. — The ground-colour of the Aberdeen specimens
of Hepialus hectus tends more to orange, and they are somewhat larger
than those I take in Epping Forest. Melanthia occllata from the same
district, differs from those I meet with about London, in that the smoky
marks in the white spaces are much more strongly developed. — F. J.
Buckell. October, 1890.

Disi'RiBUTiON OF CiDARiA SUFFUMATA var. piCE.\TA. — C. suffumata
is one of the most interesting species we take in our district, on account
of thj great proportion of dark varieties occurring. On ALay 13th, Mr.
Scarre and myself netted 23 specimens, of which i only was typical, all
the others being intermediate or dark forms. The species soon gets
damaged, sitting as it does with wings expanded, exposed to wind and
rain. — W. Newman, Darlington. May, 1890

240 THE entomologist's record.

At Chingford in Essex, I have only taken the type of C. suffumata,
the variety does not seeui to occur.- — A. Mera. Afay\ 1890.

I have taken C. sujfumata here in more than one locality, but never
saw any like Mr. Newman's dark form from Darlington. Those I take
here appear to be a little lighter than even his type specimens. — T.
J. Henderson, Glasgow. June, 1890.

I have never captured anything here approaching the dark form of
C, sujfumata. Those that occur are quite of the type form. — (Rev.)
W. F. Johnson, Armagh. June, 1890.

I took here" last season a single specimen of the dark var. of C.
suffumata, and my cousin took another. These are all the captures I
know of in this locality. — E. D. Bostock, Stone. June, 1890.

There are three distinct forms occurring in this part of the country.
I have taken more dark forms this year than I ever remember seeing
before. — Arthur Horne, Aberdeen. May 2)'^th, 1890.

I have never met with the dark form of C. sujfumata in Devonshire,
but ordinary coloured forms are common. — J. N. Still. June ^th, 1890.

The darkest forms of C. suffumata occur sparingly here, but I
think our typical form is clearer and brighter than the Aberdeen
specimens. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset. Juneixth,i^go.

The dark Aberdeen specimens of C, suffumata are darker than any
I get here. — G. Balding, Wisbech. June 24//^, 1890.

I have taken C. suffumata at various times, comprising the dark as
well as the typical forms. — S. Walker, York. July ^fh, 1890.

Black var. of Zyg^ena filipendul^. — In the Record, ante, p. 15 2, you
mention the capture of a black var. oi Z. Ji/ifenduhehy Mr. Goss. I have
a very similar specimen. The ground colour of the upper wings is of
the usual shiny greenish black, as is also the border of the under wings,
the spots and ground colour of the under wings are, however, of a dull
black colour, the spots thus showing up very distinctly. I reared it from
pupae gathered at Fleetwood in the spring of 1888. One morning, in
the July of the same year, I found two of these black varieties had
emerged, with about twenty others of the ordinary form. One I kept,
the other I gave to Mr. South. — T. Baxter, St. Anne's on the Sea,
Lancashire. October, 1890.

Epinephele hyperanthus var. — I captured in the New Forest, on
July 22nd last, a fine var. of Epinephele hyperanthus. The under side
is very richly ornamented with large ovate ocelli with white central
streaks instead of the usual white dots, and each ocellus is beautifully
outlined with clear yellow buff. The markings on the upper side are
well defined, but smaller than those on the under surface. The specimen
is a fine ? in perfect condition. Apparently, the dull damp summer
we have had this year, has had a tendency to produce large and well
marked forms of this species, as many specimens I have seen are far
above the average in both size and markings. — F. W. Frohawk. 1890.

Variation of Q^nectra pilleriana. — There is a question which I
have had on my mind for some time. — It relates to one of our Southern
ToRTRiCES — CEnectra pilleriana, viz. — Are the forms which occur in
the New Forest, Dorsetshire, etc., identical with the Isle of Wight
species? They appear to me to be very distinct; and is there not

VARIATION. 241

some question unsettled about the foodplants of their respective
larvae? — ^C. Fenn, Lee. November^ 1890.

The Isle of Wight and Dorsetshire CE. pill e nana have also appeared
to me very dissimilar, but as I only possess two or three of the latter
specimens, I cannot speak with any degree of certainty. How
this species came to be regarded as British in the first place, has
always puzzled me. Continental pilleria7ia were said to feed on vine.
Mr. Wilson Saunders' unique Isle of Wight example, was bred from
Iris fivtidissima, a most smgular foodplant, for any other than a root
feeder to adopt, but his known accuracy of observation prevented any
doubt from being thrown upon it. I have seen this insect, and, like
the chameleon, it had changed its appearance. The specimen in his
cabinet was an undoubted Tortrix rosa/ia, very strongly marked.
Possibly there were but few Micro collectors present when this specimen
was exhibited, and it thus passed without question. The locality was
very near the little church (St. Lawrence, I think) between Ventnor and
Black-Gang. His after examples, true pilleriana were obtained in
subsequent years by sweeping. — Sydney Webb, Dover. Novetfiber, 1890.

In the account of the meeting (September 25th) of the South London
Entomological and Natural History Society, on page 191 of the Rec rd,
]\Ir. P. M. Bright is said to have exhibited "a series of the heath form of
(Etiect?-a pilleriana (Bournemouth), which is strikingly different from
those obtained by Mr. Eustace Bankes and other collectors in Dorset-
shire." ^ As this locality has been given under a misapprehension, I
should like to state at once that none of the specimens of (E. pilleriana
which I have ever sent out, have come from Dorsetshire, but they have
all been bred from larvae found in the Isle of Wight. Mr, Bright's
specimens are precisely identical loith the small brownish-ochreous
variety ( ? darker, unicolorous), which occurs locally in some of the
bogs on our extensive heaths, and is the only form known to occur in
this county. The larva of this small brownish form feeds on
Nartheciuni ossifragiun (bog asphodel). — All the specimens received
from me have been of a large handsome reddish- ochreous variety ( ?
unicolorous, very glossy rich dark chesnut) of the insect, which I have
never seen from elsewhere; and, in my series are specimens from
Devonshire and from Ventnor, which are intermediate between the two
extreme forms already referred to. In addition to bog asphodel, the
larva has, to my knowledge, been found in Britain on marjoram,
knapweed, sea lavender, and seeds of stinking iris, while the number of
its foodplants on the Continent is legion. A most interesting chapter
might be written about this species with regard to its variation in colour,
size, and markings, according to the different spots in which it occurs,
and the different foodplants it affects ; the peculiarities of the female,
and the difference in the dates of its appearance, according to the
characters of the strangely dissimilar haunts in which it is found. —
Eustace R. Bankes, The Rectory, Corfe Castle, Dorset. October, 1890.

Black Variety of Aplecta nebulosa. — I bred a black variety of
A. nebulosa, from a solitary larva, picked up in the Delamere district, in
the spring. Mr. C. G. Barrett says that this form is quite new to him. —
J. Collins, Lilford Street, Warrington.

^ I was under the impression at the time that the}' were from Dorsetshire. — Ed.

242 THE entomologist's record.

Variety of Leucania lithargyria. — I have bred a very strange
specimen of Z. lithargyria^ the variation being connected with the hind
wings. These are silvery grey in colour, bordered on the outer margins,
by a broad, dark band. The specimen has an altogether "underwing"
look about it. The larva was obtained in the Delamere district. — Id.
December, 1890.

Variation of Bombyx castrensis. — This year, I reared 73 perfect

B. castrensis, 59 males and 14 females. Of the males, 52 are typical,
3 are pale ochreous with the transverse lines only faintly visible, 3 are
brownish, and i is an unicolorous deep reddish-brown specimen, with
the usual transverse lines nearly obsolete. Of the females, i is ochreous,
the rest are typical. Only about one-fifteenth of the males, therefore,
are brownish or reddish-brown in colour. — F. G. Whittle, Lothbury,
E.G.

Ghrysophanus phl^as var. schmidtii. — I possess two specimens of

C. phheas var, schmidtii, one, a perfect beauty, evidently just emerged
when captured, is " silvery white ; " the second specimen (not in fine
condition, however) is very similar in colour. They were both captured
at Strensall Gommcn, where a large military camp now is. — S. Walker,
York. September 12 th, 1890.

ViMiNiA RUMicis var. salicis. — Last June, I captured at sugar, six
exceptionally fine dark varieties of Acronycta ( Viviinia) riimicis, one
specimen with the white markings very clearly defined. — J. Gollins,
Warrington. November, 1890.

Vars. of Anthocharis cardamines. — On the 17th May, 1886, I
got a % oi A. cardatnities, in which, what appears to the naked eye to
be green markings on the underside of the hind wings, as well as those
on the underside of the tip of the fore wings, were replaced, in each
case, by cinereous grey markings. This I have called ab. cinerea. I
caught it while at rest on a fern. On the i6th June, 1887, I caught,
in a field close to the station here, 3. '^ A. cardamines with orange tips
which occupy considerably less space on the upper side than in the ^j,
and appear rubbed in places ; on the underside, however, they are of
the normal size. I regret to say that the specimen is far from being
in good condition. On the 23rd May, 1888, I caught a beautifully
fresh hermaphrodite specimen ot A. cardamines, in which the right wing
is that of the ? , while the left wing exhibits the coloration of the $ ;
the antenna, too, on the right side is considerably shorter than that on
the left side. As to the size of this species, I may mention
that my smallest specimen, a $ , measures one and a quarter inches
from tip to tip, my largest, a ? , caught by myself last year, slightly
exceeds two inches ; this is the largtst I have ever seen. — F. B.
Newnham, Ghurch Stretton, Salop. October, 1890.

Is MiANA FASCiUNCULA A VAR. OF M. STRiGiLis ? — A very short
time ago I should have had no doubt about answering this query in the
negative, but Irish specimens sent me from ihe Rev. W. F. Johnson
(Armagh) have tended to make me give an almost ])Ositive affirmative
answer. I presume it is well known that AI. fasciuncula has, in France,
always been considered a var. of strigilis, but Mr. South, by an over-
sight, unfortunately put " the cart before the horse " in his Synonymic

VARIATION. 243

List, and wrote strigilis, Gn., as a var. oi fascmncida. \x\ fasciuncula I
have always considered that we had two well-marked forms: (i). A
greyish form = var. cana. (2). A bright red iox'cs\= fasciuncula. Strigilis
is polymorphic, and its varieties not easily classified, there being almost
a dozen named vars. But for our purpose, we may consider two forms:
(i). The black-and-white marbled {oxva- strigilis. (2). The black form =
(Ztliiops. Now in the South, the black form, although often as large as
the mottled form, is generally decidedly smaller, and but little, if any,
larger than the fasciuncula ; in fact, I have many strigilis in my series
as small as the ?,m3\\Qsi fasciuncula, and I doubt, therefore, whether size
will help us with our determination. Now with regard to time of
appearance. Those specimens of both, of which I have exact dates,
occur between the beginning of June and the third week of July (1888),
and the dates and localities of both species appear to be identical ; i.e.,
all the localities which I have found to produce strigilis have produced
fasciuncula at the same time, and my earliest and latest dates have
produced both species. Therefore, so far as dates are concerned in
the time of appearance, there is no reason, at least in Kent, why they
should be considered distinct. Now as to markings. I would suggest
that there is not a single point of difference in them. The basal Imes
are identical, the stigmata, although varying slightly iftter se, are also
identical. The lunular mark, which is the lower part of the elbowed
line, and situated on the inner margin within the anal angle, is again
identical. In both, specimens occur with the elbowed line complete,
and they are exact in shape, direction and position. The shape from
the apex to the inner margin is the same in both, and lastly, the
claviform undergoes the same modifications, from total absence to a
strong H-like mark, joining the basal and elbowed lines under the
reniform and orbicular. In markings, therefore, I fail to see a single
point by means of which they may be separated. We now come to
colour. This has been, undoubtedly, our basis for scientific distinction,
but it has absolutely broken down before specimens sent me by Mr.
Johnson. He has sent me fasciuncula, from the very brightest red,
through reddish grey, dull grey, blackish grey, to dark strigilis, and I
am unnble to refer the blackish grey and black specimens any more
to strigilis than to fasciuncula. Of course, in closely allied species, I
always look for parallel ranges of variation, and am never surprised
when I find them. Here, I am left with the conviction, that either
strigilis = fasciuncula, or otherwise — I am not yet sufficiently trained to
discriminate the specimens sent. I need hardly add that I have ample
material to work on. At the same time, I have left out of account the
life-histories, of which I must acknowledge absolute ignorance. — J. \V.
TuTT. December, iSgo.

Mr. Tuti's statement, that " M. fasciuncula was a var. of strigilis
without doubt" {Record, p. 218), has surprised me very much, and
I have no hesitation whatever in replying that M. fasciuncula and M.
strigilis are " without doubt " perfecty distinct. . Both occur here in
abundance, and some of my earliest recollections in connection with
sugaring refer to these two moths. Fasciuncula used to visit my
sugared trees in the garden and a lane near in profusion, but was
always much earlier in appearance than strigilis, appearing in May and
June. Strigilis began to appear at the end of June, but not until

244 THE entomologist's record.

fascimicula was getting over, and was in full force in July.^ Strigilis,
too, is distinctly the bigger insect, and has the forewings proportion-
ately longer; consequently, /rt5-r«(;«(:?^/(a! always has a more "stumpy"
appearance when at rest on the sugar. Then again, the colour is totally
different in this district ; fasciimcula has two very distinct forms, one
red, the other brownish-clay colour, but it varies very little between or
beyond these two forms. StrigiUs here is nearly always black or nearly
so, the marbled forms occurring very sparingly. But we have no form
in any way intermediate between the forms o{ fasciuncula and the forms
of strigilis, and out of the profusion of specimens I have seen, I never
saw one of either species which could be mistaken for the other. The
markings of the two species are also different. I don't know what
Mr. Tutt considers the type form o( fascit/nciila, and I am quite at a
loss to conceive what the form is like which he describes as being
" perfectly intermediate and equally well named as either species " ! —
Geo. T. Porritt, Huddersfield. November i()t/i, 1890.

,g^jjOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes of the Season (Lepidoptera). — Deal. — It will be seen, on
comparing Mr. Fenn's note {a}ite, p. 203) with this, that the best sport
we had was among the Tortrices. Among the Tineina not a great
deal was done, although our captures included a few good species. To
me, the best were Tinea simplicella and Parasia ■neuropterella, which oc-
curred very sparingly indeed on the chalk downs. Swammerdamia
oxyacanthella swarmed in some of the hawthorn hedges around Deal,
and a few specimens of Hypo7tomeiita cagnagellns were met with among
the mixed herbage by the sides of the ditches behind the sandhills.
What the larvse fed on there is a mystery to me. A few Orthotelia
sparganella occurred among Sparganium, whilst among the Depressari^e,
costosa, afenella, sudpropinqiicl/a, yeatiana, applana, pulcherriinella,
tiltiiiiella, tiervosa, badiel/a, and pastinacella put in an occasional ap-
pearance at sugar on the sandhills ; the larvre of D. heradiana swarmed
in the heads of Heradeiim sp/iondy/ium, and D. litiirella {flaz'ella) was
in abundance at dusk at the flowers of Centaurea scabiosa. The sandhill
GELECHiiDyE treated us badly. Lita blajidu/eHa (three or four specimens
only), L. marmorea and L. seinidecatidrella, all being comparatively
scarce ; Bryotropha desertella and B. terreUa were more abundant ;
Gekdiia distmdella was both worn and scarce, and a few specimens of
a second brood of G. diffinis were captured just as I was leaving. A
single specimen of the second brood of the beautiful Argyritis pidella
occurred, and a few examples of two or three species of Auaca)npis,
which genus puzzles me exceedingly at present. That there are some
undesrribed species in this group is certain. The tiny form of Tadiypfilia
populella (var. minor)- ixom. dwarf sallow was abundant; whilst a few
Brachycrossata dnetella and one Ceratophora rufescens completes a very
poor record of this large group. Sophronia parenthesella turned up at
sugar, but I saw none of the genera CEcophora and Butalis. Two or

^ Strigilis, I know, occurs in the South earher in June than it does here, but ^
suppose /flj-czwwrw/fl is also correspondingly earlier. — G. T. P.

NOTES OX COLLECTING, ETC. 245

three of the very commonest species of At-gyresihia occurred, whilst
Cokophera lixella, C. discordella, and C. laripenuella were somewhat
common on the chalk, and C. tripoliella were found occasionally among
Eiipatorium. Larvae of Laverna epilobiella were locally common in
the flower heads of Epilobium, and a few L. miscella flew at dusk, or
were disturbed earlier in the day on the Downs. The second brood of
Elachista triatonica on the sandhills, was almost the only representative
of the genus, and bsyond one or two of the very commonest Lithocolletis,
I believe I saw no representatives of the remaining genera.

Among the Pterophorina Platyptilia hertrami occurred rarely
amongst yarrow, whilst a few specimens of Ainblyptilia acatithodadyla
and Oxyptilus paT^idactyla flew by day amongst the wild thyme. APiince-
seoptilus phceodactylus was locally abundant on the Downs among
Ononis ; the second brood of AI. bipiinctidadyla and its vars. was not
uncommon ; and late AI. fit sens {pierodactyla) were frequently met
with. (Edema/ophorus lithodadyla flew at dusk among Inula, and
Leioptilus lieiiigiamis, worn almost beyond recognition, occasionally
among Artemisia. L. microdactyla (much less abundant than the
first brood) occurred among Eupatoiium, both in the marshes and
on the Downs, while L. baliodadyla and L. tdradadyla were rare.
Pterophoncs monodadyia was just appearing, but I did not see a speci-
men either of Leioptilus pentadadyla or Alucita hexadadyla ( poly-
dadyla).

Almost all the species were late, and second broods of many species,
generally well on by the end of the first week in August, had only just
begun to appear by the 20th of the month.— I . \N . Tutt, AVestcombe
Hill, S.E.

Chichester. — I do not remember a much worse season than the past
for lepidoptera. Omitting very common species, tha following is the
sorry record of those observed and captured. One or two beautiful days
in the last week in June, brought out Sesia tiptdijorinis on currant trees
in our garden. During July, I took these Geometers : — Timandra
amataria, lodis ver/iaria, Acidalia iniitaria, Phibalaptcryx tersata and
Antidea rubidata. A female of the last named, gave me four dozen eggs,
the larvae of which I reared on Galium molliigo, and which duly pupated.
On the 25th of the month, I had the good luck to beat out of a hedge a
lovely — apparently freshly emerged — Antidea sinuata {cuadlata). As
no Galium verum is to be found within miles of the place where I
captured this specimen, I should say that the larvae feed on other species
oi Galium- -mollugo probably. Cidaria procellata,Eubolia mensuraria and
Piola cucullatella, were more or less common according to atmospheric
conditions. In August, larvae of Smerinthus ocellatus made their
appearance on apple trees in the garden. Sugaring was almost a failure,
the best species, which in this month visited the trees, being Mania
maiira, Catocala nupta, Nodua plecta, Cosmia difflnis and Nodua rubi.
Apamea oculea was more than ordinarily abundant, and many were the
varieties thereof. At gas lamps in September, Enftomos tiliaria
{alniaria), Calocampa vetusia, and Luperina testacea were amongst the
visitors. Of the last, a dark variety with very white hind wings was
taken. On September 24th, a fine male Adierontia atropos, which
squeaked a good deal, was captured at Selsey, a village about seven
miles distant. This is the only specimen of this insect in either of its

246 THE entomologist's record.

stages, of which I have heard, in the neighbourhood this year. — Joseph
Anderson, Jun., Chichester.

Ilas/itigs District. — I have found lepidoptera scarcer this season tlmn
any during the last six years. Early in June, I went to a small wood
near this town, where Epioiie advenajia occurs, but on'y succeeded in
taking three specimens. My other captures were Corcmia propugnata,
Pauagra petraria (both common), one ? Arctia metidica, Heliodes
arbuti, Platypteryx la.ertiiia, etc. At Guestling, I have beaten the
following : — EpJiyra porata, E. pendiiiaria, Eupisteria heparata, Acidalia
emargiimta, Einmelesia affi?ntata, EupitJiecia plumbeolata (conimon),
Melanthia oce/Iata, Cidaria coryiata, C. riissata, Piatyptefjx falada,
Ennychia octomaculalis, Botys lanceaiis, B. fiiscalis (common), Peronea
sc/ia/ieriatia, Roxana arcuana (common), EpliippipJiora bimaadaua, etc.
Argy finis selene and A. euphrosyiie uere both very common. At Camber,
on the sandhills, I found Eiibolia lineolata commonly, also a few
Cledeobia angiistalis. On June 9th, I went to Btxhill, and took a series
of Fido7iia piniaria, (^ , but did not see a single $ , although the^^'s were
common, E. afomaria was also common. At Fairlight, I found Tlieda
rubi Siwd Satyrus ai^eria^ both common, also a few Lycxna argiohis. I
have not seen a single specimen of Colias cdiisa here this season,
although the species was abundant in 1888. I also saw a few last year.
I found Bryophila perla common on walls, together with a few Acidalia
promutata \ I took a nice var. fiavescens of the former. Many species,
which are usually common here, I have not seen at all this season. —
A. Ford, Alexandra Villa, Braybrjoke Road, Hastings. October, 1890.

Reading. — The autumn, like the summer, has been poor for insects
here Sugaring paid for about one week only, from the 24th to the
30th of September. In these few days, I got about two dozen XantJiia
auragp, and one or two each of Xanthia gilvago, Apotophyla liittdenta.,
and Xylina ornitliopus. Since this time I have got nothing. Ivy is as
bad, only the commonest things at it, and few of those. I suppose we
cannot expect much, seeing how few larvae there were in the earlier part
of the summer. I never remember the oaks looking so leafy before.
Beating for larvte in September was not much better ; I certainly
knocked out most of the species I usually find, but very few of each.
Only Demas coryli fell in plenty from beech. A few Eupitliecia
corona ta came out during September from flowets of Clematis vitalba,
which I had gathered. The most remarkable thing this autumn is the
great abundance of Bombyx ruhi larvce. The heath, here, is perfectly
alive with them. I picked up 140 the othLr evening, and, next day,
when I walked over the same ground, they seemed as plentiful as ever.
It is cheering to %q.q something in plenty. In the early part of Sejitember,
I came on a colony of Nonagria gcminipuncta in stems of Phragmites
communis, most of them were out and gone, but still I got enough to
make a good series. — W. Holland, Reading. October, 1890.

London District. — Like many other amateurs, I have found sugar
disappoiniing. Mania typica and Triphcena pronuba (in their season)
literally swarmed. As to the latter, as far as my observations go, I
consider this " \.\\q pro?mba year." One night there were seventy moths
on sugar, in my garden, and, of ^these, sixty were of the species named.
I managed to secure a long, fine, and varied series. During the last four

1

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 247

weeks, moths were not to be caught with sugar, no matter what the
flavour, the takings gradually dwindling down to nothing. When the
spell of fine, dry weatiier breaks up, perhaps we may take a few autumn
things. — Charles Oldham, Chelmsford Road, Woodford.

Grange-over- Sands . — Sugar has been a failure with the exception o^
about three weeks, viz. : — the first week in August, the last in September
and the first in October, but during the time mentioned many species
literally swarmed. On several occasions 1 counted forty or fifty insects
on one tree, unfortunately, mostly common ones. During the hst week
in September Epiinda nigra was fairly connnon, more so than usual.
During July I found ihe flowers of the Scotch lilac extremely attractive
to some fairly good species ; Plusia iota, P. pulchrina, Cucullia umbra-
iica, etc. being amongst the commoner fry. Some species of larvae have
been very plentiful, amongst those which I noticed more common than
usual, were — Dicranura fiircula, Sphinx popidi, S. ocellatiis and D.
vinuia, the two latter being in abundance. During September, I
noticed Eupitheciiz larvae common on ragwort. Since May, there have
been, practically, no Rhopalocera except Erebia medea, which was
abundant, flying among bramble. I have recently been working ivy
bloom but with little success, not having taken more than a dozen
insects per night. I am inclined to attribute my want of success to the
stormy weather we have experienced. — G. A. Booth, Grange-over-Sands.
Oci. 1 8///, 1890.

St. Anne's-on-Sea. — Never, since I have worked this district, have we
had a summer with so much wind and rain, especially the former.
Sugar has been an entire failure, I don't think I have taken a dozen
moths on it the whole season, although I have tried it repeatedly. One
night in Augu<;t, a beautiful night entomologically, dark, warm, and
hardly any wind, I sugared about 200 places the result being one
Trip/hsna promiba and one Amphipyratragopogonis. I think a great many
insects must be lying over in the pupal stage, as they, not only have not
come to sugar, but seem absent altogether. During the seven weeks'holidays,
I worked the sand hills regularly, whenever the weather permitted,
beating the roots, scraping, etc., and sometimes did not see a Macro the
whole day, where, under the same circumstances last year, I should
have seen hundreds of the commoner sorts, T. promiba, T. orbona,
Xylophasia monoglypha, etc. There have been one or two exceptions,
as there always seem to be every year. Smerinthus ocellatus larvse have
been very much commoner than usual, S. populi ihe reverse. Dicranura
vinula has been vfery plentiful and Agrotis cursoria was abundant for a
week or two. Amongst the Rhopalocera, Satyrus semele and Argynnis
aglaia were less abundant than usunl, while among the Bombyces, —
Bombyx qiiercus and O'gyia fascelina larvae were in larger numbers than
usual during April and May. I have seen a good many larvce of Bombyx
r//i^/ lately (Oct.). IJpai is salicis, fairly common. Notodonta diitcea-xwA
N. ziczar, generally pretty well represented in the larval state,
very scarce. I have only seen 2 of the latter. Among the
NocTU^, Leucaiiia littoralis larvce were very abundant in May
at Lytham, and I noticed, in collecting them, that they were almost
all of them in the star grass quite close to the sea, in fact, where the
spray comes well over in the winter, only finding odd ones inland. I

248 THE entomologist's record.

am sorry to say I had rather bad luck in breeding them, so many got
away or were eaten by the others ; at all events they <iisappeared. The
full grown larvae appear to he able to get through anything they can see
daylight through. L. pallens a.nd L. impiira were pretty plentiful. All
the Mamestrce were scarce this season ; also Mia?ia sfrigi/is, M. fasciun-
ciila, M. literosa and M. bicoloria. The Caradriiio'VierQ well represented
by C. cubicidaris, but I did not manage to secure any of the others. All
the Agrotid^ were very scarce with the one exception of cursoria.
Nigricans, which we often get quite black, was entirely absent ; oi p7-cecox
I only secured 6 specimens, of valligera a few, of tritici very few com-
paratively, of aqiiilina only one, segetum and suffiisa I have not seen,
although, last year they were very common, especially the latter; exclama-
tio7iis scarcer than usual, corticea I did not get at all. We had a few fine
nights in August when I managed to secure a few Luperina tistacea and
L. cespitis at the lamps, the latter seeming to be in greater numbers
than I have ever seen them here before, and, if the weather had held
out, I should have got a nice series, as it was I got thirteen of them.
The NocTUiD^ were scarce, with the exception of xanthographa, which,
as usual, was in great force. The T^NiocAMPiDiE were all very much
scarcer than usual. I took a few gracilis, and 3 or 4 opima, but not
incerta or stabilis, and the few I got were off the sallow ; I could not get
them to sugar, I have seen a few Orthosia lota during the last few
weeks. In August I X.ooV^i^t'^ Epundalicheneahy^tt^Xiwg. TheHADENiD^E
very scarce. H. dentiiia I have not seen for two years ; in 1 888, I could have
taken them in hundreds on sugar, Cucullia umbratica was also very plentiful
in 1888, but I have only taken one this year. Pluua gamma has been
scarce this year, last year they swarmed. I also took Fhylomctra cenea
flying in the trees in July. I have seen very few Geometers, Cidaria
testata has swarmed all over the sand-hills and Ennomos tiliaria has
been fairly plentiful on the lamps. This being m.y first year among the
Micros it has been quite new ground to me. I have found the habitats
of some interesting species : — Ephippiphora populana, Choreutes scin-
tilulana, Peronea aspersana, P. hnstiana, Eupoecilia veclisana, Sericoris
liltcrana, Plerophorus lithodactyla, Anerastia lotella, and Hypermecia
cruciana, which I understand is the dwarf sallow form of H. angustana.
Tortrix fosterana, T. podatia, T. heperana, etc., Peronea sponsana, P.
schalleriana, T. comtiarana, etc., Teras caiida?ia and its varieties,
GrapJiolitha trimaculana, Ephippiphora scutulana, Aspis udnianniana,
Sericoris cespitana, S. rivulana, S. iirlicana, S. laci/nana, Sciaphila
subjectana, GrapJiolitha ni^romaculana, Eupcecilia diibitana, E. atri-
capitana, Pyrausta piirpuralis, Pyralis farinalis, Harpipteryx xylostella,
H. nemorella, Depressaria nanatella, arenella, propinquella, stib-
propinqiiella, rhodochrella, liti/rella, conterminella, angelicella, ocellana,
yeatitila, applana, ciliella, badiella, heracleana, Gelechia niarniorea, um-
brosella, populella, sororculella, iemerella, terella, Cokophora ginistce,
Betrachedra prceangusfa, Lithocolletis abiifoliella, Ceniiostoma labi/rnella,
and a number of others, almost all taken on the sand hills. I have a
nice series of Peronea hastiana coming out now, 'from larvae gathered in
August and September, some with the forewings purple, others grey,
purple with a white streak in the middle, purple with a white streak on the
inner margin, etc. — -T. Baxter, St. Anne's Collegiate School, St.
Anne's-on-the-Sea, Lancashire. November, 1890.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 249

Guernsey and Sark. — Referring to Mr. Luff's note {ante, p. 163) on
Ejilwlia peribolata, Mr. Hope Alderson and myself, wishing to make
acquaintance with this species, planned to have a few hours in Sark,
where, I believe, the species is to be obtained more easily than in
Guernsey. Going over by an excursion steamer on September 19th,
an unfavourable day, much too cold and windy for any day-flying
species to be met with in any abundance, we managed to secure three
specimens, of which one was too worn for the cabinet. These we found
flying over the common furze, on the sloping sides of the cliffs above
the Havre Gosselin, and, had we been a week or two earlier, we should
doubtless have secured a good series. During the next few days I
secured a very fine series of Polia flavicincta, freshly emerged, at rest
on the rough stone walls near St. Sampson's, in the early morning.
These specimens are much more richly mottled and generally darker,
with more orange markings, than any I have seen in England.
" Sugar " was as usual this autumn of very little use, but I was fortunate
in securing a very fine Caradrina ambigua on September 22nd, on
some sugared flower heads at St. Sampson's. This is the third speci-
men of this rarity in my cabinet, the two others having been taken, also
at sugar, in the Isle of Wight in August, 1888. — Albert J. Hodges, 2,
Highbury Place, N. November, 1890. [The specimens of P. flavi-
cincta, taken by Mr. Hodges are particularly fine. Some specimens he
gave me are by far the finest examples of the species I have seen. — Ed.]

Epping Forest. — The season opened on the 2nd February with Phigalia
pedaria {pilosaria). A fortnight later, Hybernia niarginaria {progem-
viaria) and Anisopteryx iBscularia appeared at light, and continued on
the wing until the middle of April. During the first week of April, the
sallows were in full bloom, Pachnobia riibricosa, Tceniocampa gothica, T.
ince?-ta, T. stabilis and T. pulveridenta {cruda) were abundant. One
specimen of T. gracilis was taken on the i6th April. During the last
fortnight of the month and the first week of May, the following insects
were noticed flying round the sloe blossom : — Eitpithecia pumilata,
Aiitidea badiafa, A. nigrofasciaria {derivatd) and Cidaria suffumata,
together with an occasional T. gothica and Xylocampa areola {lithoriza).
The first brood of Selenia bilunaria {illunaria), in company with Cilix
glaucata {spinula) and Hemerophila abruptaria, was flitting about the
glades at sunset. Daywork was commenced on the 4th May. The
day being rather cloudy Lyccena argiolus was not abundant. Syrichthus
malvce {alveolus) was the only other butterfly noticed. One Drepajia cul-
traria {iinguicula) was driven out by the beating stick, but that species
was not netted till a week later, when it was taken in company with D.
lacertinaria {lacerluld), D. falcataria {falcula) and D. binaria {hamuld).
The middle of the month yielded, by searching tree trunks, Acronycta
{Cuspidia) psi, Tephrosia consonaria, T. biundularia and Corcfnia
desig/iata {propugnata), while among other species obtained by beating
were Lithosia sororcula {aureola), Spilosoma mendica, Venilia macularia,
lodis lactearia., Ephyra punctaria, E. linearia, Acidalia remutaria,
Melanthia ocellata, Coremia unideniaria and C. Jerrugata. Euchloe
cardamines, Argynnis euphrosyfie, Nisiouades tages, Phytometra viridaria
{cenea), Ematurga atomaria and Panagra petraria were flying plenti-
fully in the sunshine, and Hepialus lupulinus, Apamea basilinea and

250 THE entomologist's record.

JSioctua ph'cta^ at dusk. June began and ended well, but the middle of
the month was '■ather a blank. The first half yieMed, by beating,
Eurymene dolobraria, LomaspiUs tnarginafa, Larentia didymata and Z.
viridaria {pectinitaria) ; and at dusk, Hepiahis hiimuli, Xylophasia
rurea and Ligdia adusiata. Sugaring was commenced in earnest on
the 27th June, and among the first visitors were, Leucania lithargyria,
Xylophasia lithoxyka, X tuonoglypia, X. hepatica (of which a very fine
series was taken), Dipiejygia scahriuscula {pinasfn'), Miana fasciu?iciela,
M. sirigilis (with its var. cBthiops, which was much more abundant than
the type), Nociua augur and Euplexia lucipara. At dusk, on the
closing days of the montli, Metrocanipa margaritaria, Acidalia aversata,
Eupithecia recta?igulafn (dark form) and Melaiithia bicoloniia {rubiginatci)
were captured. The first half of July produced at sugar, Thyatira
batis, T. derasa, Leucania comma, L. i/npura, Axylia putris, Mamestra
sordida, Miana arcuosa, Canidrina morpheus, C. taraxaci {bla7ida),
Rusina ienebrosa, A grot is segetu/ii, A. exclamationis, Noctua triangnlum,
N. brunnea, JV. /estiva, Mania niaura, Dicycla 00 (i specimen),
Calymnia affinis and Aplecta nebulosa. One specimen of Cossus
ligniperda and a splendid Hylophila bicolorana {quercana) also visited
sugar, whilst on the wing. Plusia iota, P. chrysitis, Uropteryx
sambucaria, Angerona prunaria, Pericallia syringaria, Boarmia repan-
data, Phorodesma pustulata {bajularia), Heniithea strigala {t/iy/niaria),
Acidalia imitaria, Cidaria dotata {py7-aliata) and C. associata {dotata)
were secured. The last fortnight of the month was not so productive,
and the principal fresh species taken were Hepialus hectus, Leucania
pallens, Orthosia upsiion, Calymnia diffinis, C. trapezina, Crocallis
elinguiiria, Acidalia bisetali and Eupithecia oblongata {centaureafa).
August was a bad month, and, owing to the weather, little was done.
The principal insects taken by beating were Pseudoterpna pruinata
{cytisaria), Eugonia quercinaria {angularia), Cidaria immanata (light
and dark forms) and C. testata ; at sugar, Noctua plecta, N. rubi, N.
umbrosa, N. baia, iV. xanthogi apha and Catocala nupta ; and at light,
Eugonia alniaria {tiliaria). September produced, at light, Gortyna
ochracea {Jlavago), Hydnecia tnicacea, Neuronia popularis, Anchochelis
lunosa, and Plusia gamma (only two of which have been seen during
the year) ; and at sugar, Tapinostola fulva, Triphccna comes and
Calymnia affinis. — Arthur F. Bayne, Elmsleigh, Northumberland
Park, Tottenham. November, 1890.

Notes of the Season (Coleoptera). — ILastings District. — By
evening sweeping, I have taken the following : — Anisotoma scita^
A. grandis (i), A. litura (few). Agathidium varians, Phalacrus caricis,
Seym mis capitatus (i), Choleva zvatsoni, Dasytes plumbeus and Abdera
bifasciata (i). At Pett Marshes, by sweeping the water plants, I took a
single specimen of Telmatophilus sparganii, 2 Bagous cylindricus and
several Stenus binotatus. LLydronomus alis7?iatis was very abundant,
sometimes there were thirty in my net at one time. At Camber, I have
taken a tew Bledius atricapillus and several Dysrhirius salinus. On
the cliffs, at roots of grass in sandy places, I found a few Orthochcetes
setiger, Tychius picirostris, Carcinops minima and Otiorrhynchus rugifrons,
this last species was very abundant. — A. Ford, Alexandra Villa, Bray-
brooke Road, Hastings. October, 1890.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 251

Bath District. — In the early part of the season, beetles were tolerably
abundant at Bath, but many species usually met with were conspicuous
by their absence. Beating produced Telephones translucidus and
alpinus, Toxotus meridiinif^, Clytus arietis and i/iystiais, Polyopsia
prceiista, Ochinci hfderce, Beinbidium quinqucstriatum and many others.
Under stones in a water course, Dianous coerukscens was abundant.
Carrion baits produced numerous Silphid.'e, representatives of the
genus Necrophoi us being especially abundant. The species were
N. huinatoi\ ruspator, itiortuorum, intcrruptHS and vespillo. There were
also a few specimens of Necrodes littoralis. Among the specimens of
Necrophorus ruspator, were several that very closely resembled
N". interriiptus, the anterior band on the elytra being narrowed and
interrupted. At the end of August, I visited Burnham, Somerset ;
and, although beetles are usually very abundant there at this period of
the year, on this occasion, scarcely any could be found. This applies
equally to both terrestrial and aquatic species ; among the latter, I only
took a few Hydaticus transversalis in addition to those usually found
everywhere. I walked to Brent Knoll to see if the same scarcity
extended to a more inland district, but here again the only species
not universally common was Amara ovata. On the sandhills by
the sea, Cicindela maritima was however common enough, and I
noted that an easy way to capture them, was to search the sandhills
carefully as many were to be found nearly buried in the sand, and
some entirely so, their whereabouts being revealed by a little hole or
disturbance in the usually smooth surface of the sand. As I could
get almost any number, I looked for varieties, expecting to find some
specimens that would resemble hybrida. In this I was disappointed,
but I found several decidedly green in colour and one specimen
remarkably so, being almost as green as C. campestris. Since my return
home, I have taken Amara consuhiris freely. It occurred under weeds
in a field of mangolds, in company'vvith onQ.ori\vQA.bifrons?ind.acumifiata.
I collected some specimens of Amara ovata, which occurs here in
one particular spot near the river, and nearly all the specimens had
very light tibire, doubtless owing to immaturity, but it shows that this
character cannot be relied upon to determine the species. On the
whole, my impression is that the past season has been one of unusual
scarcity at least as far as Coleoptera is concerned. — Robert Gillo,
Bath. October, 1890.

Autumn Notes. — Sheffield. — Between the end of September and the
end of October, I took, in the Sheffield District, larvK of Eupithccia
nanata and E. minutata on heath, E. assimilata on wild hop, E.
lariciata on larch ; Phoxopteryx ramana {lactana) in turned-down aspen
leaves ; Coleophora laripennella on Clienopodiiim seeds, C. virgaurella
on seeds of golden rod ; LtthocoUetis roboris in oak, L. salicicolella in
sallow, L. faginella in beech, Z. pomifoliella in wild apple, L. emberize-
pennella m honeysuckle ; Cemiostoma scitella in wild apple ; Nepticula
aucupariella in mountain ash, N. argyropeza in aspen leaves, I also
found mines of N. myrtillella, but I was late for them. — J. Baity,
Sheffield. October 2,^st, 1890.

Is/e of Wight. — This autumn seems to be a very bad one for
collecting, especially at ivy-bloom. I have paid half-a-dozen visits to it

252 THE entomologist's record.

during the past ten days, and have had very suitable evenings, warm,
dark, damp, breezy and still, but the result seems the same under all
conditions. Phlogophora meticulosa was very common on October 22nd,
23rd, and 24th, but the very severe frosts of the 26th and 27th, put an
end to them. A few Misdia oxyacanthce, Cemsiis vaccitiii, C. spadicea,
2 or 3 (freshly emerged) Plusia gai/ima, Scopelosoma satellitia, and a few
worn Anchocelis pistaci7ia and Xanthia ferruginea complete the very poor
list. Sugar was tried twice, viz., on October 23rd, on the Downs, with
the result of one belated Luperi?m tes/acca, and 30th, in the woods, when
two fine fresh Agriopis aprilina were taken, surely a very late date to
find this species in fine condition.- — Albert J. Hodges, 2, Highbury
Place, N.

Dcvo7i and Somerset. — I have spent a month in Devonshire and
Somersetshire. Night after night I tried sugaring in the most likely
localities and I never got more than one moth in the evening. The ivy
was magnificent, and scented the air, but till the last evening at
Cheddar I took nothing. On this evening a good Xylina semibrunnea
was my only prize. — E. Bazett, Reading. October 2'jth, 1890.

Somerset. — Ivy will soon be a mass of blossom hereabouts, but
insects are very scarce. It is yet a litde early for the bulk of insects at
ivy, a few Xanthia citrago and Folia flavicinda have been taken at
sugar, but not in such numbers as last year. No Sphinx convolviili up
to the present date (September 26th). Collecting has been a htde
better here during the past week. — J. Mason, Somerset. October 20th,
1890.

Xent. — Larvce of Emnielesia tmifasciata have not been scarce on
Bartsia odontites, and, I think the insect would be found to be generally
common, it searched for in the larval state. How late the season is,
and how tar this lateness has been prolonged, was evidenced on Saturday
(October iSth), when I noticed Chesias spartiata, common and in fine
condition, whilst a few days ago I took Cidaria russata. Oporabia
diliitata is only just appearing, also Cerastis vaccinii. A week ago, not
one of the latter occurred among the other visitors at sugar. — C. Fenn,
Burnt Ash Hill, Lee. October 20th, 1890.

Barnsley. — During the two or three weeks of fine summer weather
we had in August, Fenihina sauciana and Hypsipctes elutata occuired
in profusion on our moorlands. On September loth, I took C/oantha
solida^inis and Oporabia fligrammaria from the bare decayed twigs of
fir-trees. Both species have deposited ova, which have changed colour,
but remain unhatched. Can any one enlighten me as to the life
histories of these species? — J. Harrison, Barnsley. October 22nd.

Winchester. — As to ivy, I have taken nothing this year, but the nights
have been so cold that I have hardly taken the trouble to visit it.
Usually I take Cidaria psittacata in some numbers, and all the common
autumn Noctu^ in plenty. The simplest method, after taking a look
over a bush, is to beat it into a beating tray, as very few Noctu/E fail
to fall when disturbed. Ivy blossom is just as capricious as "sugar,"
sometimes an apparently good night is blank and vice versa. I was
once out at a bush near Brockenhurst, when the air seemed alive with
approaching insects ; chiefly Agriopis aprilina, Orthosia viacilenta, O.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 253

lota and other common insects, but in vast and wonderful abundance :
a touch of the tree filled the beating tray. — G. M. A. Heweit,
Winchester. October 29///, 1890.

North Wales. — Ivy has been very unprofitable this autumn as has
also "sugar." Six visits to the former have only resulted in the capture
of 6 Cerastis vaccina. — J. E. R. Allen, Ruthin. N'ovember, 1890.

Clevedon. — Insects have not been so plentiful as usual at ivy this
autumn, and I have only taken one specimen of Dasycampa rubiginea
up to this date, but hope to get more should the weather keep mild. —
J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset. November <^tli, 1890.

Darlington. — Ivy is a failure as usual in this district though I did
better than I ever did before. — Wm. Milburn, Darlington. November,
1890,

Setting Lepidoptera. — It is with some diffidence that I write this
article, for I am well aware that it might easily have been placed in far
worthier hands than mine ; but our Editor has specially asked me to
do so, and this must be my excuse for appearing in the character of a
reformer before the readers of this Magazine. That "anything worth
doing at all is worth doing well," is an old axiom, which it would be as
well to bear in mind with regard to setting insects, and in fact to
entomological work generally. I have known it stated on more than
one occasion, that setting is quite a minor consideration, and that fine
condition of specimens is all that is necessary in a collection; but surely
this is absurd. The very setting of an insect in some bizarre manner
is quite sufficient to alter its apparent character, and, if all Lepidoptera
were pinned and set in the same style, many difficulties would be
removed from the path of determining closely allied species. Take a
case with which we are all familiar. A box of insects is received from
a correspondent ; the specimens are good enough, but the pins are
inserted at all angles, and the moths themselves are perfectly flat set, or
their wings droop at such an angle as to touch the paper beneath them.
When these are placed in the cabinet, they contrast peculiarly with the
others, to the advantage of neither ; with the result that they have to
undergo the deteriorating effects of re-setting. This is, at the best, an
uncertain cure, for they are always liable to revert to their old condition.
High, flat setting, in my humble opinion, is the worst style of any, and
besides its unnatural appearance, affords a great loophole for the
introduction of foreigners as British. If a drawer is properly airtight
and kept well supplied with napthaline or camphor, mites are an
impossibility ; then why should we employ a method which detracts
from the beauty of our insects? When I receive these "skyed"
specimens, the only thing to be done is to shorten the pins beneath
them ; this is objectionable, for it renders them less easy of removal,
and, with black pins, is a matter to take into account. High, flat
setting seems to be the last resort of those whose cabinets are of the
worst description, where mites and other vermin roam at will about the
drawers, and are only kept at bay, like "the fox from the grapes," by the
height of the specimens above the paper. I imagine the perfection of
setting to be when the insect is arranged in a natural manner, with
wings sufficiently expanded to exhibit all the characters and markings,
not too flat nor yet too sloping, and also showing no trace of brace

254 THE entomologist's record.

marks or needle holes. Passing by the various methods in use, such
as double card braces, double braces on ordinary cork boards, tri-
angular pieces of card, from two to six to each specimen, and the
wonderful block system of thread and paper combined. I think, if
anyone will have the patience to follow the system I hope to explain,
they will, with a little practice, find it better than any ; and that the
result will show that Lepidoptera may be set as expeditiously and in
finer style than by any other way. I am perfectly aware that if a
collector has employed any system, however peculiar, for years, he
may have acquired a perfection in practice, which would favourably
contrast with the style I propose, but my object is not to appeal to
these, but to beginners, who find some difficulty in setting their captures
as they should be set, either for their own collections or to send to
correspondents. Now for the details : — First and foremost are the
boards. These should be of the kind we buy at any of our leading
naturalists, but the objection to all of them is this — they are nearly all
too rounded, with the result that we have a small insect on a large
board, and thus a good deal of room is unnecessarily wasted and
expense incurred ; for the price of the board is in the ratio of its size.
Large species, like Acherontia atropos, the big Sphinges, the larger
Bombyces, and also Catocala titip/a and its allies, take good-sized
boards, but they need not be so wide as those at present in use, if they
were flatter. Our biggest moths, and they are few enough, rarely cover
more than 4|- inches. The grooves should be of two widths in all the
sizes (from 5 to i| inches expanse), that is to say rather wide and deep
for Bombyces, Sphinges, Nocture, etc., and narrower and more shallow
for butterflies, Geometree and Micros. The groove, generally speaking,
should be only wide enough to easily or loosely hold the thorax of the
insect. Boards should never be papered ; defects in the cork are thus
covered up and they are incapable of being washed occasionally with
dilute carbolic acid, to keep them free from mites. Another objec-
tion is, that when the pin is withdrawn, it often leaves a roughness on
the surface of the paper. The sizes of boards required are : 5 in. (2),
4 in. (2), 3I in. (3), 3 in. (4), 2! in. (6), 2 in. (12), if in. (12), i| in.
(12), i^ in. (12), I in. (10), f in. (8), | in. (4). The numbers in
brackets show the numbers required of those sizes which are the
most useful. These will set anything, from Papilio machaon to the end
of the Tortrices and nearly all the Tineina. The first thing is to pin
the insect ; and some directions are necessary on this head, for, if
pinning is perfectly done a great step is gained. Lepidoptera generally
die in one of two attitudes ; the first, most peculiar to butterflies and
Geometrae, is with the wings closed above the thorax, and the other is
the reverse. The first is the easier to deal with. Take the insect (by
the legs) gently between the thumb and first finger of the left hand,
and, with the right holding the pin, pierce the thorax in the centre,
bringing out the point of the pin between the last pair of legs beneath.
This v.'ill be at a sHght angle, the head of the pin rather sloping
forwards, the point projecting about one-third of an inch beneath.
Now, with the pliers, give the insect a gentle squeeze at the bases of
both fore wings simultaneously ; this loosens the muscles in those with
wings raised above the thorax, and will cause those which died in the
reverse attitude to assume the same position. Insert the pin in the

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 255

middle of the groove, inclining very slightly forwards, and pass a
setting needle down both sides of the thorax and abdomen to draw
the second and third pairs of legs out of the way of the wings. Press
the pin down until the insect rests in the groove, with the bases of the
wings beneath very slightly raised above the level of the board. The
next process is to apply the spanners, and first we must describe what
these instruments are. For butterflies (except Lyaena and Polyomma-
tus), Sphinges, Bombyces, Noctuae, and the smallest Geometrge, the
most useful is the quill ; and the way to make it is as follows. Take
an ordinary quill and cut a piece out of it about 2 inches ( or i^
inches) in length, taking care to allow the convexity of the quill to run
equally level from end to end through the middle. This slice of quill
should be graduated to a point. Through the broadest end pass a
long stout needle and fasten it to the quill with sealing-wax or with a
cube of cork glued tightly ; the top of the needle to be headed with
sealing wax. We have now a movable brace, which, when pressed on
the vving, holds the costal nervure tightly, but, from its rounded form
does not in the slightest degree mark the wing. The other kind of
spanner is for smaller and weaker winged insects, and is made thus :
Take an ordinary bristle, such as is used in clothes brushes ; it must be
stiff but perfectly smooth (passing it through the fingers will discover
this), and about an inch or an inch and a half in length. Take a long
darning needle and, with a little sealing-wax, affix the bristle by one
end to it, about half an inch from the point. The angle formed by the
bristle with the needle should be slightly obtuse. The advantage of
this bristle spanner is the little space occupied by it on the wing-area of
small species, which would be half covered by the quill. We will now
suppose the insect to be pinned properly, the head of the pin slightly
pointing forwards, and the wings either lying flat on the boards or
gently raised above them. Take a spanner and insert the point of the
needle in the cork as near to the groove as possible, with the quill
point pressed against the cork, beyond the costa of the fore wing, and
near the base, gradually pressing the spanner forward till the pressure
is exerted on the costal nervure which it will hold tightly. Then do
the same with another spanner on the other side of the thorax ; the
moth or butterfly now lies on the board, firmly held in its place by the
spanners. Take a setting needle in the right hand, and by very gently
pressing the head of the spanner needle backwards with the left, the
pressure on the costal nervure is diminished, and a slight touch with
the setting needle at the extreme base of the wing will cause it to
expand as far as is deemed necessary ; and the same with the hind
wing. Release the head of the spanner from the pressure, and the
wings remain in their places as desired ; then do the same with the
wings on the other side. The insect now assumes on the board, held bv
the spanners, the exact position we require it to retain when set, and to
complete the process, we have only to put on the braces. These are
made of tracing paper (ihe smoothest is the best), and they should
be cut a little in excess of the size of the fore and hind wings combined,
between the spanner and the hind margins. A rectangular or rhom-
boidal shape is the best, but must entirely cover the wings and fringes,
and it is as well to cut a sufficient number before commencing
operations. On the right hand side, for example, run a pin through

256 THE entomologist's recokd.

the bottom angle of the brace and pin it through the cork close to the
anal angle of the hind wing, pressing the pin slightly backwards towards
you ; the second pin is inserted as near the costa (next the spanner) as
you can; press this slightly forwards or away from you, this tighten ^
the brace and holds the wing in its place. Two other pins, one
inserted at the apex of the fore wing and the other at the angle formed
by the fore and hind wings, is all that is necessary, and when this is
repeated on the other side, the spanners can be removed for use on the
next specimen. Arrangement of fore legs and antennse may now
be done, and the transparency of the brace shows if anything
is out of order, when, by replacing the spanners it can be rectified.
Braces may be used twice, but be careful to reverse or turn them over,
lest the roughness of the previous pinholes should mark the wing.
When the insects are set, leave them on the boards until thoroughly dry.
This may be ascertained by touching the body with a setting needle.
If the abdomen appears perfectly hard and does not yield or bend, the
insect is ready to be removed, but do not be in too great a hurry to
effect this ; it will save much subsequent disappointment. In con-
clusion I have only to say that, although the process under description
appears a lengthy one, it is really not so, as from 20 to 30 insects may
be set out in an hour. If I have been the means of helping anyone
to improve their style of setting and the condition of their specimens, I
shall feel I have not written in vain. Any questions on the subject
I shall be happy to answer by letter. The pins I use are black with
small heads. Nos. 4 and 6 for very large insects. Nos. 7 and 8 for
Butterflies, Bombyces, Noctuse and large Geometry. No. 10, small
Butterflies, Geometras, Pyrales and large Tortrices. No. 17, Tortrices
in general. Nos. 17 and 18, Tineina.- — C. Fenn, Eversden House,
Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, Kent. October i6t/i, 1890. [The only addition
I would suggest to Mr. Fenn's most explicit note is, that when pinning
insects on the boards, it is advisable to look down the board to see if
the pins are in line. — Ed.]

Notes on some Macro-Lepidoptera, usually of common occur-
rence, BUT RARE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF SHEFFIELD. Although

one or two of the localities in the immediate district of Sheffield (and
of which I here only intend to treat) produce many local species,
and some of them abundantly, yet many of the commoner species,
which are usually abundant elsewhere, are exceedingly scarce and of
rare occurrence. I may here state that by the immediate neighbcmr-
hood of Sheffield I embrace anywhere within a four mile radius from
the centre of the town.

Among the Diurni, we are very scantily represented, and this is
by no means an enviable locality for those who only take an interest
in this beautiful — but in England small — portion of lepidoptera.
Upon the authority of some of our old local entomologists, I find
that at one time and the other during the last forty or fifty years some
thirty-five species of butterflies have been caught close to Sheffield,
but of these only a dozen or less are now to be seen year by year and
fairly commonly. These are the three '■'■ whites" A. cardamines, V.
urtucB, atalafita and cardui, S. j'anira and hyperanthus, C. pamphiliis,
L. alexts, and II. sylvaniis. But even of this meagre list some are rare
and will be noticed below, together with other common species scarce

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 257

in this locality. Vanessa io, very rarely taken or to be seen, V.
atalanta^ rare, but commoner than the preceding. V. cardui, when common
throughout the county generally fairly abundant here, but rare at other
times. Satyrus egeria, megcera, and titlwnus, all rare, the last excep-
tionally so ; indeed, I have never heard of its capture in the neigh-
bourhood, but of course may be mistaken. S. hypemnt/ms, local and
uncoiumon. Polyoinmatus phlceas, odd ones only to be seen at long
intervals. Hesperia sy/vanus, rare, except in one locality.

Having briefly enumerated a few of the Rhopalocera, 1 will now
endeavour to do similarly with the moths, only, however, picking out
the most noticeable in their rarity compared with their usual abundance
elsewhere. Euchelia jacobcece, very rare. Chelonia caja, scarce and
uncommon ; I have never seen an imago alive around here, and only
find about three larvae a year on the average, and sometimes none.
Ardia fuligiiwsa and mendtca, exceedingly rare now ; formerly much
commoner. Liparls auriflua, this species is very common outside
Sheffield in some places, but within four miles is never to be seen or
taken. Orgyia aiitiqiia, occasionally taken. Bombyx neustria, exces-
sively scarce ; it is said to occur at Sheffield upon the authority of Mr.
Arthur Doncaster in Mr. Porritt's Lepidoptera of Yorkshit-e ; but so far
as I can gather from other collectors they have never seen it in this
neighbourhood. Dicranura vinuia, by no means common. Pygcera
bucephala, imago scarcely ever seen, and the larvae very rarely. Diloba
cczruleocephala, never seen within four miles of here ; rather common
further out. Bryophila perla^ rare. Leucania conigera and impiira, not
common. Hydrcecia nlctitans and micacea, rarely to be seen or taken.
Xylophasia Hihoxylea, not common. X. hcpatica, rare. Apamea ba-
silifiea, not very common. Miana sirigiiis, the type never seen or
taken ; the variety cethiops very abundant, and var. prcBduncula not
rare. M. fasciuncula, llterosa, and furuncida^ all more or less rare,
especially the last mentioned. Graiinnesia triiinea, excessively scarce ;
I have never seen a specimen here yet. Iriphcena orbona, not at all
common. Anchochelis pistacina, has never been taken or seen to my know-
ledge. Agriopis apriiina, Phlogophora inetia/losa, and Eiiplexia luci-
para, all rare and of uncommon occurrence. Hadena chenopodii, adusfa,
protea, and/zV/, all rarely seen or taken. Plusia chrysitis, not common.
Urapteryx sambucata, rare. Selenia iUiinaria, very scarce. Buarmia
rhoinboidaria, was common all over a few years ago, but hardly ever to
be seen now. Acidalia scutulata, bisetaia, incanaria, and az'ersaia, all very
rare except the last, which, however, is but rarely taken. Abraxas grossu-
lariata, hardly ever to be found in any stage. How is it ? Hybertiia
leucophcearia, rare. Caniptogramma biiineata, very rarely taken or seen.
Eubolia cervhtaria, very rare, even when the foodplant is abundant. E.
palumbaria, not at all common. T. chcsrophyllaia, scarce, except in one
locality ; the foodplant occurs commonly in several places, but the
insect only in one.

I have now given a short list of those species which appear to be
the most noticeable, and sufficient, I think, to convince the reader that,
for no apparent reason, many insects, common in one locality, and
generally so everywhere, i^ay yet be entirely wanting in another one,
although no striking dissimilarity between the two exists, so far as out-
ward appearance, situation and vegetation are concerned.

258 THE entomologist's record.

There can be no doubt that the huge factories, colHeries with their
hideous accompaniments, rows of jerry-built coUiers' dwelling-
houses, and other nineteenth century improvements (?), which are
hemming in and around Shefifield on every side, are playing dreadful
havoc with the insect fauna and flora throughout the district ; and
while the owners of these works are allowed to belch forth sulphur and
other noxious vapours from their hundreds of chimneys, darkening and
polluting the atmosphere all around, there is little to hope for in this
district in the future, so far as entomology is concerned, unless this
smoke abomination is prevented, as it could be, to a very considerable
extent. — A. E. Hall, Norbury, Sheffield. October, 1890.

Killing Lepidoptera. — Having read the remarks in the July
number of the Record upon the use of ammonia as a method for
killing lepidoptera, I determmed to give it a trial I procured a wide-
mouthed bottle with a hollow stopper. Such bottles can be procured,
in several sizes, at any chemist's, and are, I think, used for potassium.
Inside the stopper I placed a small sponge, and in the bottle a piece of
blotting paper to absorb any superfluous moisture. Before starting for
a day's collecting, a few drops of strong liquid ammonia are poured
over the sponge, and the bottle is ready for use. Care should be
taken that the bottle be not left without the stopper longer than is
absolutely necessary for introducing the insect, as the strength is soon
lost. I have not found that the bottle gets damp, provided that only
a few drops of ammonia are used. Insects killed by this means
remain beautifully relaxed, which I find a great boon, being often
unable to set my captures at once. I cannot claim any merit for
thinking of this method, for a brother entomologist has used the same
sort of bottle for many years, with this difference, the agent is chloro-
form instead of ammonia. — J. H. D. Beales, Arthur House, Clifton-
ville, Margate. October i$th, 1890.

Noticing in the Entomologisf s Record several items re " Killing
Lepidoptera," I have been waiting to see if any of your correspondents
mentioned benzine as an agent for killing. I have heard that rectified
benzine sold by chemists is very good to use. Can any of your corres-
pondents give me any particulars as to its use ? — G. A. Birkenhead,
Downs View, Penarth, Cardiff.

I have had two very good illustrations during the summer of the
advantage of ammonia over cyanide of potassium and chloroform. A
personal friend of mine, who, two years ago, was an enthusiastic user
of chloroform, told me that he had used nothing but ammonia since
he saw me use it in 1888; whilst another friend who used cyanide
of potassium until last year, showing me a rarity, apologised for its
being a ^leg short with the remark " I used cyanide, I hadn't any
ammonia," On saying that I thought he always used cyanide, he
answered, " Not since I saw you use ammonia." When collectors give
up old methods for a new one, there must be something in it. Every
one likes his own method best, because he is used to it, and as long as
the method is a good one, it matters but little what the method is. —
J. W. TUTT.

With regard to Mr. Tutt's note (p. 66), about the time that cyanide-
killed insects take to dry, I found that specimens of Metrocampa mar-

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 259

garitata, killed by that means were exactly twice as long on the setting-
board as those killed with ammonia. Why this should be I do not
know, but it is a " fact." Surely this is a drawback to the use of
cyanide when expedition is needed. Again, 1 was surprised to see in
tiie July number, that some entomologists complain of ammonia taking
away the colours of green insects. I have ascertained that it does not
make the slightest difference to Melrocampa Jiiargaritata, Geometra
pa tlionaria, G. ver/iaria, Aplecta herbida, or Torttix viridatia. All the
above, except vernaria and herbida were bred specimens, and the
experiments were made this year. I do not know what the result
would be if an ammonia bottle similar to the cyanide bottle were used ;
it might turn the green insects yellow, I should think. When I said
above that it did noc make the slightest difference I should have added,
" when used the proper way." The method I adopt is to slip pieces of
blotting-paper into the chip boxes while the moths are in them, the said
pieces of paper having been previously moistened with ammonia. — E.
W. BowELL, Hereford. November i']th, 1890.

Notes on the Habits of Aglossa pinguinalis. — During September
of last year, a gentleman, living in St, Andrew's parish in this island,
called on me, and showed me larvs which he said were in great
abundance in one of his greenhouses, and he was anxious to know
whether they would be likely to injure the vines. I visited the spot,
and found the larvae very abundant in holes they had made to the
depth of about two inches, in the earth which formed the floor of the
greenhouse. These holes were lined with silk, forming perfect tubes,
which were continued above the surface and there mixed with bits of
dead vine-leaves, stems and excrement from the larvae. The appearance
and habits of these larvae struck me as peculiar, and different to the
habits of any insect that I had read of, so I sent some to an entomo-
logical friend residing in London, who showed preserved larvae, with
tubes, etc., and read a note on their habits, to members of the South
London Entomological Society, and I received the following reply — " It
is a beetle larva and feeds upon decayed vegetables — not uncommon.
The President (Mr. Billu|)s) is not sure of its name. It was shown to
a number of people in the room but no one could give more informa-
tion." Another friend got one shown to Mr. Billups who said: — "In
reply to your query as to the larvae enclosed for my inspection, as also
your very lucid description of the habits of the creature, I perhaps may
be able to enlighten you. I have no doubt, from what I can see of
the remains of the larva, that it is one of the species of Tenebrionid^e
and most probably Te?iebno obscuras, but it would be quite impossible to
speak positively, as it was crushed in transit " {in lift). In the mean-
time, I kept a large piece of the earth with a 1. umber of larvae in their
tubes, feeding them on cabbage leaves, which they ate very sparingly,
and the perfect insect duly emerged in ordinary course, and turned
out to be, not a beetle, but Aglossa pinguinalis. I then referred to
Morris, Stephens, etc., and found — "butter and greasy substances" —
given as the food of the larvce. Mr. F. W. Hawes kindly referred me
to Mr. Buckler's very complete life history in the Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Feb., 1884, where he describes it as feeding in stables, etc., on tlie
sweepings and other garbage, but I see no mention of its habit of

260 THE entomologist's record,

making holes in the earth and lining them with silk, probably on account ^
of the hard nature of the floor. I think its appearance in such numbers
in a greenhouse (there must have been thousands of larvae) is worthy of
notice. — W. A. Luff, Mansell Street, Guernsey. December, 1890.
[This is about as complete an exhibition of the ignorance prevailing
about our common species, as one can well imagine. As a member of
the South London Society, who may have been present at the meeting,
I am quite willing to bear my share of culpability, negligence or
ignorance, or all combined. — Ed.]

DlANTHOECIA C^SIA AND POLIA NIGROCINCTA IN THE ISLE OF MaN.

— Along with my friend, Mr. Murray, I had a week in the Isle of Man
this year, and had the good fortune to take a nice series of Diajitlioecia
ccesia, also the larvae oi Folia nigrocincta. Amongst entomologists who
work for these species, the prevailing opinion is that D. ccesia is be-
coming scarce and is the better insect of the two. — Geo. A. Booth,
Grange-over-Sands. October i%th, 1890.

DiANTHCECiA c^siA. — By working the Manx coast systematically, I
mean night after night, one is almost sure to take a series or two of
JD. ccBsia, but I am sure we need never fear that this species and
Polia xaiithomista {nigrocincta) are becoming extinct. Our jomt
result this year, in eight days' stay, was either 6 or 8 specimens of
D. ccssia, which species was, this year, in particularly fine condition
(first week in June). — C. E. Stott, Lostock, Bolton. November, iSgo^

Overlooked Butterflies. — Now that a new butterfly, Hesperia
lineola, has been added to the British list, I would call attention to the
fact that several species closely allied to Syrictiius alveolus are common
on the Continent. Some years ago, I had one specimen of S. carthami,
a species very closely allied to alveolus, sent me by a Mr. Bankhart of
Bradford among a S( ries of alveolus which he had lately taken. As I
did not know the species, and thought it a curious alveolus, I sent it
to London to be named and have never seen or heard of it since.
S. andromeda and 6'. carthami ore very much alike. 6". alveus and
S. sao are also closely allied to them. — W. Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen, N.B.

Habits of Acrolepia autumnitella. — LarvK of A. autumnitella
are to be found in mines which cause conspicuous greenish-white
blotches in the leaves of Solatium dulcamara, especially in those parts
of the plant which are most concealed from view. They are generally
full-fed about the middle of September (I have however found the
larvae in October), and ^nr\ beautiful spindle shaped cocoons, made of
an open network of brownish silk — something like the cocoon of
Chrysocorys festaliella. The moths emerge in 2 or 3 weeks. — N. M
Richardson, Monte Video, near Weymouth. November, 1890.

Foodplant of Catocala fraxini. — My experience with C. fraxini
was very much the same, as regards the food, as that of Mr. Hope
Alderson {Ent. Rec, p. 185), only not quite so good a result. Last
spring, I obtained about 30 eggs of the above species ; when they
emerged, I put both ash and poplar in with them, seven refused to eat
either food, the rest all took to the poplar, until nearly full-fed, when
about half of them refused to eat; I again tried them with ash, but

^ I should think it is a natural habit to line the galleries they make with silk. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 261

they would not touch it, they seemed to have quite made up their
minds to die, the rest fed up on poplar, and the first turned in on
June i6th, and emerged July 26th; the last turned in July 5th, and
emerged August 13th. Altogether, I reared nine very fine specimens. —
W. E. Butler, Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading. November ist,
1890.

Time of appearance of Plusia festuce. — During the last two or
three years, my experience of F. festucce has been similar to that of
Mr. Johnson {vide Record for October, p. 184). Toward the end ot
June, P. festucce and P. pidchrina appear flying at dusk over a bed of
"Lobel's catchfly" — sown for the purpose — and are taken in fine
condition. About the beginning of July, these get scarcer : P. iota,
and ^amma, with an occasional bractea take their place. And, after
every spell of good weather, iota may be had newly emerged and in
fine condition till late in August, when it gets scarcer, and gamma is at
its best. A little later festucce. may be still found in fine condition
and seemingly newly emerged.

This year jFestiiciz was specially abundant but there was a decided
falling off in the numbers o( gamma. In 1889, when you walked along
any railway embankment, about the end of June, gamma rose in dozens,
but this year I am sure I did not see a dozen specimens altogether. —
Hugh S. Dunn, Jun., Caprington, Kilmarnock, N.B.

Moths at Flowers of Tritoma uvaria. — Having last year noticed
that many moths were attracted to the flowers of the Red Hot Foker
^Tritoma uvaria)^ I naturally expected a rich harvest of insects from
the same source this autumn, when, on three plants. I counted altogether
a hundred splendid blossoms. In this I was disappointed ; for, though
the flowers were carefully examined every night, not a moth put in an
appearance till the second week in September. Then I only took two
specimens of Hydracia inicacea, several Hadetm protea, 2 Xanthia
fulvago {cerago), and a few X.flavago {silago), Anchocelis litura, Phlogo-
phora metiadosa and Triphcena promiba. Last year, in addition to
these, I took Agrotis siiffusa and several others. — J. H. D. Beales,
West Woodhay Rectory, Newbury.

CELiENA haworthii. — During x\ugust, I found several C. haworthii
sitting on the flowers of the ragwort in the daytime, which I have
never noticed before. — Geo. A. Booth, Grange-over-Sands.

C. haworthii are to be taken off the bloom of Ej-ica in the daytime ;
they have a habit of dropping off" the flowers at the approach of the
collector, long before he is sufficiently near to box. —J. H. Stott,
Lostock, Bolton.

Rearing Hadena genist/e. — It may interest some of your readers
to hear, that my experience of rearing Hadena ge7iisice has been, up to
the present, just the opposite to that of Messrs. Goldthwaite and Hewett,
and Mi?s Kimber. My friend, Dr. Crallan, last July sent me 50 larvae
just hatched, from which I have about 40 healthy pupa2. The larvae I
lost, died when quite small. I fed them on knot grass, giving them
fresh food every day, and kept them, as I do all my larvae, in a large
flower pot, with muslin tied over the top. — VVm. Farren, Fern House,
Union Road, Cambridge. November, 1890.

262 THE entomologist's record.

Preserving and Mounting Larvae. — I have principally devoted
my attention during thii; season, to preserving and mounting the larvae
of British Lepidoptera ; and give a few hints which may be of service
to some collectors. The apparatus, I think, is pretty well known. I
always kill my larvae with the cyanide bottle, but care must be taken,
not to leave green larvae too long in it, as they discolour very quickly.
Some green larvae may be preserved very readily, for instance Papilio
machaon ; others, as Gonepteryx rhamni, I have failed with, and
should be very thankful for advice as to preserving these. Hairy larvae
are, as a rule, awkward subjects. Spilosoma lubricipeda, for instance, I
leave in the bottle at least twenty-four hours, and then roll very care-
fully ; the result is excellent. Orgyia antiqua is the most difificult I
have met with ; not only because of the hairs, but on account of the
colour, it wants great care in rolling. Arctia caia, Bombyx ruin,
Aci'o?iycia {Cuspidia) aceris, etc. are fairly easy. Cossus ligniperda,
Diloba ccBruleocephala, PcricaUia syringaria, etc., are very easy. I tried
many experiments with the pupae of Rhopalocera, and found that the
best plan, was to let the insect get fairly well formed inside, then slice
one side or the back of pupa, an<i pull out the partially formed imago.
This plan ans\vers with such as Vanessa urticx, V. io, etc., preserving the
metallic spots beautifully. The food-plants (for mounting) I ])lace in
silversand for about a fortniglit, but do not heat the sand, as it takes
nearly all the colour out. I also mount the life histories on cards of
one regular size ; a great point, as it gives regularity and symmetry to the
collection. A great fault with many who preserve larvae, is to distend
the larvae unnaturally. In my opinion a nicely preserved, and
mounted life history adds greatly to the interest of a collection. —
A. Quail, 15, Stamford Hill, Stoke Newington. November, 1890.

DiANTHCECiA CAPSOPHiLA. — The following may prove of some interest
to your readers. On 6th June, 1889, I obtained a number of D,
capsopJiila larvae feeding on Silene maritima. I brought them home,
and by the beginning of July they were full fed, and entered into the
chrysalis state about the 6th of that month. On August ist, looking
into my larvae cages, I was surprised to find that five had emerged.
The larvae of this species, which I have taken in previous years, have
always remained in the pupal state throughout the winter. In the
Young Naturalist, for September, 1890, p. 171, I see that Mr. John
Henderson of Streatham had a similar experience with D. carpophaga. —
H. Shortridge Clarke, 2, Osborne Terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man.
October 24///, 1890.

Time of appearance of Peronea hastiana. — I always had an
idea that P. hastiana appeared in August and many a bag have I filled
with heads of dwarf sallow in July in hope of breeding this species, and
much to my disgust have never succeeded in getting any but odd
specimens. This year I collected, in August, a number of osier tops
for larvae of Halias c/ilora?ia and was surprised to find a good many
tenanted, with apparently newly hatched Tortrix larvje, which produced
in September and October a fine varied series of P. hastiana. Tops of
dwarf sallow sent me by Mr. Baxter from St. Anne's on-Sea, during
Septemoer contained quite small larvae of this species, and the imagines
from these have been appearing continuously ever since, some emerging

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 263

as late as to-day (December ist). These were kept under cover (in a
greenhouse) and were probabl) thus hastened some days. Considering
how exceptionally mild the autumn was up to November 24th, it would
be interesting to know what would be the ordinary tim3 of emergence
in a fairly cold autumn or whether the latest pujise would go over the
winter in that stage, and not emerge until the following spring? One
can hardly suppose that a large number would naturally be killed off. —
J. W. TuTT. December, i8yo.

GONOPTERA LiBATRix. — I don't know if it is worth recording,
but I placed an example of the pretty Gonoptera libatrix, in a chip-
box minus food, on August 28th, and there it remained alive for a
whole month. — Charles Oldham, Chelmsford Road, Woodford. [All
moths that hybernate might be kept alive under precisely similar
conditions at this time of the year. — Ed.]

Clostera anachoreta. — This species is easily reared, and is
extremely prolific. The following table gives the date of the first
respectively, of each metamorphosis, of a spring and summer brood : —
Emerged from pupa. May 15th, and July 31st. Ova hatched, May
24th, and August 20th. Pupated, July 17th, and September 30th —
J. Herbert Stott, Lostock. October isf, 1890.

Treatment of pupm during Winter. — Under " Notes on Collect-
ing," i?^(r(?r^, p. 180, Miss Kimber has a nice readable notice — but one
phrase appears to have been written hurriedly, or it would not have
been worded as it is. I refer to that part which says : " Can any
lepidopterist give me a few hints as to the treatment of Eupithecia
pulchellata larvae during the winter?" No doubt, by now, the larvae of
pulchellaia, which are full-fed by about the middle of July, have assumed
the pupal state, either on the surface of the ground, or in the angles of
the breeding cage or box, in a kind of web — requiring no further treat-
ment— and will remain in that state until next May. I have been
rearing a few, they were full-fed, and went into pupge in August, and I
don't expect to see the moths until next spring. I have also fed a few
Amphidasys prodromaria larvae this year, and Miss Kimber's experience and
no doubt, treatment of these pupje is like mine, and I have put down my
failure hitherto to keeping them too dry. This year I am trying the
experiment of removing the pup» into another box, making a firm
bottom of earth, and placing the pupae between two layers of moss,
damping the top layer occasionally. I usually lose a large percentage
of my pupae, and I feel certain it is because they are too dry. On ihe
other hand, I have tried the opposite method, and kept the mould,
moss, leaves, etc., in the cages, constantly damp, when I found I lost
most of them by their becoming mouldy ; so now I am trying the
happy medium. — Jno. Harrison, 7 Gawber Road, Barnsley.

First, get your pupae. Some collectors object to " travelled
pupae." But an insect travels more safely in the pupal than in the
larval state. Embedded in cotton wool, and with a liberal allowance
of room, few pupae suffer from a journey ; and a good provision of
pupae in variety is an excellent way of ensuring a good eason
next year. There is a remarkable difference of opinion as to the
manner of wintering pupae. Some insist that they should be kept
out of doors. But, as the insects themselves seem to seek shelter

264 THE entomologist's eecord.

of some kind, it seems that a house affords that shelter from various
foes which they require. A fire room is certainly the wrong place ; but
a place offering the degree of dampness possessed by a cellar or larder,
seems most suitable. Then, much question is made as to the dampness
of the earth in or on which pupae are laid. In my opinion a distinction
should be made, according to the season. In winter when hard frost is
to be looked for, the earth should be moderately dry. But when spring
arrives, to put your cages out in a warm drizzle occasionally is most
desirable. More especially with insects like Stauropus fagi and
Notodo7ita droinednrii/s, moisture is required as the period of emergence
approaches. Another question arises, about the quality of earth in
which pupae should be kept. My practice is to mix light garden mould
with silver sand and cocoanut fibre, in equal parts, and to press the
compost down rather ^firmly. Moss is objectionable as a covering to
pupae, as encouraging insect pests. When it is necessary to bake the
compost, in order to destroy these, I have boiling water added first, and
then submit to a heat rather above that of boiling water, in a kitchen
oven, for 20 minutes. This does not make the earth caustic, but kills
all insect life. The cages I use for keeping pupae in, are of zinc, and
what are called wash-ups at the ironmongers. These can be stored one
upon another, to save room. When pupae have been unearthed it is
a rule not to bury them again. But this need not hinder a slight
covering of some light material, as cocoanut fibre, to prevent their
drying up. Some pupae require more moisture than others, and among
these may be named Fetasia niibeculosa and cassinea, Notodonta
dromedarius, Bisulcia ligustri, Viminia myrk(B, and Stauropus fagi.
— Bernard Smith, Marlnw December, 1890.

Leioptilus bipunctidactvla. — I have bred some nice specimens of
Z. bipunciidactyla ; I found the larvae feeding in the flowers of scabious-
They are very sluggish, and eat through the bases of several florets.
They are thus completely hidden, and, until the flower head is pulled
apart, there is no sign of the larva within. — M. Kimber, Newbury.
October \\th, 1890.

Habits of Tapinostola concolor. — The insect flies like Celmna
haworthii, near the ground, and, threading its way through the long
grass, is difficult to obtain really fine. The localities to be worked,
coupleJ with the present season, will quite excuse its almost complete
absence in 1890. — Sydnev Webb, Dover. July 25///, 1890.

I had the pleasure of seeing a very fine T. concolor from Captain
Vipan, exhibited at the South London Entomological Society at the end
of August. It seems to me that T. cmicolor is less robust than T. fulva,
being more like T. bojidii, and the forewings are whiter than any form
of T.fulva. — Arthur Robinson. September, 1890.

.OCIETIES,

City of London Entomolooical Society. — November 20th, 1890.
— The following gentlemen were nominated as officers for the ensuing
year: President and Treasurer, Mr. J. A. Clark, F.E.S. ; Vice-President,

SOCIETIES. 265

Mr. J- W. Tutt, F.E.S.; Curators, Messrs. H. Bellamy and H. Heasler;
Librarians, Messrs. T. Gurney and H. Cripps ; Council, Messrs. E. A.
Newbury, C. J. Euden, A. Phipos, J. A. Simes, and O. C Gold-
thwaite, F.E.S. ; Secretaries, Messrs. G. A. Lewcock and A. U. Battley.
The Pocket-box exhibition was then held. The exhibits which in-
cluded very many interesting specimens the majority having been taken
this season, were as follows : — Mr. Bryant (on behalf of Mr. Marsden),
a box of insects from Alexandria, including Deiopeia pulchella and
species of Coleoptera. Mr. Bellamy, Foreign Lepidoptera. Mr. Clark,
long, and very variable series of Smerinthits tilice, S. popi/H, Sphinx
ligustri, Abraxas grossiilariata, fine varieties of Vanessa w, Chelonia
caja, Liparis monacha, Anisopteryx cEscuIaria, Polyomniatus phlccas with
black hind wings, ZygcBna filipenduliZ with light brick red spots, a white
banded form of Notodonta dodoncBa. Also (on behalf of Mr. Oldham),
Hesperia linea, H. lifteola, Sirex gigas. Mr. H. A. Hill, Acronycta
strigosa from Wicken, and a variety of Chelonia caja with markings on
fore wings of a pinkish colour. Dr. F. J. Buckell, varieties of Zeiizera
ccsai/i, showing variation both as to size and markings ; varieties of
Melanippe ocellata, Cidaria russafa, a dark Hydracia niicacea, and five
specimens of Selenia limaria (bred from pupse obtained from Notting-
ham), some of which appeared to be intermediate, in colour
between 5. lunaria and 6". illustraria, and a male specimen with normal
coloration of the female, Mr. Hodges, two specimens of Caradrina
ambigua from Isle of Wight, and one from Guernsey ; bred specimens
of Dianthcecia echii, Epunda lichenea. Mr. Boden, Lobesia servilla7ia.
Coccyx pygniceana, Eupcecilia subroseana, E. curvistrigana, E. notulofia^
E. antheniidana, and other Tortrices ; also varieties of Lycce7ia corydon,
and Argymiis eiphrosyne. Mr. Cooper, five specimens of Deilephila galii,
bred from larv« taken near Aldburgh in i888. Mr. Mera, a dark
banded form of A)gynnis euphrosyne, varieties of Chelo7iia caja, and
C. villica. Mr. Levett, long and variable series of Snierinthus iilio;.
and Boarmia repandata. Mr. Battley, a collection of Rhopalocera.
Mr. Tutt, two cabinet drawers of the Boarmidx, including long series
of Tephrosia crepziscularia, T. biundnlaria, Boarmia roboraria. Mr.
Turner, varieties of Boarmia rliomboidaria, Hadena protea, Stretiia
claihrata, Melanippe fluctuata, Etidotricha flammealis. Mr. Gurney,
Geomttra smaragdaria, Ayssia hispidaria^ and Nuineria pulveraria.
Dr. Sequeira, a box of Lepidoptera from the New Forest. Mr. Bayne
varieties of Hepialus lupulinus, including one creamy-white specimen, a
variety of Tliera variata, Epione advenaria. Mr. Gates, confluent
forms of Zygoena filipendulce, also Thecla betulce, Lyccena agestis var,
artaxerxes, Hesperia actKon. Mr. Manley, varieties of Sphinx ligtistri,
Chelonia caja. Abraxas grossulariata, Ypsipetes elutata. Mr. Goldthwaite
some splendid varieties of Abraxas grossiilariata, Angerona prunaria,
and many other Geometrte. Mr. Lusby, Sesia myopceformis, Chelonia
villica, and a pink variety of Zygxna jUipendiila. Mr. C. B. Smith,
Acherontia atropos, Ennomos autumnaria, Boinbyx rubi. Mr, Conquest
a series oi Ennychia octomaculalis, including a fine variety, and a series
of Bankia argentula. Mr. Williams, a series of Chcerocampa porcellus.
Mr. Raine, a large number of preserved larvae, also a pink variety of
Smerinthus populi. Mr. Milton, Apatura iris, Thecla JF. album, Lasio-
campa qiiercifolia, Arctia fuliginosa, Sesia bembeciformis, Diphthera orion.

266 THE entomologist's eecord.

Hydrous caraboides. Prionus coriarius, Hydf'ophiliis piceus^ and other
Coleoptera ; Grylloialpa vulgaris (mole cricket), Ranatra linearis, Ledra
aurita, Centrotus cor7iutus. Sirex gigas. Mr. Elliman, variety of Liparis
auriflua^ Triphcenu janthina, T. inlerjecta, Luperina cespitis, Cosniia
affiiiis, and the following Coleoptera : — Quedius lateralis, Lycopcrdina
bovislce, Otiorrhyncluts tenebricosus, Douacia bidens, Philonihics splendens,
Ilybius feiiestratus, all taken near Tring in 1890. Mr. Levvcock, a
collection of CiRCULiONiD^, showing nearly the v;hole of the genera
comprised in this division of Coleoptera. Mr. Heasler also exhibited
Coleoptera, including Oxypoda spectabilis, Deleaster dicli?-ous, Fhilon-
tlius splendens, P. sangiiinolentus, P. decorus, and six species of Ocypus,
mostly taken in 1890, in the London district. Mr. Cripps, Gramoptera
prcBusta, Strangalia melamira, S. armafa, Liiphiceus mibiliis, Molytes
coronatus, and other Coleoptera from Brockenhurst and Chattenden.

Thursday, \th December, 1890. — The gentlemen nominated asofificers
at the last meeting were formally elected. From the Secretaries' report
for 1890, it appeared that there had been a steady increase in the
attendances, the papers had been especially interesting, and the exhibits
both varied and numerous. The Secretaries appealed to every member
to do their utmost in the coming year to carry the success of the
Society still further ; by attending as regularly as possible, bringing
exhibits, reading papers, by introducing friends to the meetings and
thus increasing the number of members. The President, in addressing
the members, referred to the difficulty which uninitiated people exper-
ience in understanding the interest that a naturalist evinces in the lower
forms of life, and drew attention to a few of the advantages to be
derived from the study of Natural History. It could be pursued in
almost every situation and at all times ; it was not necessary to become
a scientist in order to study the habits and modes of life of the
creatures living about us, and he recommended every member during
the ensuing year to note facts relating to injurious insects, in order that
some knowledge of the laws governing them might be definitely ascer-
tained. He also remarked on the beauty and order in the multiplicity
of forms with which the naturalist has to deal. Mr. Heasler drew the
attention of Coleopterists to the Society's collection of Coleoptera, and
stated that the number of representative species contained therein was
comparatively small ; he asked those who studied this order of insects,
to endeavour to make this collection of more practical value. Mr.
Tutt suggested that lists should be made of the collection of
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, when it would be an easier matter for
members to supply those species that were wanted. He also offered to
publish a list of the desiderata in the Record and to ask the co-operation
of non-members towards filling up the existing blanks in the cabinet.
The following were the exhibits : — Triphana orbotia from various
localities, also specimen of a locust from near Gibraltar, by Dr. Buckell.
Cerastis vacciftii and var. polita, C. spadicea, Miselia oxyacanihce and
var. capucina and other autumnal species, taken this season, by Mr.
Battley. Mr. Hodges (on behalf of Mr. Mutch) exhibited a specimen
of Gonepteryx cleopatra, stated to have been taken in August, 1882, at
Fotheringham, Forfarshire. Mr. Tutt made some remarks on the
claims of this species being distinct from G. rhamni, and the probable

SOCIETIES. 207

cause of introduction. Mr. Milton, Erebia blandina, Melitea arlemis,
Noctua /estiva and Agrotis corticea. Mr. Burrows, Nyssia hhpidaiia
from Coventry, also Phratora cavifrons and other Coleoptera. Mr.
Simes, Noctua festiva from Scotland. Mr. Heasler, Derinestcs vulfiinus,
D. iindiilatus, etc. Mr. EUiman, Dromius ^-macu/aius, Mycetophagus
if-macnlatns, Endomychus cocci neus^ Rlmwssimus ruficollis, R. planirostris,
etc., all taken under the bark of beech trees. Mr. Clark announced that
he had recently bred ii specimens of Triphana subseqica from the ova,
also a variety of Aplecta occulta. — G. A. Lewcock and A. U. Battley,
Hon. Sees.

Entomological Society of London. — December 3, 1890. — The
Rt. Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the chair.
Dr. D. Sharp exhibited specimens of Papilio polites, P. erithonius, and
Euplcea asela, received from Mr. J. J. Lister, who had caught them on
beard ship when near Colombo, m November, 1888. Dr. Sharp read
a letter from Mr. Lister, in which it was stated that from the ship hun-
dreds of these butterflies were seen flying out to sea against a slight
breeze. Many of them, apparently exhausted by a long flight, alighted
on the deck of the ship, and large numbers perished in the sea. Lord
Walsingham exhibited a coloured drawing of a variety of Acherontia
airopos, which had been sent to him by Mons. Henri de la Cuisine, of
Dijon. He also exhibited specimens of an entomogenous fungus,
apparently belonging to the genus Torrubia, growing on pupee, received
from Sir Charles Forbes, and which had been collected in Mexico by
Mr. H. B. James. Mr. M'Lachlan expressed an opinion, in which
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse and Mr. G. C. Champion concurred, that the
pupee were those of a species of Cicada. Mr. F. D. Godman said that
at the meeting of the Society on the 3rd October, 1888, he had exhibited
a larva of a Cicada with a similar tungoid growth. The specimen was
subsequently produced, and the fungus proved to be identical with
that on the pupse shown by Lord Walsingham. Mr. R. Adkin exhibited
male specimens of Spilosona vie7idica, Clk., bred from ova obtained
from a female of the Irish form which had been impregnated by a male
of the English form. These specimens were of a dusky white colour,
and were intermediate between the English and Irish forms. Mr. F.
Merrifield showed samples of a material known as " cork-carpet," and
explained its advantages as a lining for cabinets and store-boxes.
Dr. Sharp fully endorsed the opinion expressed by Mr. Merrifield.
Mr. R. W. Lloyd exhibited specimens of Anistoma Triepkei, Schmidt,
and Megacromis incliiians, Er., collected last August at Loch Alvie by
Aviemore. Mr. Merrifield read a paper entitled, "On the conspicuous
changes in the markings and colouring of Lepidoptera caused by sub-
jecting the pupae to different temperature conditions," in which it was
stated that the results of many experiments made on Selenia illustraria
and Eiinomos autumnaria tended to prove that both the markings and
colouring of the moth were materially affected by the temperature to
which the pupa was exposed : the markings by long continued exposure
before the last active changes ; the colouring, chiefly by exposure
during these last changes, but before the colouring of the perfect insect
began to be visible, and moderately low temperature during this period
causing darkness, a high one producing the opposite effect, and two or

268 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD.

three days at the right time appearing in some cases sufficient. Dry-
ness or moisture applied during the whole pupal period had little or
no effect on either markings or colouring. Applying the facts thus
ascertamed, Mr, Merrifield said he had obtained from summer pupje of
illustrar-ia some moths with summer colouring and spring markings,
some with spring markings and spring colouring, and some with summer
markings, but an approach to spring colouring. These specimens, with
enlarged and coloured photographs of them, were exhibited. Mr. C.
Fenn, who said he did not agree with Mr. Merrifield's conclusions,
exhibited a very long and varied series of specimens of Ennomos
autumnaria, all of which, he stated, had been bred at the same temper-
ature. He expressed an opinion that the presence or absence of
moisture, rather than differences of temperature, was one of the prin-
cipal causes of variation. The discussion was continued by Lord
Walsingham, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Jenner Weir,
Captain Elwes, Mr. M'Lachlan, Mr. Porritt, Dr. Mason, Mr. Barrett,
and others. Mr. G. T. Baker read a paper entitled "Notes on the
Lepidoptera collected in Madeira by the late T. Vernon WoUaston."
The paper was illustrated by a number of figures drawn and coloured
some years ago by Prof. Westwood. Mr. Hamilton H. Druce exhibited
several very beautiful species of butterflies, belonging to the genus
Hypochrysops from the Solomon Islands and Australia, and read a paper
on the subject, entitled " A Monograph of the Lycaenoid genus
Hypochrysops, with descriptions of new species." Mr. C. J. Gahan
read "Notes on some species of Diabrotica." — H. Goss and W. W.
Fowler, Hon. Sees.

South London Entomological Society. — Nov. i.2>^h, 1890.
— Mr. Wellman exhibited Bryophila impar from Cambridge, and a
specimen of B. glandijera, very similar to impar, from Folkestone.
Mr. Tugwell, a long series of Cerastis vaccinii and of C. spadicca.
Mr. R. Adkin, specimens of Spilosoma mendica, bred from ova
obtained by pairing a $ of the Irish form with a <? of the English
form. As a result of the brood, only two moths ( $ 's) were obtained,
which were dissimilar to both the ordinary Irish and English forms.
He also exhibited Feronea spomana from the New Forest, and referred
to the fact that out of some twenty specimens obtained only four or
five were of the variety. Mr. Cockerell exhibited Diptera and
Hymenoptera, showing parallel variation in colour, — the first series
passing from green to blue, the second from yellow to red.

]>Jov. 21th. — Mr. South exhibited an interesting and varied series of
Melanippe fluduata from Ireland, London, and Scotland ; Mr. Adkin,
a fine series of Ardia metithastri from North Ireland, of an ochreous
ground colour, and varying much in the spotting ; Mr. A. J. Hodges
exhibited a specimen of Leucania vitellina captured this autumn in
the Isle of Wight, and specimens of Caradrina ambigua from the
Isle of Wight and Guernsey; Mr. Adye, two forms (dark grey and red)
of Anchoceli<i lunosa, whilst Mr. Tugwell exhibited a most interesting
series of magnificent forms of Triphana orbona from various localities
(chiefly Scotch), and T. siibsequa, mostly from Forres ; Mr. Short
exhibited the two broods of Lobophora virefata, which vary in size, and
Arctta fuliginosa, large and well-marked, from Aberdeen. — Ed.

#^ ^ND ^""-^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 10. Vol. I. January 15th, 1891.

THE GENUS ACRONYCTA AND ITS ALLIES.

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

{Continued from page 228.)
LATE V. shows the larvae of the sub-genus Vuninia in
their first skins, as well as the larva of Bisnlcia and
that of aceris also, so placed for convenience in
filling the Plate.
All these larvae show the characteristic feature of Acronycta
at this stage, viz., the pale and "weak" nth segment, so
curious, and, so far as I know, so exclusive a character, that it
renders this stage one of much importance, in the considera-
tion of the classification of the genus, both of the species
among themselves, and in their relations to other families. It
proves abundantly, if the form and sculpturing of the e.^'g and
other characters did not do so, that the genus is a natural
group of closely related species, and that the remarkable
variety in the appearance of the full-grown larvae, though it
may illustrate the tendency of varieties of a species to imitate
the other species of a genus, and of the species of a genus to
imitate allied families, affords no ground for breaking up the
genus and distributing it among those families, as was pro-
posed by Mr. Butler in his paper, already alluded to. A short
study of either the ova, the newly hatched larvcc or of the
pup(E oi Acronycla, shows the conclusions at which Mr. Butler
arrives, to be so chimerical, that a further discussion of them
would hardly be profitable, though, as illustrating the super-
ficial nature of the resemblances that form the inspiration of
his paper, I may be excused for quoting a characteristic para-
graph : — "^. aini appears to be referable to the Noctuites, the
caterpillar much resembling, both in colour and in its clavate

270 THE entomologist's record.

hairs, the larva of Tinolius, the latter, however, is a semi-
looper and therefore not nearly related to it." (The italics are
mine.) One would suppose not much nearer than Pieris bras-
siccE is to Eitbolia ccrvinata, though the young larvae of both
these have their hairs tipped with moisture. One is, indeed,
astonished that so accomplished a systematist as Mr. Butler,
should found such startling conclusions on mere superficial
resemblances of full-grown larvae, whilst his careful examina-
tion of the neuration in Acronycta and certain other genera,
instead of confirming his conclusions, clearly shows them to
be untenable. He finds a uniform type of neuration in
Acronycta, and some little differences, little, but of importance,
for the neuration differs only in small particulars, amongst a
large number of more or less allied families, between Acronycta
and each of the several groups amongst which he proposes to
distribute them.

To return to our Vim in in larvae. As I have stated under
each species, the larvae, when newly hatched are pale, but in
a short time, often only a few minutes, become black, the
tubercles being set so closely together as to show nothing but
the black tubercles, and it is necessary they should grow a
little before their real features can be fully, or at least at all
easily seen. It results that the figures are drawn at different
ages of the several larvae and at different degrees of enlarge-
ment. Throughout the whole genus, the nth segment is pale
(and "weak") and in Viuiinia 3. 4, 6. 7, 10 and 13 are also
pale, the other segments being darker. There is a tendency
in all of them to develop a white ring round each tubercle,
most marked on the pale segments, and in the Plate is best
seen in fig. 4, nicnyantJiidis, and 7, rum ids. In nienyantJiidis,
this proceeds to the fullest development, giving to the pale seg-
ments a porcelain-like density and solidity, the pale portions
of the other species always having a somewhat delicate trans-
parent character. The echinate character of the anterior
trapezoidal tubercles, each hair starting from a pyramidal base
and the whole tubercle forming a slight dorsal boss, is not
brought out in any of the figures, it is just hinted at in fig. 2,
anriconia. This character is most marked in ritviicis and
venosa, least so in menyanthidis.

It remains the case, however, that, notwithstanding the
great peculiarities which distinguish these young larvae from
all others, the five species present only slight characters, chiefly
in the development and intensity of the pale rings round the

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 271

tubercles, to distinguish them from each other, so very much
ahke are they. I should not like to pronounce on the identity
of any of them presented to me at random, though I can
detect certain slight differences when I have them side by side
for comparison.

They all agree in having several hairs on the anterior trape-
zoidal tubercles and only one on each of the others. On the
trapezoidals (anterior) they all tend to have fewer hairs on the
3rd and 4th segments (if dorsal tubercles here are really
anterior trapezoidals) and more on 5th, gth, and 12th. On
the remaining segments 6. 7. 8. 10 and 11, vcuosa has three
hairs on the anterior trapezoidal tubercles, rumicis has three
strong hairs and two faint ones, menyanthidis has five, myriccB
six, and auricovia seven. So that here we have a decided
means of distinguishing them, but by no means so simple in
application as the plain statement of the numbers suggests, a
correct enumeration being indeed very difficult unless the larva
is chloroformed, or, in effect, in some other way killed.

Figures 8 and g are the larvae of Bisulcia ligiistri in their first
skins. This larva is a true Acronycta, the nth segment being
pale and " weak," the paleness is here no especial feature, as
none of the segments are dark, but the " weakness " and form
are distinctive, it is smaller than the others, chiefly by being
lower dorsally, and weaker by the much smaller tubercles. It
also presents the tendency to a lateral projection, well shown
in fig. 8, which is always most pronounced in the larva when
newly hatched, and is therefore best seen in the figures of
larvas of Viviinia that are taken from the youngest larvae, viz.,
fig. I, auriconia, fig. 6, veiiosa. In this larva each tubercle,
anterior trapezoidal as well as the rest, has only one hair.

Fig. 10, aceris, had space permitted, ought to have been in
Plate VI. with the other Qispidia larvae. This figure is from a
larva almost newly hatched ; it shows well the characteristic
Acronycta form of the nth segment as regards having a lateral
expansion. The pale segments here are 6. 10 and 11.
{To be continued.)

Scientific notes.

Variation associated with change of constitution (diseasr?)
IN Acronycta alni. — I have bred A. aini for several years, have
always found it rather shy as to breeding, and, each year, have ob-
served several instances of useless pairing. But this year (1890), though

272 THE entomologist's record.

many pairings occurred, none settled down in the normal manner, and
no fertile eggs were laid. I have called this the result of a change of
constitution, not necessarily disease, pardy because precisely the same
procedure has always occurred in my hands with sfr/^osa, and this, with
moths from captured larvae. The curious point, however, in the case
of a/f/t is, that in previous years, hardly a specimen departed, even in a
slight degree, from the normal type, whilst this year, about a third of
the specimens differ, more or less, either in suffusion of the pale areas
with darker scales, or in variation in the stigmata, generally in the
direction of disappearance of the orbicular one. The variation and
the failure to breed may be fortuitous coincidences, or there may be a
causal connection between them. That the latter is the case is pro-
bable, from the record of other instances of a similar character. I am
able to add another to these in the case oi Arctia. caia. 1 had some
eggs sent me from a race that was producing vars. These eggs were
smaller than eggs laid by a normal female, in the proportion of about
7 to 8 in diameter, and, though supposed to be fertilised, not one of
them hatched ; and my correspondent informs me that the result of his
procedure is to secure a number of varieties, but to lose the race in the
third or fourth generation. — T. A. Chapman, Hereford. December, 1890.

Holes in Wings of Leptdoptera. — I believe that holes in the
wings are always the result of injury to the pupa, just after casting the
larva skin. I remember, on one occasion, observing this moult, and
noting a particle of sawdust falling on the larva, where the wings after-
wards covered it in, and that the resulting moth had a hole in the wing
at this point. As I record this from memory, after a lapse of some
thirty years, it is possible that I have made the observation a more
distinct one than it was in reality, but I know positively that from some
such observation, I have ever since regarded holes, especially in the
under wings, as due to injury from particles of dirt getting between the
wings and the larval body at this critical period. — T. A. Chapman,
Hereford.

PuPiE in a common cocoon. — While rearing some larvre of Bombyx
neustria two years ago, I noticed two of the larvre spun a common
cocoon. The forthcoming moths were in no way malformed ; their
sexes I forget. — R. M. Prideaux, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol.
December 27//^, 1890.

Temperature and Variation. — In the observations made in the
last number of the Eniomologisfs Record, on my published experiments
designed to ascertain the causes of darkness of colouring in some lepi-
doptera, I think you have given me credit for views of wider application
than any that I am conscious of having given expression to. I am too
conscious of my want of a sufficiency of exact knowledge on the sub-
ject, to have attached myself to any exclusive theory as to these causes.
The variations in the colouring of le|ndoptera are often associated with
pa' ticular climates, seasons and habits, and it seems to me more than
probable that there are several quite different causes for such variati ms ;
protective requirements and hereditary tendencies being among them.
But I think there can be no doubt that temperature is one cause. I
laid before the Entomological Society on the 3rd inst., some facts
v/hich not only confirm in every way the view previously indicated,

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 273

that exposing the [)upa to a low or moderate temperature, as contrasted
with a high one, is in some species a principal cause of darkness of
colouring in the perfect insect, but go far to localise the period of the
pupal stage at which the temperature so operates, and to show that
changes in markings and in colouring, are respectively due to different
applications of temperature. As to moisture, I am by no means pre-
pared to say that it is not one of the causes, though some experiments,
specially directed to this point last summer, tend to show that moisture
has little or no appreciable effect on the colouring of the species
operated on — autumuaria and illustraria. The remark you quote
from a letter to the effect that the governing consideration is — which
brood arn I to belong to — and as to " converting one form into the
other," was made with reference to double-brooded species, in which
each of the seasonal forms habitually carries with it special qualities of
size, markings, colouring, etc. Here the question which of the two
forms the moth shall belong to — and thus, indirectly, what shall be its
colouring — would usually be determined before the end of the larval
stage. Experiments made last summer have shown, however, that
even in these cases the markings and colouring may be greatly affected
by the temperature to which the individual pupa is exposed. — F.
Merrifield, 24, Vernon Terrace, Brighton. Dcce7nber, 1890. [It is
with the greatest pleasure that I print Mr. Merrifield's opinion of my
criticism of his paper, and the inferences I drew from it, and feel satis-
fied, that much as T differ from him as to the cause which produced
the effects noted, that only a careful consideration of all possible views
of the question can lead us to even a moderately correct solution of
this matter. — Ed.]

Fecundation before Hybernation. — I have frequently captured
Vanessa urtica in copula after hybernation, but never before ; in fact,
the sexes appear to have very little attraction for each other before
hybernation. — VViM. Newman, 21, Russell Street, Darlington.

I see by this month's Record, that you ask for any notes on the
pairing of insects before hybernation. I once took Colias hyale in
copula in August, and I believe that species hybernates in the perfect
state. — A. W. Mera, Forest Gate. December, 1890. [I doubt whether
this species normally hybernates in the imago state although instances
are on record of its doing so. — Ed.]

Cause of Aneurism. — Aneurism of the wings is, I fancy, entirely
an artificial condition, and is caused by the insect failing to maintain
its foothold, when the wings are partially expanded ; in the fall, the
larger nervures or wing-rays are bruised or bent, and this causes the
expanding liquid to be dammed up at the points of injury, thus
causing the apparent aneurism. — C. Fenn, Lee. November, 1890.

I do not agree altogether with my friend Mr. Fenn as to the cause
of aneurism, although a somewhat similar appearance might be pro-
duced from the injury noted. I believe the mechanism of develop-
ment of the wings is as follows: — (i). A gradual unrolling of the
hollow spiral nervures by the propulsion of air along them, the
nervures being simply extended tracheal passages (the movement of
the insect at the time will explain this). (2). The upper and lower
membranes are stretched out, as the wing-rays or nervures unfold,

274 THE entomologist's record.

until they have attained their utmost development. (3). A fluid
passes equally between the upper and lower membranes as they are
rolled out, to prevent friction. (4). The rapid and equal evaporation,
from the surface of the wing, of the fluid when it has done its work.
The so-called aneurism appears to be, rather a collection of super-
fluous fluid in the terminal cells of the wing, than to have any real
connection with the nervures. Of course, injury, by which the fluid
would be artificially stopped in its course, would produce a somewhat
similar appearance. — J. W. Tutt. December^ 1890.

The Differentiation of Cidaria russata (truncata) and
IMMANATA. — I am quitc unable, after examining some hundreds of
these species, to find any distinctive character in the upper wing
markings, but I am not aware that an attempt has been made to
distinguish C. truncata from C. immmiata by the markings of the lower
wings. With regard to the six specimens enclosed:^ — No. i with the
black median band is from Devonshire, and was common in August,
1889. Nos. 2 and 3 are from the Island of Lewis (Scotland); these
three I call C. immanata, distinguishing them by the angular line of the
under wing. No. 4 is from the same locality as No. j, and Nos. 5 and 6
are from Lewis (the same as Nos. 2 and 3) ; these three I call tru/icafa,
and distinguish them by the rounder waved line of the under wings. In
forms I, 2, and 3 the angle is decidedly an acute angle, while in 4, 5,
and 6 it forms an obtuse angle. In the latter cases, the upper part of
the line is toothed, which is not the case with immanata. This year, I
am breeding from both forms, but, at the same time, I invite criticism
on the opinions above expressed. — H. Tunaley, Erdington Hall,
Birmingham. April 25//;, i8go.

I scarcely like to offer an opinion on Mr. Tunaley's Cidaricx. C.
russata taken here, shows either no line, or only the faintest possible
trace of one on the upper side of the secondary wings, though generally
distinct on the under side ; and on looking through mine, I must say,
the angle appears to be more obtuse in nearly every instance, still they
are not like Mr. Tunaley's, and with perhaps the exception of No. 4, I
should take his specimens to be all immanata. At what time of the
year were they taken ? Russata is double-brooded, and appears here in
May and September, whilst immanata is single-brooded, occurring only
in July. — P. Russ, CuUeenamore, Sligo. May 21st, 1890.

The larvae of Cidaria immanata and russata were differentiated by
the Rev. J. Hellins, in the JSnt. Mo. Mag., vol. i., p. 165. I do not
know the larva of immanata myself, for although I have tried many
batches of eggs, I could never get any to hatch; they have always dried
up in the winter. Russata I have reared from eggs over and over
again. In Yorkshire, the two species are distinct enough in the imago
state, and russata, in my experience, very rarely runs to those
imma7iata-Y\\ie forms you so often get in the south. In my series of
44 riissata and 45 immanata, where the line on the hind wing shows at
all, it is acute-angled in imma7iata, and obtuse-angled in russata,
excepting perhaps in one specimen of immanata (not from the West
Riding), where the line is neither acute nor very obtuse but between
the two. In many of my slate coloured Yorkshire specimens though
1 Exhibition Box, No. 7 basket. — Ed.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 275

there is no trace of a line in the hind wings at all. — G. T. Porritt,
Huddersfield. yune 6th, 1890.

Mr. Tutt's remarks ^ on the above species have led me to refer to my
diary. I find that I have noted captures of what I have believed to be
tniricata, in several localities round London and in Hampshire, between
May 26th and June 27th, and again in the last week, of September.
My dates, for the insect I have supposed to be immanata, range from
July 24th to August 24th. I have put a specimen in the Exhibition
box.- The only locality in which I have met with this insect is in that
part of Epping Forest between Chingford and High Beech, In truncala
the markings seem to me much less sharply defined than in iinmanata. —
F. J. BuCKELL, Canonbury Square, N. April, 1890.

C. r/^j-^a/rt occurs at Portland plentifully; last season (1889) I took
it from May 25th to June iSth, and again at the end of August to
September 14th. It varies greatly, but the markings are dark and not
sharply defined. I was at Brockenhurst from August 12th to 20th, 1889,
and then took 16 specimens of what I believe to be immanata off
ragwort flowers. I had not seen the insect before. I saw several more
at the same time, but as most of them were worn, did not take them.
In addition to the difference, as described by Dr. Buckell, in the few
specimens I have, immanata has a sienna brown bar near the base of
the wing which is sharply angled near the costa. In russata, this bar is
not angled, and is dark coloured, with hardly a trace (and that in only
a few instances) of the sienna. Perhaps, however, this distinction does
not hold in a long series. — E. W. Brown, The Verne, Portland.
April, 1890.

We take russata and i/nmanata here (I believe they form, however,
but one species) from June to September. I have had russata sent me
from very many localities, and also a number of immanata from Engli -h
friends, but as yet I have never been able to distinguish the o.ie from
the other. Besides, I have sent our examples to numbers of our best
lepidopterists, and they have always been willing to accept them under
whichever name I sent them. The late Mr. Newman reared a number
of imagines from the eggs of one ? , and when he sent the whole of
them to Mr. Doubleday, the latter gentleman said he thought both
species were included in the consignment, but could not make out
which were one species and which the other. I also have captured the
species at ragwort ; I have seem them flying literally in thousands
among the flovers. I never attempt to select them, but catch as rapidly
as possible, putting several into one large chip-box. Of course some will
be spoiled, but if killed as soon as possible after, the number will be re-
duced to a minimum. — W. Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen, N.B. April, 1S90.
During the early summer months, I take what I consider to be
russata in great variety. In the autumn, I take dark varieties, which
I had labelled in my collection as immanata, until Mr. Tutt suggested
that they were the second brood of russata. I have received series of
immanata (so-called) from correspondents, but whether they are really
that species I cannot say, as some vars. of russata I have taken,

^ These were in the form of a note in one of the Exchange books in which I stated
that riism/a {tnincata) was douiile-broaded (June and Septembei), i/ninanata single-
brooded (July to September). — El).

" This is apparently iiiiiiianata. — Ed.

276

THE entomologist's RECORD.

resemble them so strongly, that I am certain I could not separate them
if mixed up. It is, however, worthy of remark, that I have never met
with the lighter forms of riissata during autumn, although the darker
ones seem pretty numerous, flying in a wood, close to the ground over
low flowers. — Hope Alderson. J^une, 1890.

I have been repeatedly asked, during the season, for some good
character by which to distinguish these two species, and, although I was
well aware that there is not the slightest doubt of their specific
distinctness, I failed to satisfy any one, and was decidedly bothered,
when I tried to pick out iiJimanata from ritssata among those in my
possession. I have some hundreds of both species, and, after an hour or
two's study of the question, I think I can point to a character which
will readily separate them. I recollect, in 1884, calHng on Mr. Sydney
Webb; and, in the course of looking through his unrivalled collection of
varieties, the question of a character to separate the two was discussed,
when he pointed out to me what appeared to him to be a very
satisfactory one, viz., that in imma?iata, the edge of the dark band near
the apex of the wing runs from the costa in a bold curve before forming
the two teeth generally common to both, while in riissata, it slopes
gradually downwards as a more or less serrated line. This is a fair
character and will be useful in many cases, but, unfortunately, it is not
constant. I have undoubted russata with the immatiata character in
the band and vice versa, so I was reluctantly compelled to give this up
and seek further for something more decisive. I was decidedly at fault
at first, for anything is sent out from the northern counties and from
Scotland as imfuanaia, but, luckily, I had about a hundred russata bred
by myself, and some undoubted bred immanata, so at any rate I was
sure of some trustworthy material to work on. I find, on examination
of these specimens, that on the underside of the under wing is a more
or less conspicuous band or line, and that this band is constant in its
variations in the two species. Starting from the costa, about two-thirds of
the distance from the base, it proceeds downwards in a series of curves or
zigzags from nervure to nervure ; these are most pronounced in russata
(fig. 1). Reaching the first branch of the median nervure the band is
bent in immanata (fig. 2) almost at a right angle, and is continued nearly
parallel to the edge of the wing, until it reaches the hind margin, but,
immediately before this, it makes a sharp curve downwards. The band
in russata is not angled in the same way, but proceeds from the median
nervure in a bold curve, till it ends at the inner margin similarly to z>«-
manata. The band is often indistinct, sometimes obsolete, on the upper
surface of the wing, but it is very distinct in nearly every case on the
underside. There is a dark shade which follows the course of the band

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 277

in most cases, and takes the same direction. The specimens which
show the true character of ivinianaia best, are those from Shetland, and,
as the venation is often darker, it is very valuable when studying the
structure of the wing. 1 have riissata from many different counties in
England, including most of the northern ones, also in Scotland, from
Perth, Aberdeen, etc. I think there can be little doubt that russata is
more abundant than imiiianata in the south, while the reverse is the
case in the north, and, as the second brood of russata appears at the
sam.e time as the only appearance of wvnanata, there is little to be
wondered at in the confusion that has arisen. Certain vars., however,
are peculiar to each. The var, centum-notata, the russata form with
brown, orange or chocolate ground colour, according, as a rule, to the
condition of the insect, never appears in immanata ; while the latter has,
in most cases, a distinct paler, and often brownish or purplish band near
the base of the fore wing, of which there are generally but slight
indications in russata. Russata is a bigger, coarser insect ; particularly
the spring brood. Any characters, drawn from the size or prominence
of the teeth in the submarginal band of the fore wing, are worse than
delusive. With regard to the natural history of the two species, it may
be as well to say a word or two, for many of our collectors still entertain
a lingering idea that they are identical. This is not, however, the case.
The eggs of russata, laid in the autumn, hatch within a short period,
the larvae hibernating and producing the spring brood in May (end) and,
June. The offspring of these become the autumn brood, which
emerges in August, September, and even the beginning of October;
iiiimanata, on the other hand, is single-brooded. The eggs, laid in
autumn, pass the winter in that state, and the larvae hatch in March and
April, the moths appearing from the end of July to the beginning of
September. It has been suggested, that russata and immajuita are
climatic varieties, but this is incorrect, for they occur together, and,
surely the surroundings of the one would hardly fail to affect the other.
One more word and I have done. The eggs are distinct in colour,
russata being a pale whitish ochreous, and they do not seem to
materially change colour before hatching. Immauata ova are yellowish
almost reddish, and darken very considerably before they hatch.

The young larvae of russata are whitish, while those of immanata are
yellow, and when full-fed they differ considerably in several important
points, but, as these would prolong this paper to too great a length, I
must refer to the late Rev. J. Hellins' masterly description of both
species in the Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. i., p. i66, which I have personally
verified by breeding both insects. — C. Fenn, Eversden House, Burnt
Ash Hill, Lee, Kent. 2-[st Octoh':r, 1890.

Mr. Fenn remarks that Cidaria immanata appears in August and
September. I remember once taking several specimens, just emerged,
at Folkestone the second week in July. I have not had much ex-
perience with this species, but is it not a fact that this insect appears
between the first and second broods of C. russata, at least, that the
former would be getting worn before the second brood of the latter
appeared ? On comparing the C. russata taken at Abbott's Wood with
C. inunanata from Folkestone and Arran, I notice that the former
seem much larger, my observation thus coinciding with that of Mr.
Fenn on this point. — E. C. Dobrke Fox, Castle Moreton. — Nov. 1890.

278 THE entomologist's record

I see that the Cidaria russata and C. imma7iata discussion has been
re-opened, and I am very much interested in Mr. Fenn's paier. But,
after all that has been said, I am verj' much in the same position as
before. In one of my former notes I had already answered Mr,
Fenn's question, but I may repeat again, what I have said before, that
the Cidaria we get here from June to October, both inclusive, is
nothing more or less than one and the same species, namely, im-
manaia. Here, the species commences to come out about the third
week in June, and increases in abundance until August or the be-
ginning of September, when it is at its maximum, it then gradually
decreases in numbers until October, when it disappears. Ova from
the June ones produce larvse, which come out in September, aug-
menting the brood which lie over until August or September; and
further, this second brood copulate freely with the others, and all lie
over the winter as ova. Var. comvia-notata is very scarce here, but I
have taken the var. several times. I do not doubt but that the var. (?)
known as riissala, is regularly double-brooded in England ; but,
whether the insect, appearing intermediate between the two broods,
and, I understand, merging into both of them, is distinct from nissata,
is another matter. I am open to conviction, and I shall be extremely
glad if Mr. Fenn can give us some reliable distinction, whereby we
may know how to separate the two species ; but, as yet, my own con-
viction is, that there is only one species, viz. immanata, and that
russata is only a highly specialised form of Cidaria inunanaia. In
my opinion, its being double-brooded counts for nothing. Insects are
double-brooded in one part of the country, and single-brooded in
another ; double-brooded one season, and not in another, or only
partially so. And, is it not quite possible that one form of an insect
could be double-brooded, while another is single-brooded, even in the
same locality? If Mr. Fenn, or any other entomologist, can point out
a structural difference between the two, so-called, species, then, and
not till then, can anyone call them two distinct species. It is right
that I should say here, however, that my references to the June and
July immanata depositing ova, which appear, as perfect insects, in
September, is in a state of confinement. I have no idea if they do
so in nature, but I know that quite young larvse are obtained in the
beginning of August. I see Mr. Fenn and I agree in thinking that
only one species is got in the north. And it is quite possible that
all the southern (English) ones, I have seen, are immanata ; but this
is hardly likely, as the russata form appears to be most common near
London. I, like Miss Kimber, would be much obliged to Mr. Fenn,
if he would kindly send round one or two true russata in the Ex-
hibition Box, even though not in very good condition. Had there
been room I would have sent round a few from my series, with dates
affixed. — W. Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen. Nov. 25///, 1890.

The Genus Donacia, Fab.^ — The beetles contained in this genus
comprise some of the handsomest examples to be found in the
Coleopterous fauna of the British Isles. The name given to them is
derived from the Greek word donax, which signifies a reed ; and the
term is exceedingly applicable to this class of phytophagic beetles, as
•^ Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the City of London Entomological
and Natural History Society, on December 18, 1890.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 279

it implies that they are chiefly to be found among reeds, sedges, and
such like aquatic plants. About ninety species of the group are known,
thirty of which are found in Europe, and nineteen of the number
inhabit this country. The larva; of the beetles feed in the stems
of their foodplant, and are seldom or never seen by the ordinary
collector. When full-fed, the larva; spin cocoons at the roots of
the plant in order to undergo their next change. Like almost all other
insects of this order, the duration of the pupal stage is exceedingly
short, but the beetles do not leave their cocoons for some time after
having attained the perfect condition, but remain in a state of
hybernation until the arrival of the warm sunshine, when they crawl
up the stems of the plants, and make their way out of the water.
Some species are to be found early in May, others in June, July,
August, September, and even as late as October. As previously
observed, they are essentially lovers of the bright sunshine, but the
month of the roses is certainly the most favourable time for obtaining
them, as they prefer the hottest weather wherein to take their sport
and pastime. At this period of the year, they may be observed by
anyone who cares to seek them, flitting from stem to stem in the
reedy places, or skimming over the broad floating leaves of various
water plants — the leaves of NympJicca alba and Potamogeton natans
being their special resort, and it is on the latter plants where I have
chiefly found them.

The Biitish species are divided into two major groups by Fowler
{Coleoptera of British Islts), as follows : —

1. Tibia; not produced externally into a tooth at apex; apex
of mandibles only slightly projecting beyond labrum ; first seg-
ment of abdomen longer than the rest taken together.

2. Tibia; produced externally into a tooth at apex ; mandibles
stout, projecting considerably beyond labrum ; first segment of
abdomen equal to, or rather shorter than, the remainder taken
together.

These groups are again subdivided into smaller ones ; but nearly all
our species vary so little in their general characters, and minute
descriptions are so bewildering, that it is far better for the young
student to find some distinct character by which he may know each
species. This will not prove a very difficult matter with this genus,
except in the case of I), sericea and D. discolor, which will be duly
dealt with in the proper place.

The first species on our list is D. crassipes, F. In this species,
the posterior femora are very long, reaching to apex of elytra, the
insect generally dark in colour, and it has a flat compact-looking
appearance. Mostly found on the leaves of Nympluea alba. A few
years since, the late Rev. H. J. Gore took a great many at the New
Forest, some of which he kindly gave me. Several localities are given
by Stephens and Fowler, in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; the
species seems widely distributed, and other localities may also be found
by the ardent explorer.

D. dentata, Hoppe. — Said to be closely allied to D. crassipes, but
the general build of the insect is very different ; it is much more
robust in shape, and could hardly be confounded with the latter
species. The colour also is much more variable, some being of a

280 THE entomologist's record.

brilliant grassy green, and others of indigo-blue. The specimens taken
by me at Basingstoke Canal in June, 1887, occurred on Potamogeton
fiatajis, and by getting into the large patch floating on the waier, I
captured some filty or sixty during the afternoon. The best time of
day for Donacia species is from one o'clock up till seven.

D. versicolorea, Brahm. — Known as D. bidens, 01., in Cox's
Handbook of Cokoptera, and also in Sharp's first edition of Catalogue
of Briihh Cokoptera and Fowler and Matthew's Catalogue {\Z%:^ ; in
second edition of Sharp's Catakgue (1883) it is termed versuokra,
Brahm. The shape of this species is much shorter than either of the
preceding, the legs also are much stouter ; the colour is uniformly
darker, almost black. It is very active in habits, and the best mode
of capturing it is to draw the leaves of the plant under water, when
the beetles may speedily be picked off and bottled. I have found
specimens as early as June, and as late as October. At Basingstoke
Canal, in 1887, I took a great quantity. Occurs also at Walthamstow
in the various ponds at that locality. The insect is widely distributed,
and sometimes common.

D. sparganii, Ahr. — This insect has frequently been confounded
with D. dentata, and but recently I received two specimens as the
latter beetle. The error probably arises from the tabulation in Cox's
Handbook of Cokoptera, wherein it states that the posterior tibiae of
male are without prominences on inner side, and has thus caused the
confusion of the two species. The legs of D. sparganii are uni-
colorous dark, and more or less metallic ; while in dentata they are red.
Moreover, sparganii is uniformly dark, and besides a much flatter
insect. The only locality known to me is Watford, Hertford, where it
is taken by Mr. A. Pifi"ard and Mr. T. Hall.

D. dentipes, F. — Sometimes called aquatica, L., but the latter name
has not been adopted in Britain, for the simple leason, that it has been
applied to so many of the Donacia species. The insect is one of the
most beautiful of the genus. Elytra of brilliant green, with a broad
purple and red stripe running down the entire length near suture.
It has been taken commonly by Mr. Piffard ; and also by Rev.
Theodore Wood at Aylsham, Norfolk, on aquatic plants. — G. A.
Lewcock. {To be concluded in our next issue.)

r^URRENT NOTES.

The South London Entomological Society's Report (for 1888 and
1889) is at last in the hands of the printer. It is expected that it
will be issued to members during January. Members will without
doubt be much interested in reading up the Reports of the Meetings
held in 1888.

Our correspondent, Mr. W. Reid, of Pitcaple, has been ordered a great
deal of out-door exercise, and has fully determined to devote his whole
time this year to collecting Lepidoptera, by subscription, in North-east
Scotland. His intimate knowledge of the district, his scientific interest
in our work, and above all the personal esteem of his correspondents
should secure him thorough support and ensure his success, Mr. Reid
will reserve no shares for himself, as he wishes to be quite above sus-

VARIATION. 281

picion in an occupation which we hope will restore him to perfect
health. He wishes to limit the subscription to 30 shares at ^5 each.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Walsingham will read an address at the Annual
Meeting of the Entomological Society on Wednesday^ January 21st,
at 7 p.m.

Mr. C. G. Barrett has described (in the Eni. Mo. Mag.) a new
Anacampsis, allied to aJithyllidella, but distinguishable " by its narrower
fore-wings and more acute apices." This apnears to be the species I
took in fair numbers in July, 1889, near Freshwater, and could not, at
the time, name. Mr. Barrett names it sparsiciliella. Mr. A. F. Griffith,
M.A., adds Herrich-Schaffer's Symmoca signalella to the British list.
Seven specimens were captured near the London Docks in 1889 ^"^
1890. They are supposed to have been introduced with cargoes of
Spanish cork. Mr. Nelsm M. Richardson also adds the Ti7iea siibti-
lella of Fuchs to the British list. Eight specimens were captured
during August at Portland, by Mr. and Mrs. Richardson.

Lord Walsingham, in the Ejit. Mo. Mag., writes a most interesting
note about certain Eupoccilice ; (i). E. affinitana, the larvae feeding in
stems of Aster tripolium ; (2). E. /leydeniana and E. anthemidana.
"The species feeding on Anihej?iis stexn?, to be VLndonhtQdXy heydeniana,
H. S." = anthemidana, Wilk. The species in our collection as anthemi-
dafia, feeding in the flowers of Erigeron acre, he names eiigerana,
describing both sexes of the imago, and the " small ivory-white larva,
with a brownish head, feeding in the flowers of Erigeron acre." This
would appear to be the pale triple-brooded species locally common in
several parts of Kent.

Mr. N. M. Richardson, also in the Ent. Mo. Mag. describes the
larva of LithocoUetis anderidce.

I^ARIATION.

Vari.viion of Ypsipetes elut.vta. — On the moors, this species is
later than elsewhere in its appearance. The bilberry-feeding forms
produce nearly every variety of colour, even occasionally black. The
moorland sallow-feeders generally produce reddish-buff specimens, and
the same (sallow-feeders), in woods where no bilberry is procurable, are
as a rule the black variety infiiscata. — A. E. Hall, Sheffield. June
26th, 1890.

I breed examples of this insect, similar to some exhibited by Mr.
A. E. Hall in the baskets of the Exchange Club, from bilberry and
heath-fed larvae. Sallow-feeders, even on the moors, are larger, greener
and not so variable. Our biLerry-feeding form remains the same,
whether fed on sallow, heath or bilberry, and the sallow-feeder will
not change colour or size if fed on bilberry or heath. Here, both
forms can be got in Pittodrie Wood ; but on Ben-na-chie, only the
small bilberry form. — Wm. Reid, Pitcaple, N.B. July c^th, 1890.

The Y. elutata from Carmarthenshire were all taken amongst sallow,
and varied very little in size, though very much in colour. The dark
and the light forms were found together everywhere, with every inter-
mediate variety. There were of course many other plants in the

282 THE entomologist's record.

hedges as well as sallow, but I cannot say whether the elutata larvae fed
on them or not. — N. M. Richardson, Weymouth. June 24th, 1890.

With regard to Y. elutaia, I may mention that it occurs here in very
great profusion on sallow, and, from these larvce on sallow, I have bred
a number of very large and varied forms, graduating from the palest
green with reddish markings to very dark olive green almost uni-
ci lorous. Among these ordinary specimens, there occurs sparingly a
small dark, almost black form, expanse quite one-third under the
normal size. I have always attributed this aberration to starvation, as
it occurs most freely when the larvae have been neglected. In the
Sevenoaks district, f/zft^z/rt; is exceedingly abundant among the Vacciniiim,
but except in being a little smaller, is not distinguishable from the
usual southern type from sallow. — C. Fenn, Lee, Kent. July 26///, 1890.

NoTODONTA DROMEDARius var. PERFUSCA. — I have recently found
that a fair percentage of our Notodmita dromedarius are to be referred
to var. per/usca, formerly thought to be a species. Newman observes
that this form is exclusively Irish. — J. Collins, Warrington. [I
have all my Warrington, Pitcaple, and Barnsley specimens labelled
var. perfusca, and it would be interesting to know whether the type
orcurs m these districts. My Scarborough and Liverpool specimens
are practically perfusca, but labelled dromedarulus, on account of their
smaller size. — Ed.]

Varieties of Polvommatus PHLiEAS, Syrichthus alveolus, and
Trachea piniperda. — While collecting on the Downs near Brighton,
during the last week in May, I captured a variety of Polyommatus
plilceas, in which the copper band on the hind wings is reduced to a
couple of small spots. I also took at the same time a specimen of
Syrichthus alveolus similar to that figured in Newman's British Butter-
flies, under the name oi\2cc.lavatercR. From March 17th to May 17th,
I bred a nice series of Trachea piniperda, from larvae taken in this
district in the previous July. Among them were one or two specimens
of the gray form, and there were intermediate specimens connecting
this with the type. — H. Packham, 29, St. John's Road, Croydon.
Dec. yd, 1890.

LvCiENA ALEXIS V^^ITH A ROW OF BlACK SpOTS ON MARGIN OF

Hind Wings. — I am sending round the spotted var. of Lyccena alexis,
that seemed to attract some attention in another basket. This is a
constant and by no means rare var. in this locality, and I have taken a
good series of them. I should like to know if it has been taken else-
where, or if it has received a name or not. — P. H. Russ, Culleenamore,
Sligo. Nov. 24///, 1890.

I have often taken Lyccena alexis with dotted border, but have not
seen such a distinctly marked one as Mr. Russ's example. — W. Reid,
Pitcaple, N.B.

Lyccena alexis, with spots on the hind wings, and also L. adonis,
similarly marked, occur everywhere, but the specimen of Mr. Russ is
very distinctly dotted indeed. Sometimes, but very rarely, the marginal
markings on the hind wings are ocellated beneath with bright scales.
"1 hus I have both L. alexis and L. corydon assimilating L. cegon. —
Sydney Webb, Dover.

Var. OF GoNOPTERYX RHAMNi. — When collecting at Riddlesdown

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 283

on August 1 2th, 1890, I took a female specimen of G. rhamnt, having
the usual yellowish green of the underside almost entirely replaced by
faint purple ; when contrasted with the type, the effect is very striking.
I took the insect as it was drying its wings, it is therefore in splendid
condition. — W, Mansbridge, Luther Place, Horsforth, near Leeds.

Two B'ORMS OF Spilonota roborana. — We get two forms of S.
roborana at Portland, the ordinary form, and a form with a yellowish
tinge, in which the dark markings are much lighter than usual. Both
these forms and vS. hicaniatana occur amongst Rosa spinosissima. — N.
M. RiCHARr^soN, Weymouth.

^

JglBLIOGRAPHY.

Additions to the British List and Changes in Nomenclature.

Lepidoptera.

Anthocharis cardainines ab. nov. ci/ierea Newnham. Shropshire.
EiiL Rcc. 1890, 242.

Conchylis {Eiipceci/ia) erigerana n. sp. Walsingham. E.M.M., 3.
This is, in part, what was called antheniidana by McLachlan and
Barrett. It has been found at Shoreham, in Kent, near London,
on the Norfolk-Suffolk border, and near Norwich. The larva
feeds in the flowers of Erigeron acre.

Tinea sitbtilella Fuchs, Richardson, E.M.M., 14. Eight specimens
were taken at Portland. The species bears some resemblance
to a very small T. biselliella.

Tachyptilia popiilella var. nov. minor Tutt, Ent. Rec, 1890, 244. Deal.

Gekihia {Anacampsis) sparsiciliella n. sp., Barrett. E.M.M., 7-8.
Near Pembroke. Peculiar for having pale blotches at the base
of the costal and dorsal cilia.

Symmoca signatella H.-S., Griffith. E.M.M., 8. Near the London
Docks. A species of Gelechiida^, no doubt imported with some
cargo. Seven specimens were found.

A. G. Butler. " Further notes on the synonymy of the genera of
Noctuites." Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, 653-691. This paper
contains references to a few British species. Nonagria gemini-
puncia is said to be congeneric with Oria {Tapinostola) fulva.
Ommaiostola, Grote, is made to include our Nonagria camice,
spargaiiii, arundinis and lutosa. N. brevilinea has been referred
by Mr. Tutt to Leiicatiia, so that only one British species, JY.
neurica, is left in Nonagria. Badena sens, str., Guen., is con-
sidered a group of Mamestra. G/cca, Hbn. is used for vaccinii
and var. ligida (our spadicea, so-called).
Coleoptera.

PityophtJwrus {Jichtensteinii var. ?) scoticus nov., Sharp MS., W. F. H.
Blandford. E.M.M., 15. This insect was taken at Braemar, and
is provisionally referred to lichtensteinii^ but it is the P. scoticus of
Dr. Sharp's MSS., and probably a valid species. In the same
valuable paper the so-called F. micrographics of our lists is referred
to P. piibescens (Marsham), which is better known by the later
name P. ramulorum Perris. It is doubtful whether we have the
true P. micrographus Gyll.

284 THE entomologist's record.

HOMOPTERA.

James Edwards. The British species of the genus Cicadula. E.M.M.,

27-32. A useful paper, with a synopsis of the species. C. fiebcri

n. sp. is described, and the following are added to the British list :

C. opacipennis Leth. (Norfolk), C. piinctifrons Fall. (Woking), C.

fasciifrons Stal. (Norfolk), and C. cyancc Boh.

DiPTERA.

Pulex gliris n. sp., C. W. Dale. Brit. Nat., 5. Found on dormice in
Dorsetshire. No description is given, and it may not be a valid
species.

— T. D. A. C.

.j^^j^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

The Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890. — In commencing
a new year, it appears advisable to have a glance through last year's
work from an entomological point of view, and, in so doing, briefly
summarise the result of the year's work. The collectors of Lepidoptera,
who consider the season "good" or "bad," in direct proportion to
the number of specimens captured, and not at all in proportion to the
observations made, or problems worked out, will give varied opinions.
In several parts of Scotland and Ireland, the season was on the whole
an exceptionally good one, whilst, in other parts, the reverse has been
the case. The total absence of Noctu.e at sugar, except on very
exceptional occasions, has made the season in most parts of England a
bad one, but it is doubtful whether most species in the other groups
have not been as plentiful as usual, although the high winds and
occasional soaking rains in parts of June, July and August, made them
more than usually difficult to obtain ; and the Macro collector who, too
often perhaps thinks of nothing but making a " bag " of something, and
who is lost if ordinary methods of collecting fail him, had plenty to
grumble at. But those who worked hard made very good "bags,"
and whilst northern collectors found Noctua sohrina, Apleda occulta,
Agrotis agat/iina, A. pyrophila, and many other good species more than
usually abundant, the southern ones found Agrotis iiinigera, A.
pyrophila, A. iuceniea, Heliophobus hispidus, etc., in more than usual
plenty ; and it is well to remember that when sugaring fences, trees,
etc., produced no results, the sugaring of flower-heads often paid
remarkably well. Among the Diurni, the overlooked Hespcria li?ieola
was turned up in great numbers, and proved itself, as had been
expected, one of our locally abundant species. Among the Sphingid^,
the breeding of hybrids of Sinerinthus ocellatns-popiiU was perhaps the
most noteworthy feature. The Sesiid.e produced one S. allantiforiiiis,
and a good lot of S. sp/iegiforinis, whilst S. philanthiformis, S.
chrysidiforinis and S. formiccpformis all turned up in more or less
abundance. Among the Lithosiid/E, the turning up of L. sericea
{jmlybdeola), and the abundance of Eulepia cribrum were perhaps the
two most noteworthy features, while among the Bombyces, the capture
of B. trifolii on the Lancashire coast appears to be the only fact worthy
of record. Of the NoTODONTiDyE, Dictanura bicuspis and Lobophora
carmelita alone appear noteworthy. Among the Nocture, the addition

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 285

of Plusia moneta to the British fauna, and the capture of Caradrina
ambi^ua and Leucania vitellijia are the events of the season, whilst the
re-occurrence of the splendid form of Hydrcecia var. lucens, of the more
than usual abundance oi Apainea ophiogranima, the capture oi Nonagria
conco/or, Leucania bnviliuea, the fine vars. of Aporophyla luiulenta (?),
and the abundance of Triphcena subsajiia in the Forres district, are
worth perhaps a passing notice. The breeding of Eupithecia exlensaria,
Cidaria reticulata, and Phorodesnia smaragdaria in some numbers are
the only facts that appear worth noticing among the GeometRjE. The
capture of Crambus myellus in Scotland, a few specimens of the true
Crambus contaminellus and Melia a7ielhi at Deal, and C. paludcllus
among the Crambid^, and the determination of the new (probably
imported) Aphytoceros vagans among the Pyralid^e are perhaps the
only facts worth recording. Among the Tortrices many species that
used to be rare are now obtained regularly, — Tortrix piceana, T.
lafauryana, T. decretana, Phoxopteryx upupaiia, Eupcscilia matiniana,
etc. Among the Pterophorina, the abnormal abundance of Aciptilia
spilodactyla, and the re-occurrence in some plenty of Plaiyptilia
isodactylus are the only foots worth recording. The Tineina appear to
have been as well worked as usual, but there is very little of the work
done recorded, except by Dr. Wood and Mr. Nelson M. Richardson ;
and although it may be assumed that the hands of Messrs. Threlfall,
W. H. B. Fletcher, Eustace Bankes and Bird have not lost their
cunning, the record of their work is sought for in vain.

We may turn from collecting to Societies. Probably at no time
during the last half century, has Entomology had so many adherents.
The position of the Entomological Society of London is more than
assured, and its long roll of members includes almost all the leading
entomologists in the kingdom. It surely should include all, and no
entomologist should begrudge supporting this Society, which represents
as it were, our highest aims and ambitions as scientists. Besides, a
member gets more than his money's worth in the Reports of the Society,
which no entomologist now can really do without. Of the other
London Societies, the City of London Society, which as the Haggerston
Society, collected together for many years the adherents of our study
from the East-end of the metropolis, has, in a more central position,
enlarged its sphere of usefulness, and during the last two years its roll
of members has steadily increased, and is still increasing ; and since
the system of reading papers at almost every meeting was adopted a
few months ago, a steady increase in the number of members has
resulted. This method of reading papers will continue, and I am at
liberty to say that sufficient papers have been promised to fill every
meeting until the winter session is ended. The South London Society,
which has undergone certain chronic fits of elevation and depression
since its commencement, reached its zenith about two years ago and
for some time enjoyed great popularity. Perhaps this has not been
altogether maintained, although the ordinary meetings are now more
than successful. The failure of the Council to publish the Annual
Reports and their inability to print the scientific papers read at the
meetings, have been probably two elements in the partial failure lo
keep the high position attained. The former, if brought out to date,
would be a strong connecting link with the country and outlyin^

c

286 THE entomologist's record.

members, who cannot attend the meetings and yet pay their subscrip-
tions. The second is a serious item, for, if a scientific paper be worth
anything, it will always find room in one of the magazines, and a man
who spends a considerable time on a subject, will always prefer sending
it to a magazine, where it will be presented to a large circle of readers
and maintained in a permanent form, than to read it at a meeting, after
which no more will be heard of it. The Liverpool, Birmingham, and
Yorkshire Societies are all in an active state, and the number of Natural
History Societies in the country is rapidly increasing. In fact, it is the
exception rather than the rule to find a large provincial town without one.

Passing from the Societies to our literature : The Transadiotis of the
London Entomological Society occupy the first place. They are
splendidly got up, and the papers are always of the highest order and
generally exhibit a great deal of original research. Of the magazines,
the Entomologisfs Monthly Magazine is facile priticeps from a scientific
point of view, and, whilst the advanced entomologist would often be in
an awkward fix without it, it is not altogether without interest to the
collector. The Young Naturalist, now the British Naturalist, contains
a large amount of general information, but most of the contents relate
to entomology. The Entomologist, for many years the popular magazine
of this country, changed its proprietor and editor in the early part of
the year, and, in the 1890 volume, above one-sixth of its contents
consists of descriptions of insects from India, China and Japan, and its
new owner, apparently, wishes it to become a purely technical magazine.
To fill the position vacated by^the Entomologist, our own magazine was
started. That ic has "taken on " goes without saying, and I suppose
no entomological magazine can point to 60 entomologists who have
subscribed articles and notes to any one number, as was the case with
our last (No. 9) number; nor perhaps, has there been an entomological
magazine published before, which has so immediately become popular
as has the Entomologisfs Recoi-d and Journal of Variation.

Turning to general scientific matters. Variation has kept well to the
front, and has now become a recognised part of our scientific work, and
those who commenced by jeering, have ceased to scoff and become
ardent students of the subject. As we devote a special column to the
subject, I need not point out how much better it would be, if those
interested in the subject would strive to keep their records together,
where they can readily be found and referred to, rather than spread
over several sources and mixed with other matter. — J. W. Tutt.
January 1st, 1891.

Notes of the Season of 1890 (Lepidoptera). — York. — The season
here has been anything but a good one, the only redeeming feature is,
that I have again been able to get Euptthecia albipunctata larvte in some
quantity. For the last six or seven years I have only been able to find
odd ones. — G. Dennis, Tower Street, York. December, 1890.

Liverpool. — The rain here has put a stop to almost everything in the
way of imagines, but larvas are pretty plentiful. I took a large quantity
of Nyssia zonaria larvae this year, and on examining the pupse the other
day, found that most had the wing markings showing through the pupa
cases. None, however, have emerged up to date. I am anxiously
awaiting the next move. I have previously bred one or two in Sep-

I

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 287

tember, and remember one being captured in that month ; but, for
them to emerge (or prepare to do so) en masse in September is a novelty.
— George A. Harker. September i?>l/i, 1890.

Lyndhnrst. — The autumn larvae seemed fairly plentiful at I.yndhurst
on September 15th and i6th, I took by beating on sallow — Apatnra
iris (3), Trichiiira cratcegi (8), Ephyra orbicitlaria (20), Looophora
sexalisata (21), Eucosmia undiilata (2), Cabera exanihemaria, Dicramira
furcula (5), Notodo7ita ziczac (2), Smerinthus populi (i), ocellatus (i),
Dasychira p2idibunda (i), Amphidasys betularia (2), Selenia illunaria (5).
On birch — Notodonta dromedaritis (3), Cidaria corylata (17), Drepana
f alalia (4), D. lacertula (5), Notodonta dictceoides (i), Cabera pusaria.
On alder — Hypsipetes imphnnata (4 in \\ hours). On Scotch fir —
Fidonia piftiaria, Macaria liturata (13), Odontopera bidentata (i), and i
unknown about the size of Macaria liturata, only nearly black — a
Geometer — and several small Ellopia fasciaria which I replaced. On
beech — Heterogenea asellus (t after about i hour's search), not a bad
bag for a bad season Whether I shall get iris and cratcegi through
time will show. Iris are sleeved out in the wilds. What am I to do
with cratcegi? Smerinthus tilice. pupje have been plentiful at the foot of
limes and elms and Sphiftx ligustri fairly common ; I have taken some
dozen — not more. — G. M. A. Hewett, Winchester.

Warrington. — -By beating birch I have taken larv^ of Viminia
nienyanthidis, Cuspidia leporina, Notodonta dictaoides^ N. dromedarius,
N. camelina, Drepana lacertula, D. falcula, Hadena pisi, Saturnia
carpini, and Amphidasys betularia. — T. Tunstall, Warrington. Nov.,
1890.

Minehead. — I spent the first week of x'Vugust in the neighbourhood of
Minehead. I did no night work, so cannot give my experience of
sugaring during the time, my chief object was to work for varieties of
Hypsipetes elutata. I was rather late for it, but still managed to procure
some fine vars., notably one, which I have placed in the Exhibition Box.
This specimen was taken near Porloch, sallow and whortleberry both
abounding in the locality ; but 1 rather assume that it had fed on
sallow, as all the bilberry forms seem to be a great deal smaller, and, I
assume those feeding on whortleberry would be similar. At the top of
the Porloch Hill on the Lynton and Synmouth Road, I obtained
specimens of Melanippe galiata and Larentia salicata, and near Mine-
head I captured one specimen of Stilbia anomala — E. C. Dobree Fox,
Castle Moreton. November, 1890.

Donegal, Wicklozv and Howth. — The weather of August was bad.
In Donegal, I found it wet nearly every day, and ragwort almost un-
productive. I took Stilbia anomala (one $) on the wing, on the coast
of Lough Swilly, but saw no more of them there. That was on August
1 8th. The same night, I took Miana literosa and Noctua c-fiigrum at
ragwort. In a young plantation of pines, among heather, there were
numbers of Cidaria immanata (?), though not so many as last year in
the same place. In the daytime you had only to walk into the wood
and some were sure to rise from the stem of every Scotch fir. In
Wicklow at the end of the month Hydrcecia nictitans (which is very
scarce at Howth) was most abundant. In the full sunshine, it was
hard at work sucking honey from the ragwort ; and at night it still
worked away. At Howth, on September 2nd, a couple of Neuronia

288 THE entomologist's record.

papillaris came to light, and on the 3rd, I took a couple of Stilbia
ano/iiala, at the top of the low cliffs. On some of the following nights
I took .S'. anomala ; the best night being September 9th, when my son
and I took nine anomala and five Agrotis agathina. But some of each
turned out to be very much worn. Anomala has a curious way of flying
towards the lamp, and then dropping into the heather. If you wait, it
generally climbs up and flies along the top of the herbage towards the
light, when it is not difficult to take. But it is very easily injured, and
lives in such windy places that the specimens are often worn. I was
surprised to find a female one night on a post which had been sugared
two days before. I also took a female at the flowers of Erica cinerea.
But on the whole, the females seem much scarcer than the males and
also more battered. On the 9th, Eubolia cervinaria and Epunda lichenea
came to light; one specimen of each. I bred two $\ and one ? of
Epunda lichenea from larvde taken in the garden in the spring. They
emerged on the 4th, 5th, and loth of September; on the loth, one
Thera firmata came to light and on the nth I took a couple of Acidalia
marginepunctata (promutata) on ihe cliffs. — G. V. Hart, Dublin.
November, 1890.

Moths at Flowers of Tritoma uvaria. — I have to record a
similar experience to that mentioned by Mr. Beales in this (Dec.) month's
Record. Between September 5th and T4th, 1889, while staying at
Blackmoor, Liss, Hants., I visited frequently a row of Tritomas, and
found moths plentiful, taking Epunda nigra (12), Noctua neglecta,
Xanihia ci/rago, X. cerago, X. silago, X. ferrugifiea, Hadena pi'otea
(abundant), Anclwcelis lifura, A rufina, A. pistacitia, Agrotis suffnsa,
A. segetum, Phlogophora meticulosa, and a few common Geometers.
This year I visited the same place in equally hot and fine weather, on
September 3rd, 4th, and loth, and saw one Rumia cratcegata, and
nothing else. Like most of your correspondents, I have found sugar
useless this year, wherever I have tried it. — Waldegrave, 20, Bryan-
ston Square, W. December \^th, 1890.

Work for the Winter. ~I took fifteen cocoons oi Bisulcia ligustri
on the 28th of November, under the moss on ash trunks. There is no
need to pull off the moss and spoil the trees for another year. The
cocoons are very hard, and can be found as lumps under the moss,
mainly in the crevices, or, if there is no moss, pull off the runners of
ivy, and they will be disclosed, or will be found adhering to the rootlets.
Dicranwa fiircula pupae may be foun :1 by searching the dead wood of
sallows, either in the tree or littered round the roots. I have, in better
years, taken ten in a day, but it is rather a severe test of eyesight.
They are generally at the base of a divergent branch, but sometimes on
the straight, and very often in the hollow where a branch has been
pulled off. Dead wood of any kind, anywhere about the tree is freely
used. There is also another very cold game to play. Lithosia rubri-
collis spins a little fluffy spider-like web under the moss on the oaks.
I have not taken any this year, but was fairly fortunate last year. They
don't spin up till well on mto November. — G. M. A. Hewetf, The
'College, Winchester December, 1890.

Reported Capture of Gonopteryx cleopatra. — A Mr. W.
Parsons, last month, is reported to have captured in a clover field near

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 289

here, a male and female of this species in capital condition. The
fortunate captor brought them in his collecting box to Mr. Griffin of
this town, who identified them, and I believe thev have since been sold
to a Brighton collector. It is supposed, as there was foreign clover
growing near where the captures were made, that the ova may have
come over with seeds. — R. A. Dallas Beeching, Tunbridge Wells.
Oct. 6th, 1S90. [G. Cleopatra is one of those unfortunate species which
are occasionally reported to have been taken in England. Sometimes
the specimens have been carious vars. of G. rhavini, at other times
they have been G. cleopatra with strange histories. I should like to
know what led Mr. Griffin to determine both the ^ and ? as cleopatra,
the ? being scarcely (if at all) distinguishable from $ rhainni. I
should also like to know how, since cleopatra feeds on shrubs and 7iot
on clover, there can be any supposition that the ova came in clover
seeds. Finally, did Mr. Griffin see the specimens alive ? Who is the
Brighton collector who bought them? What history was given him? and
what has Mr. Parsons to say about the capture? — Ed.]

Light at Newbury. — The moth-trap has, on the whole, been a
success. Besides those mentioned {Record, p. 180), I have taken Neuria
saponarice, Diaiithoicia cucubali, D. carpophaga, D. capsincola, Ptilophora
palpina, Notodonta camelina, JV. droviedarius, Gortyna flavago, Cara-
drina hlanda, C. alsines, Hecatera serena, Hadena genistce, Pericallia
syringaria, Etinomos erosaria. Cleora Uchenaria, Acidalia holosericata,
A. subsericeata, A. imitaria, A. einarginata, Corycia taminaia, Strenia
clathrata, and Coremia propiignata, besides any number of commoner
insects. — M. Kimber, Newbury, Berks, October i^t/i, 1890.

Habits of Epione vespertaria. — We found Epione vespertaria at
Sandburn this July and August, in numbers, but I have not heard of
any variety being found. This species flies most commonly between
5 a.m. and 10 a.m. Its flight lasts, may be, only for half an hour, and
then as suddenly as the species appear they disappear. To obtain the
$ you must search the grasses, etc. at night. This sex seldom rests
upon its foodplant. I have one very fine variety in my cabinet, a $ ,
with the markings and border of the $.—'$>. Walker, York. Sep-
tember 12th, 1890.

Scarcity of Diurni. — The season of the present year (1890) opened
fairly well with the Diurni, some species being tolerably abundant, Fieris
napi and Gonopteryx rhamni (hybernated) were decidedly above the
average in numbers. As the season advanced, the state of things looked
ver} gloomy, the usual July species either scarce or altogether absent, and
many emerging much behind time, and this autumn has been almost a
blank. I have not seen a single specimen of Vanessa atalauta or V.
cardiii, nor am I aware of any having been taken ; V. urtiue has been
scarce but V. io has occurred in fair numbers, ancl Gonopteryx rhamni
has been common, males and females in equal numbers, which is un-
usual, as I have always found the males far more common than females.
As an instance of the scarcity of butterfiies, the following will show.
During a walk of about twenty-five miles on September 14th through
mixed country, with my friend, Mr. S. Russell, we did not see above
thirty specimens ; in five miles not a single butterfly was seen, not even
a white, although we passed by numerous attractive gardens (in full

290 THE entomologist's recoed.

bloom), fields and wood ; such a thing I never before experienced at
the time of year, and the weather was dehghtfuUy fine. I will give a
list of the butterflies we met with, viz : V. urticcz one only, one or two
V. 20, three G. rhaiimi, not a dozen whites, and here and there an odd
Polyommatus phlaas, Coenonympha pamphihis, Epinephele ianira, and
Lycczna icariis ; a more scanty lot it would be difficult to imagine on a
perfect autumn day, through five and twenty miles of fine and varied
country along the Kent and Surrey border. — F. W. Frohawk. Septem-
ber, 1890.

Note on Phoxopteryx obtusana. —I quite agree with Mr. Atmore
{^Record, p. 212) in his remarks re Phoxopteryx obtusafia. In the
summers of 1886, 1887, and 1888 I found it sparingly among oaks;
last year I beat a few from hawthorn only, and early m June this year
in the same locality I could only beat it from wild rose bushes where it
was, on one particular day, more abundant than I had ever found it
before. I am inclined to think the larva is a tree feeder, and that oak
v/ill be found to be one of its foodplants. — A. Thurnall, 144, Chob-
ham Road, Stratford New Town, E.

Asthena blomeri. — With regard to obtaining ova from females of
this species in confinement, I think I can help Mr. Mason {Record, p.
138). Rearing lepidoptera from the egg was a hobby of mine in
England, and as I was living for about a year and a half at Tyntesfield,
in Mr. Mason's district, where A. blomeri occurs fairly plentifully^ I
determined to rear the insect through all stages. Profiting by previous
experience vf\\\\ Asthe?ia luteata, I confined the moths in a large muslin-
topped glass cylinder, with a sprig of wych elm in water, and found
that they deposited ova freely. These are flattish, oblong, and of a
sienna-brown colour, and are deposited close along the ribs on the
underside of the leaves. My ova were deposited between July 13th
and 17th, and began to hatch on the 21st. — C. D. Ash, Southport,
Queensland. October 28///, 1890.

Emergence of Aplecta occulta in November. — When at Forres,
in September, I got a few larvse of A. occulta from Mr. Salvage, and, by
his advice, I tried the forcing process. I kept them in the kitchen in
a flower-pot, and fed them twice a day on dock, on which they grew
very rapidly ; when they were about full grown I shifted them to the
breeding cage. Some of them pupated about the end of October, and
on November 25th a fine female emerged, the next day a second
female, and the day following another. Unfortunately, however, some
of the larvge have resisted the forcing, and apparently are determined
to hybernate in the larval state. — VVm. Milne, 34, Thomson Street,
Aberdeen, N.B. December ist, 1890.

lOCIETIES,

City of London Entomological Society. — December iZth, 1890.
— Mr. O. C. Goldthwait exhibited Coremia propugnata bred from females
taken at Rochester and Chingford, showing a wide range of variation
in the transverse band, also for comparison a bred series of Melanippe
fluctuata, the two species showing parallel ranges of variation in the

SOCIETIES. 291

bands. The same gentleman also drew a comparison between Mr,
Merrifield's inferences, based on the so-called temperature experiments,
and some of Mr. Tutt's deductions as set forth in the Record. Mr.
Tutt stated that he considered that temperature, moisture, etc., only
affected the larval stage (although retardation might possibly affect
pupae in a slight degree), and that the results of Mr. Merrifield's latest
experiments were probably due to in-breeding. Mr. Machin exhibited
Duranura furcida, Lithocolletis insigfiitella, Incurvaria canariella,
CEcophora siipclla, and other Tineina. Mr. Hodges, Setina irrorella
var. signata, from the Isle of Wight, and two line vars. of Abraxas
grossulariata, the inner half of forewings being suffused with yellow.
Mr. Quail, cocoon of Saturnia carpini with two exits, cocoon of
Simyra venosa, etc. Mr. Battley, cocoons of Ciispidia acetis. Mr.
Boden, Phoxopteryx upupana, and Mixodia ratzeburghiana. Of
Coleoptera : — Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited a cabinet drawer of various
species ; Messrs. Cripps, EUiman, Heasler, Lewcock, Milton, and
Newbery collections of the genus Donacia, which comprised seventeen
species of that genus, the two unrepresented being obsciira and impressa.
Mr. Lewcock read a paper on the subject, and gave an account of the
nomenclature, the life-histories, variation (melanism), and the methods
of collecting the species, with lists of localities, etc. He referred to the
misapprehension respecting the identification of dentata and sparganii,
and the vague specific distinctions between sericea and discolor {coinari),
showing that the descriptions laid down in both Cox's Handbook of
Coleoptera., and Fowler's Coleoptera of the British Isles failed in their
purpose of identification. It was quite true that the extreme forms of
the insects were very dissimilar, but there also existed various con-
necting links between them. He likewise produced over loo
specimens of the insects in support of his statements. In some of the
specimens the anteimae were long, others of medium length, and the
remainder very short. One very dark specimen (from Esher) had
scarcely any tubercle at the sides of thorax, very short legs, and long
antennce. He commented on Mr. Newbery's exhibit which contained
typical specimens of sericea and discolor from Scotland, Middlesex, and
Surrey, with intermediate forms of the insects. In the discussion
which ensued, Mr. Tutt pointed out, that it was remarkable, that the
dark varieties of the species exhibited, were all uniformly small. Mr.
Newbery, while agreeing entirely with Mr. Lewcock's observations on
sericea and discolor., said that the misapprehension concerning the
identity of dentata and sparganii was to be attributed to the tabulation
in Cox's Handbook. Messrs. Cripps, Heasler, Milton, etc., also took
part in the discussion.

January ist, 1891. — Mr. Tutt exhibited a box of Lepidoptera received
from Mr. W. Reid of Pitcaple, including a fine series of dark forms of
Agrotis pyrophila ; a very variable selection of Tripluena orbona, the
fore-wings of which varied from light drab, through red brown, to almost
black ; Melitcea arfeniis, several fine vars. ; a series of Melanippe
flucluata var. neapolisata ; Fidonia piniaria, and Abraxas grossulariata,
the males of which had a tendency to be very dark, while the females
were comparatively pale. Mr. J. A, Clark exhibited a very variable
series of Dianthcecia conspersa from Lewis. Mr. Heasler exhibited
Dromius meridianus., D. quadrimaculatus and D. quadrinotatns, all of

292 THE entomologist's record.

which he had taken during the Christmas hoUdays, also for comparison
several other species of the same genus — G. A. Lewcock and A. U.
Battley, Hoji. Sees.

South London Entomological Society. — December nth, 1890. —
Mr. South exhibited Lyccena agestis vars. sahnacis, artaxerxes and allous.
Mr. Adkin, a remarkably pale series of Perotiea hastiana from the Isle
of Man (these were very like some of the forms which may be obtained
at Deal, but very unlike those from St. Anne's-on-Sea). He also
exhibited Hepialus sylvmus, and drew attention to the fact, that in
copulation, the ? holds to a twig by the fore legs, but the $ hangs
free, and in this position they bear some resemblance to a dead leaf.
Mr. Tugwell exhibited Eupithecia satyrata, with its vars. curzoni and
callunaria ; also a melanic form of Eupithecia referred to satyrata,
irisig?iata, and virgaun-ata by different lepidopterists. Mr. Tutt
remarked that it was next to impossible to name an isolated specimen
of an extreme melanic variety with any certainty. Mr. Short exhibited
the pale Portland forn of Epnnda lic/ie/iea ; Mr. Farrant, a specimen of
CJirysopIianus phlicas v^x. schmidtii. Mr. A. J. Hodges exhibited cells
of the mason wasp {Felopcens) from Texas, whilst Mr. Billups made a
most interesting exhibit of various Ichneianoiiidce.

January Zth, 1891. — Mr. Tugwell exhibited series oi Miana sirigilis
and M. fasciuticula and pointed out superficial differences which
appeared to him fairly constant ; he called attention also to the
published descriptions of the larvae by Newman and Buckler. Mr.
Fenn pointed out that the descriptions of larvge in Newman's book
were very unreliable, also, that larvte varied so much at different ages,
that descriptions taken from solitary larvae were of but little value.
Mr. Barrett, although expressing his opinion that sirigilis and
fasciuncula were distinct, so far as he knew the species, yet agreed with
Mr. Fenn's remarks about the unreliability of the published descriptions
of the larvs. Mr. Tutt stated that the previous speakers had proved
that most of the published facts relating to these species were of an
entirely superficial or unsatisfactory character, that if his observations
{ante, pp. 242, 243) directed further attention to the species he would
be quite satisfied, but that it was ridiculous to state that he must be
wrong, in the present unsatisfactory condition of our knowledge. Mr.
Adkin exhibited bred species of Boarmia gemmaria and B. rtpandata,
also Refinia buoliana and R. pinicolana from various localities. Mr.
Tutt exhibited, for Mr. Reid of Pitcaple, a long series of fine varieties
(including some very dark forms) of Agrotis pyropJiila ; varieties of
Triphccna orlwfia ranging from very pale grey to almost black, the
banded forms being specially admired, and vars. oi Abraxas grossulariata.
This species, Mr. Tutt remarked, was comparatively rare in Aberdeen-
shire and those in the immediate vicinity of Pitcaple (introduced by
Mr. Reid) had apparently developed sexual dimorphism, the $ 's
gradually becoming darker, and the ? 's paler, than the introduced
specimens. A long series of beautiful specimens of Melanippe fiuctuata
var. neapolisata with other very extreme forms, and a series of small
Fidonia piniaria,c\\\(t'^y females, completed a very interesting exhibit,
Mr. Manger exhibited a box of Australian Coleoptera, some of which
Mr. Billups remarked appeared to be common to Britam and Australia.
—Ed.

^■^ ^I^D ^""^f^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 11. Vol. I. February 16th, 1891.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
{Contiimed fvoni page 234.)

EFORE leaving altogether the general question of an
exciting cause, there are one or two points which we
should not overlook in our inferences and experiments.
The first is the influence of " heredity." Throughout
my paper I have assumed that my readers would always take this
comparatively and undoubtedly inconstant (in different species)
factor into account. But, it appears advisable to mention the
fact here, because, in certain experiments, its influence might be
so potent, that it would be really the most powerful factor actmg
at the time, and yet its influence might be altogether over-
looked. Under the artificial conditions of domestication, we
know this power is a very great and important one, and there
is no doubt, that what is applicable to the artificial conditions
of life in the higher animals, must influence, more or less,
insects kept under similar artificial conditions. Where insects
have a normal tendency to vary, and where artificial breeding
gives all sorts of strange varieties under apparently the same
or similar conditions, it is manifestly impossible to conduct
exact experiments with a species having the influence of
heredity strongly developed, with any probability of arriving
at a satisfactory result. I have, for example, in my collection,
specimens of Selenia illiistraria, which might belong to either
the spring or summer brood, so far as colour is concerned, and
which would puzzle me entirely if I did not know to which brood
they really did belong. Captured specimens of this species

294 THE entomologist's l^ECORD.

not only give variations in colour (in the same brood), but slight
variations in markings as well ; in our breeding-cages the
variation is more pronounced. It is manifest here, that in this
species "heredity" would be a naturally strong factor, and, if
we add to the natural hereditary tendency to vary, the in-
creased hereditary iniluences produced by an artificial condi-
tion of life, and ,the result of possible interbreeding, we see
how potent a factor it might become. But this is not all.
This particular species (and there are many others similarly
inclined) has not only a natural tendency for the specimens of
each brood to vary inter se, but it exhibits strong dimorphic
coloration in its broods according to season, so much so, that
we talk of the dark spring brood and the paler summer one ;
and, although in nature, these colours are generally constant,
and even moderately so in our breeding-cages, yet, added to
the previous hereditary influences I have shown to be at work,
we see how strongly developed the sum total of heredity is,
and how useless for any purpose of exact experiment relating
to colour or markings, this species becomes. I have dealt
thus fully with this species because it not only exhibits the
hereditary tendency to a very full extent, but it is unfortunately
(probably because it is so hardy and easy to rear) the species
which has been generally selected for temperature experi-
ments.^ The other species, Ennoinos autiivmaria, which has been
used for experiment by Mr. Merrifield, is one which is much
better suited for experiment, as its natural tendency to vary is
less ; but being excessively rare in Britain, the species is being
interbred in vast numbers for our cabinets, and, in a few years,
will be quite domesticated, and probably become absolutely
useless for experimental purposes, as it is now (1889), more or
less, from my point of view, for it is impossible to get new
British stock except at very rare intervals. I think I have
now written enough to show that experiments made under
artificial conditions, are open to grave objection, and that we
may not always assume that results are produced by the same
forces in nature, as those by which similar results appear to be
produced under our artificial methods of breeding.

The foregoing paragraph on heredity was written in the
early part of the year 1889, and my assumptions now (Jan.,
1891) appear to be receiving most positive confirmation. In
the Report of the Meeting of the London Entomological
Society, Dec. 3rd, i8go {vide Ent. Record, vol. i., pp. 267 and

^ It was unfortunately one of those selected by Mr. Merrifield.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 295

268), with regard to some further temperature experiments
conducted by Mr. Merrifield, we read : — " Mr. Merrifield read
a paper ' On the conspicuous changes in the markings and
colouring of Lepidoptera, caused by subjecting the pupse to
different temperature conditions,' in which it was stated that
the results of many experiments made on Selenia illustraria
and Ennomos autuvinaria, tended to prove that both the mark-
ings and colouring of the moth were materially affected by the
temperature to which the pupa was exposed ; the markings, by
long continued exposure before the last active changes, but
before the colouring of the perfect insect began to be visible ;
a moderately low temperature during this period causing dark-
ness, a high one producing the opposite effect, and two or
three days at the right time appearing in some cases sufficient.
Dryness or moisture applied during the whole pupal period
had little or no effect on either colouring or markings. Apply-
ing the facts thus ascertained, Mr. Merrifield said he had
obtained from summer pupse of illustraria, some moths with
summer colouring and spring markings, some with spring
colouring and spring markings, and some with summer mark-
ings but an approach to spring colouring. The specimens
were exhibited. Mr. C. Fenn, who said he did not agree with
Mr. Merrifield's conclusions, exhibited a very long and varied
series of Eiinonios autuinnarii, all of which, he stated, had been
bred at the same temperature. He expressed an opinion that
the presence or absence of moisture, rather than differences of
temperature, was one of the principal causes of variation."
The members present appear to have been of opinion that
Mr. Fenn's specimens, bred at the same temperature, exhibited
a very much greater range of variation than did those of Mr.
Merrifield, which were supposed to vary because of the differences
of temperature to which the pupas had been subjected. It
appears abundantly clear that Mr. Merrifield's specimens
would probably have varied (as Mr. Fenn's did) just as much
under ordinary, as they did under special conditions, and that
the variation in his specimens was probably due, as the varia-
tion in Mr. Fenn's specimens was apparently due, not to
temperature, but to heredity, and other incidental causes
combined.

The inference suggested by Mr. Merrifield, or, more correctly,
the conclusion at which he arrived, appears directly opposed to
the inference adduced from his previous experiment on Ennovios
autujnnaria {Entomologist's Record, vol. i., p. 231), and I should

296 THE entomologist's record.

suppose that the temperature had really very little to do with
the actual result, and that one might get as many results, and
draw as many separate inferences, as one chose to make
different experiments. If Mr. Merriiield's last inference be
correct, it should be capable of proof by any competent and
careful entomologist, who ought to be able, by dividing a batch
of pupae into two separate lots, and by treating them in the
way Mr. Merrifield suggests, to obtain two sets of moths of
different coloration, by subjecting them, just before emergence,
to a high and low temperature respectively. But this is
impossible, as collectors know who breed lepidoptera in
large numbers and force their pupae ; and I can only repeat,
that I believe the larval stage is the vital one, and that experi-
ments on pupae can give but negative results. Last winter, in
January, I forced at a very high temperature a large number of
specimens of Mamcstra persicaricB and Macroglossa fticiforinis ;
these were exceptionally dark, but those I left in a cool green-
house, and which emerged much later in the year at a lower
temperature, were equally dark, and I can only infer that the
temperature to which the pupae were exposed, did not affect
the coloration, but that whatever tended to make these two
broods darker than usual, must have affected the larvae before
they entered the pupal stage ; and yet this is in direct opposi-
tion to Mr. Merriiield's inference, that the subjection of pupae
to a high temperature just before emergence, produces a pale
coloration, and I can only assume that the variation in Mr.
Merrifield's experiment was produced independently of the
temperature, and was the result of some previous condition of
the larval stage, or a simple result of heredity, or some other
incidental circumstance not yet taken into account, and, in the
case of Sehnia illustraria, which Mr. Merrifield has been inter-
breeding for several years for other experiments, the result
obtained may be, in part, due to a weakened (diseased ?) con-
dition of the larvae, brought about by interbreeding ; but this
phase of the subject is dealt with in another paragraph.

In close connection with heredity are the development of
dimorphic seasonal forms, when one or other of the forms has
melanochroic tendencies, and the inquiry as to how these
forms may possibly be produced. With regard to " seasonal
forms" Mr. Cockerell writes: — ^' Papilio ajax, spring form
telanionides, Feld., and summer form inarcelliis, Bd. Pieris
protodice, spring form vernalis, Edw., is smaller and darker
than the summer form. P. oleracea, summer form often larger,

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 297

and wings thinner and purer white than spring form. P. rapie,
' Further south (in the United States) the winter (spring) form
tends to pure white on the upper surface' (G. H. French).
Colias euiytheme, spring form keeivaydin, Edw., smaller than
summer form, duller yellow and with less roseate reflection,
both sides more sprinkled with black scales, the orange patch
on the fore wings not so marked, sometimes almost absent.
PItyciodes tharos, seasonal forms niarcia, Edw., and morpheus^
Fb. ; P . phaon also has seasonal forms. Grapta interroi^ationis,
hybernating ioruifabricii, Edw., summer form umbrosa, Lintn.;
' There are about four broods in a season, and while those of
the last or hybernating brood are the pale forms, the others
are more or less mixed, as Mr. Edwards has shown ' (G. H.
French). G. comma, hybernating form Juxrrisii, Edw., summer
form dryas, Edw. Lyccena pseudargiolus vars. lucia, Kirby, and
mavginata, Edw., coming from pupae which have hybernated,
show coalescence of markings on the under side of the hind
wings. Seknia bilunaria var. juliaria, Haw., and vS. limaria
var. delunaria, Hb. In North America, owing to the great
difference between the summer and winter climates, seasonal
forms are often very marked. As a rule, the spring form,
emerging from pupse which have hybernated, is smaller and
darker than the summer brood, a condition which has been
attributed to the effects of cold while in the pupa stage. But,
strangely enough, a moderate amount of cold appears to have
an opposite effect, for in our climate the spring Pieridce, which
are dark in America, are distinctly lighter than the summer
forms, and the imported P. rapcB would seem to have retained
that character somewhat in America. Also, as regards size, I
believe that it is found that the races of large silk-moths,
which are bred on the cooler slopes of the Himalayas, are
invariably larger and finer than those of the same species from
the heated plains of India ; and this has been attributed to
their longer sojourn in the pupal ^ state, whereby they have
more time for development. The only theory I can advance
to harmonise these various facts may seem to many a some-
what unwarranted one, and I shall look with interest for any
comments on it. The darker and smaller forms may be
supposed always to be those whose development has been
quick, the metabolism great in proportion to the growth, while

' I should cuii-,i(lci- it iiiiiiossiblc lluii a longer sc)joarn in the pujial state, cuuhl
make them " larger and liner." One can understand that a longer sojourn in the
larval state, with plenty of food, would act in this direction. — ^J.W.T,

298 THE entomologist's record.

the larger and lighter forms have developed more slowly, with
a longer period of growth, and less intense metabolism ; in
short, as Mr. P. Geddes would say, the first have developed
katabolically, the last anabolically. When eggs or seeds are
subjected to a low temperature, although life is not necessarily
extinguished, growth and metabolism cease. The winter in
North America is sufficiently cold to have a like effect upon
hybernating pupae, — they live, but do not grow.^ The summer
comes on with comparative suddenness, and the hot rays of
the sun throw them into the most intense metabolism,
so that the imago emerges with the wing-structures, so far
from having developed slowly and in the cold, presenting every
evidence of rapid change. In a climate like that of England,
however, the winter is not cold enough to entirely arrest wing-
growth, and hence the spring emergences present usually some
evidence of slow change accompanied by gradual growth. It
will probably be objected to the above theory, that summer in
America is at least as hot as spring, so why do not the summer
forms present at least as much evidence of quick change ? To
which I can only reply, that I am inclined to suppose that the
vital structures and organs of generation develop at a much
lower temperature than the wings, of which theory confirmation
will be seen in such examples as the normally wingless, but
otherwise perfect, Chorezus ineptus, which is said often to
develop wings in unusually hot seasons. I hold, therefore,
that the North American species hybernating in the pupal
state attain a nearly perfect development of their vital functions
before the spring, although wing-growth has been in abeyance ;
but those pupating and emerging in the summer cannot assume
the perfect state until the time necessary for the growth of the
vital and reproductive organs has expired, so that the wings,
developing all the while, have no period of sudden quick
change like those of the spring brood. The seasons in Europe
were probably at one time much more marked, and possibly
some of the Mediterranean species arose as summer forms of
northern species, or vice versa : for instance, in the genus
Gonopteryx. Colias eurytJieme, of North America, has in the
summer brood an orange patch on the fore wings similar to
that of Gonoptejyx deopatra, but the spring emergence has the
patch reduced, and sometimes almost absent, thus resembling
G. rhamni. Now, supposing the climate were to become more

^ Develop rather than "grow." I believe all size variations to be phytophagic,
and as such, to be determined in the larval stage. — ^J.W.T.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 299

uniformly cold in the north and warm in the south, these
seasonal forms would be transformed into geographical races,
and ultimately species. Such may have been the origin of
G. rhainni d,x\(\ cleopalm'' {Entomologist, vol. xxii., pp. 27-29).

I must say that I do not altogether follow Mr. Cockerell's
reasoning here as to " growth " in the pupal stage. The
foregoing paragraph certainly leaves me with the impression
that Mr. Cockerell believes some change in the size of the
imago may take place by growth, in the pupal stage. I
believe myself that the size of the imago is entirely determined
in the larval stage, and fixed as soon as the larva becomes a
pupa ; but that different degrees and rates of development may
affect not only the condition of the membranous structure of
the wing, but the scale structure as well, is very probable, and
whilst not at all prepared to criticise Mr. Cockerell's state-
ments as regards development and its effects, I do most cer-
tainly believe "growth," as determining size, impossible in that
stage. I have before hinted that, possibly, delay in the pupal
stage may to a small extent help to bring about such changes
as occur in seasonally dimorphic species (although I believe all
the greater changes result from delay, etc. in the larval stage) ;
and since cold produces delay both in the larval and pupal
stages, cold may thus indirectly influence the colour of insects
to a very slight degree. But I cannot leave out of account the
fact, that in nature, cold does not have the least tendency to
produce a dark coloration, and that the arrest accompanying
extreme cold tends to produce, as a rule, pallid ill-marked
specimens, with a tendency to become generally unicolorous,
apparently the result oftentimes of ill-developed pigment in
the scales.

With regard to seasonal forms in Britain, we may consider a
few cases. Pieris rapce. The early brood (May and June) speci-
mens are much whiter with us than those of the summer brood.
I think this affords one of the most striking proofs of the absence
of the effect of cold on the pupal stage. Pieris rap(2 lays its eggs
in August and September, pupates in September and October
(frequently in larval stage under four weeks), remains as pupa
exposed to cold all the winter, and emerges in May as a pale
form, frequently with the dark spots obsolete and therefore
perfectly white. Eggs of the summer brood are laid in May,
larvae feed through [une and July, pupate July and August,
• emerge August and September, the imagines being compara-
tively dark, having dark tips to wings, and distinct black

300 THE entomologist's record.

spots. Here it is impossible for cold, acting on the pupae, to
have any effect in the direction of darkening the colour, as
those exposed to the winter cold are the paler forms, and I
can only suppose that the retardation in the early larval stage,
aided by " natural selection," is the true active cause of the
darkening, as the pale specimens, with their undersides
brightly yellow are more protected in early spring, when the
more common CrucifercB are in flower (white or yellow) and
the leaves are bright. In the summer the insects assimilate
by means of their darker colour (especially greyer undersides)
more closely to the darker leaves. The allied Pieris napi has
imagines of the spring brood with the ground colour dusky,
markings dusky-greyish ; the summer imagines have the
ground colour white, markings black. Comparing the two
species, my experience points to the second brood of P. napi
being in the larval stage longer than P. rapes, and I have
frequently known larvae to live from early August until October
before pupating. Although equally common perhaps, the
habits of these two species are very different, and whilst P. rapes
is more especially addicted in its early stages to open cultivated
grounds, P. napi prefers marshy land, ditch sides, shady rides
in woods, etc., so that environment and " natural selection "
undoubtedly have considerable effect. I still consider, how-
ever, that the study of the undersides is the more correct
method of dealing with all our butterflies, from the point of
view of " natural selection," but in these species the upper
sides are comparatively a reflex of the undersides, napi being
the darker in the early brood, and very similar to rapes in the
summer brood. The spring specimens of Lyccsna appear to
vary somewhat in a proportionate degree to the length of time
passed in the larval stage, and the peculiar habits of the
respective broods.

{To be continued.)

Scientific notes.

The Genus Donacia^ Fab. {continued from p. 280).
D. iimbata, Panz. — Known as D. ienina', F., in Sharp's Catalogue of
Britisii Coleoptera (1871), and in Fowler and Matthews' Catalogue of
British Coleoptera (1883). This is another of the purple-striped species,
but the stripe is at the sides of the insect in this case, and there is also
a purple blotch near the base on each elytron. Rather common in
Kent, Surrey, and other southern counties. I have taken it at Sunbury,

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 301

Farnham, Wanstead, Walthamstow, etc., chiefly on Sparga)iiiim. Mr.
Heasler took a number at Deal in 1S90. Messrs. Newbery and Cripps
have also captured it in Kent ; Mr. Bennett at Hastings ; and Mr. R.
Gillo (on Iris) in the Bath district.

D. bicolora, Zsch — Formerly called D. sagittaria;, F., in Sharp's
Catalogue {i^T i) and Fowler and Matthew's Catalogue (1883). The
species is readily distinguished from the preceding in being unicolorous,
broader, and having more impressions. Generally of a lighter colour,
but occasionally one meets with dark, coppery specimens, and some-
times these dark varieties are mistaken for Z>. limbata by the inexpe-
rienced coleopterist. I have never taken very many, at the most only
eight or nine in one day. My series was captured at Farnham (Surrey),
and on the flashes of Basingstoke Canal ; principally on the yellow iris
and the arrowhead. Also taken at Deal by Mr. Heasler in 1890.

D. obscura, Gyll. — First recorded in the Entomologisfs Annual {i'66o)
as being taken by Mr. Constantine near Glasgow. " Very nearly allied
to D. lemnce (our present D. limbata), from which it differs in its more
sombre colouring, in having the prothorax transverse, the anterior
angles more pronounced and slightly reflexed, and without tubercles,
and the base of the elytra, from the humerus to within a short distance
of the suture, thickly strewn with punctures " (y^«;?z^fl/, i860, p. 147)-
Canon Fowler {Coleop. Brit. Isles) states that it is taken "on flowering
Scirpus and Carex in May." The localities given are : Arundel (S.
Stevens) ; Mabberley, Cheshire (Chappell) ; Scotland, Solway district,
Dumfries (Sharp and Lemmon) ; also recorded doubtfully from the Tay
district. I know of nothing authentic respecting its occurrence in the
south of England.

D. thalassina, Germ. — Frequently confounded with D. linearis, from
which it may be readily distinguished by the teeth on the hinder femora.
The legs also are unicolorous. This is perhaps the commonest species
of the genus in Surrey. I have swept as many as 250 specimens in one
day. It is found at the Black Pond, Esher, on the banks of Basingstoke
Canal, Farnham ; also at Sunbury, Wanstead Park, Deal, Hastings, and
many other localities. This species also has a melanic tendency, espe-
cially is it the case with those found at Woking, and sometimes the elytra
are entirely purple.

D. inipressa, Payk. — Said to be closely allied to the preceding species.
Beyond having seen some specimens m Mr. Champion's collection, I
know nothing of it.

Z). simplex, F. — Familiar to most coleopterists as D. linearis, Hoppe.
This species is generally supposed to be the commonest of the genus.
It is certainly common at Hackney Marshes, also in the small streams
at Sunbury and Shepperton, and seems to have a preference in these
localities for running water. I have not found it at Woking, and know
of but a single specimen captured near the Black Pond, Esher. There
is no possibility of mistaking this for any other species. It is found ox\
Sparganium, rushes, and other aquatic plants in June and July.

D. vulgaris, Zsch. — Named as D. typhce, Ahr., in Sharp's Catalogue
(187 1), and Fowler and Matthews' Catalogue (1883). Allied to the
preceding s]:)ecies, but could hardly be confounded with it, having a
broad reddishqmrple band running down each side uf the suture. The
band is sometimes of a deep blue, and occasionally it is so faint as to

302 THE entomologist's record.

require a strong lens to distinguish it. Two specimens without the band
were captured by me at the Black Pond, Esher, in 1885 ; also, in the
same year, a specimen entirely sufifused with purple. The beetle occurs
more commonly on Typha latifolia in June and July, but is found also
on iris and other aquatic plants. Besides Esher, I have found it at
Farnham and Walthamstow.

D. semicuprea, Panz. — It is to be hoped that the name of this species
is now settled. In 187 1 and 1883 Sharp calls it Z>. seinicuprea, Panz. :
in 1883, Fowler and Matthews call it D. simplex, F, ; in Fowler's Coleop.
Brit. Isles (1890) the term semicuprea, Panz., is again restored. Pax
vobiscum I The insect is rather common in what some coleopterists
describe as the " London district " — the said district includes rather a
wide area, so wide, indeed, that I would recommend the term to persons
who desire to altogether suppress the name of any locality in the south
of England, when recording their captures. To revert to the subject,
D. semicuprea occurs chiefly on Spargatiium, rushes, etc., and is certainly
very common where it occurs. The localities in which I have captured
it are : Farnham, Sheire, Sunbury, Shepperton, Wanstead Park, Wal-
thamstow, Hackney Marshes, etc.

D. clavipes, F. — Synonymous with D. )nenyanthidis, Gyll., by which
name it is called by Sharp ([871) and Fowler and Matthews (1883).
One of the largest species of Donacia. It occurs early, from about May
25th to June 25th. It may be later in some seasons, but its period is
more regular than its congeners, never lasting more than about four
weeks. I once met with a few dirty specimens in July, but, as a rule, I
do not expect to find it after June. The favourite foodplant seems to
be Arundo phragmites, in the old stems of which it may be found at the
Black Pond, Esher, by anyone who does not mind wading for it, in
May and June. As a fact, Donacia species are obtained in greater
quantity in this way than by simply sweeping with the net. On one
afternoon in 1885 Mr. Cripps and myself took 1,000 insects by wading
in and picking the beetles off the aquatic plants. Mr. Heasler took a
great number of this species at Deal in 1890.

D. cinerea, Herbst. — Formerly known as D. hydrochceridis, F. Many
of the old names of the members of this genus were derived from the
plants on which the beetles were found, and served very well indeed ;
but in accordance with the laws of priority they have, unfortunately, to
be discarded. The present species differs from all others in our British
list, inasmuch that the upper surface is closely covered with pubescence.
The only occasion on which I had the good fortune to capture it was
on Jubilee day, £887, at Woking, when I netted six specimens. These
were clinging to a species of reed.

D. sericea, L. {D. proleus, Steph.) and D. discolor, Panz. {D. Lomari,
Suffr.). — The general characteristics of the insects described under
these names are almost identical, and, at the time of writing, I know of
no reliable feature by which they may be dift'erentiated. Indeed, I
doubt whether there are two distinct species. In the first place, the same
variation in colour exists in each of the so-called species, — from black,
blue-black, coppery, red, green, blue, in endless shades. The size also
is as variable. In separating discolor and sericea the main points relied
on by Mr. E. W. Janson {Annual, 1861) were " the structure of its an-
tennae and thorax, and its parallel elytra. In D. comari {discolor) the

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 303

antennae are comparatively short and stout, ihe third joint but Httle longer
than the second, and very little shorter than the fourth ; the anterior
angles of the thorax are rounded and deflexed, and the callus is con-
founded anteriorly with the margin." These features are fully delineated
in the plate issued with the 1861 Annual. Cox {Handbook of Coieoptera,
1874) tabulates by the joints of antennee and shape of elytra, and also
states that ''the antennee and legs [of Z). coinari {discolor)] are shorter
and thicker," and elytra more coarsely j^unctured. Canon Fowler
{Coleop. Brit. Isles) says: — It {discolor) may "be easily known by
having the antennas comparatively short and stout, with the third joint
less elongate, and only a little longer than the second, and especially by
the fact that the anterior angles of the thorax are rounded and deflexed,
and the lateral callosities are much less marked and are confounded
anteriorly with the margin ; the antenucC and legs are sometimes partly
ferruginous." The same authority also gives the preference to sericea
in size. It would thus appear that an extreme form, having short and
stout legs and antenna, with very slightly marked tubercle, and elytra
parallel-sided, would constitute what is usually known as D. discolor
{coinari). All other forms, of which there are many, including those
with long, medium, and short antennee ; with tubercle slightly " hooked,"
and also blunted or nearly absorbed ; legs long or short ; elytra parallel-
sided, or narrowing towards apex ; these would all come under D. sericea.

It was pointed out by Mr. J. W, Tutt, at the meeting of the City of
London Entomological Society, December i8, 1890, that the black
forms of D. sericea exhibited, appeared to him to be of an uniform
small size. This observation might perhaps tend to explain the darker
colouring, but very little else.

The types exhibited by Mr. Newbery showed the Scotch form of
discolor, as discovered by Mr. J. Foxcroft, in Perthshire, in 1854 ; also
South of England forms of discolor and sericea, and the intermediate
forms. The question which now presents itself is, " What constitutes
a species in this case?" One or two of the distinguishing points of
discolor may be found in sericea specimens ; but if the three are com-
bined in any one insect, then, according to our authorities, it is called
discolor. The matter may be thus summed up : the insects described
as sericea and discolor are probably varieties of one and the same
species, or else we are unacquainted with the true D. discolor. It may
be as well to add that these forms occur together at the Black Pond,
Esher, Woking, Shepperton, Sunbury, Wimbledon, Deal, Walthamstow,
and many other localities, generally in June and July, on rushes, Spar-
ganium, reeds, etc.

D. braccata, Scop. — Known formerly as D. nigra, F. A large,
robust species, without impressions on elytra. Taken in profusion
about 1886, by Mr. Bedford Pim and the Rev. Theodore Wood, at
Pegwell Bay, Also taken by Mr. Heasler, at Deal, in 1890 ; and by
Mr. Cripps, at the Norfolk Broads. The insect is nearly always of a dark
violet or black colour, and occurs on Phragniites, etc., in June and July.

D. affinis, Kunze. — The last of the genus. A much smaller insect
than the preceding, and on this account readily distinguished trom D.
braccata. It occurs at Walthamstow, among Sparganiuin, on the large
ponds in that locality. Also taken at Wimbledon by Mr. Newbery ; by
Mr. A. Piffard, Herts. — G. A. Lewcock, 73, Oxford Road, Islington, N.

304 THE entomologist's record.

Glands on the Thorax of certain Lepidoptera. — The acid
glands {ante, pp. 237 and 238) are possessed by a number of Lepidop-
tera besides the species named, especially the cocoon-forming Bombyces
and Dicranura. I have also noticed them in Vimi7iia myriccB. While
not doubting Mr. Griffiths' theory, that the acid, being distasteful to
birds, is a protection to species possessing it, I cannot help thinking
that the main use of the acid is to soften the cocoons at the moment
of emergence, and anyone who has seen Bombyx quercus or Dicranura
vinula at this moment, will be inclined to think so too. Just before the
above species emerge, and at the exact spot where the insect will after-
wards make its exit, the cocoon becomes saturated with moisture, and
often, when the insect has its head and shoulders out, the acid will be
seen flowing freely from the glands, and gathering in two beads in front
of the thorax ; at other times, the whole head and thorax will be satu-
rated with the acid for some time after they emerge. The power of
ejecting the acid is always strongest in a newly-emerged insect, they
seem to lose it as they grow older. — Wm. Reid, Pitcaple. [This is
quite a new suggestion to me, and a very probable one. — Ed.]

Sudden development of the Wings of some Lepidoptera. — I
can adduce somewhat similar instances of the retarded, and then sudden
wing-development, to that recorded by Mrs. E. Bazett, ante, p. 237.
In 1877 I had some pup^e of Lithostege griseata. In one or two cases
the imago emerged, and the wings were not formed till hours afterwards,
and then with my aid, as will appear. Such insects were always very
restless from the first, moving rapidly about the cage. On the first
occasion I was tempted to throw the moth away, thinking that without
doubt the result must be a wingless cripple. The idea, however,
occurred to me that I would try what a good shaking up might do
towards helping the development of the wings, so I transferred the
insect to a small card-board box, threw about the box with some force,
and then left it. Unfortunately I did not see the actual subsequent
formation of the wings ; but when I went to look about two hours
afterwards, there was griseata with perfectly-formed and symmetrical
wings. It may have been a sudden process, as that described with
respect to Chesias spartiata, or it may have been a more gradual expan-
sion. This I cannot tell, as I did not observe the wings unfold. I
have tried the tossing about plan with other species, and with good
results, though I regret that I have never been fortunate in seeing the
wings actually formed. — Joseph Anderson, Jun., Chichester.

Retarded development of wings of T.iENiocAMPA stabilis on
emergence. — To-day, I happened to refer to some notes on pup^e
which I had dug in 1889, and find that, opposite a note on a pupa of
TcBniocanipa stabilis, I have written, "emerged March 26th, at 9.30
a.m., not fully developed until after mid-day." This would seem in
some measure to bear out Mrs. Bazett's observation [ante, p. 237),
though, in that case, no development took place for several hours, after
which it a|)parently occurred suddenly and quickly. In the case of my
T. stabilis, I think there was a certain amount of development at once,
only the full development was an unusually long time in taking place.
In connection with this, I remember wondering whether, if pairmg took
place directly after the emergence of the imago, this would prevent its

CURRKNT NOTES. 305

proper development. That this was not the case, I had satisfactorily
proved to me in one instance. On May i8th, 1889, a female Platy-
pteryx f alalia emerged in a box, where I already had a male of the same
species, and the two paired at once, before the female had had time to
develop at all. I rather thought that this would prevent the female
developing. This, however, was not the case, the pairing had appa-
rently no effect whatever upon the development, which took place in
quite the normal manner. — J. A. Mackonochie, South Park, Lincoln.
January ^isi, 1891.

^URRENT NOTES.

The members of the South London Society held their Annual Dinner
on Tuesday, January 13th, the Vice-President, Mr. W. H. Tugwell,
making a most able Chairman. For a scientific Society the members
present did very well.

Lord Walsingham's Address to the Fellows of the Entomological
Society, though short, appeared to be thoroughly appreciated. The
chief topic touched upon was "Variation," and I must confess the Fellows
looked rather more animated than they have done in previous years,
when a list of the titles of every entomological periodical published,
given in the language of almost every country under the sun, mixed with
a long obit, of the scientific world for 12 months, has had a rather
depressing Cnot to say sleepy) effect on many.

Mr. N. F. Dobree of Beverley, Yorks, who has made the Nocture his
especial study, and has paid particular attention to the geographical
range and local variation displayed by this group, has determined to give
up the study and sell his collection. It would be well if it could be
preserved for reference in the Natural History Museum.

The January and February numbers of the Entomologist contain
32 pages of descriptions of species of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from
N.W. India and China.

Mr. Eustace Bankes records Eupithecia togata from the New Forest ;
Butalis laviinella from the Isle of Portland, and Tinagnia betulce from
East Dorset.

Mr. C. G. Barrett, in the j^.J/.i!/., proves that Mr. Gregson's Ephestia
roxburghii is only a melanic form of E. elutella. Mons. Ragonot was
therefore wrong in keeping it as a distinct species, and Mr. South,
following Ragonot, has perpetuated the error.

Seven new Fellows were elected by the Entomological Society of
London at the last meeting. Country entomologists appear to think
that some special qualification is needed. This is not so. Mr. Goss,
Berrylands, Surbiton, will send applicants a copy of the Rules, etc.

The thirty subscribers, needed to enable Air. Reid of Pitcaple, to
collect by subscription, were obtained almost immediately. Many,
unfortunately, sent in their names too late.

My friendly suggestions {ante, p. 285) re the South London Society
have already borne good fruit. During the past week the Sees, have
been able to issue a list of papers to be read at each meeting until
May 28th. The Council have been so moved by my remarks as to ask

306 THE entomologist's record.

for a public apology. Of course, I regret hurting the feelings of the
members of the Council ; but, that the outside members fully under-
stand, that what I write is intended for the ultimate good of the
Society, is proven by my election on the Council at the last Annual
Meeting. I am sorry that I cannot find room to print the lengthy
letter from the Council, and the reply which it would demand.

Erratum. — For "This," page 281, line 24, read, '"' E. heydeniana."
As at present constituted, the paragraph reads as if "This" referred to
erigerana, which is incorrect.

VARIATION.

Lyc^na ICARUS VAR. — The variety of L. icorus mentioned by your
correspondents on p. 282, having a row of black spots on the margin
of hind wings, was named nigromaailata in Efito/ii. 1889, p. 99. Mr.
South exhibited and remarked on this variety at a meeting of the South
London Entomological Society on July 14th, 1887. — T. D. A.

COCKERELL.

Parallel Variation in Coleoptera. — It may not be uninteresting
to note that the question of parallel variation in closely allied species
seems to apply with equal force to Coleoptera as to Lepidoptera, and I
would specially point out the Coccinellidce ; in this group we have three
very variable species, viz., Coccinella bipinicfafa, C. variabilis and C
hieroglyphica, all of which range in colouring, from pale brown or
reddish with black spots to deep black with or without a red shoulder
spot on each elytron. One other instance I would mention, and that is
in regard to Dromius quadri-maculatus and D. quadri-notatus ; while
collecting at Barnet this Christmas, I took a series of each of these
insects, and, in both of my series, the variation of the basal spots on the
elytra range from oblong ovate to nearly circular, with all the inter
mediate forms. Dronius quadri-signatus varies most probably in the
same manner, but I have only a single specimen of this insect. — H.
Heasler, Peckham.

Is Miana fasciuncula a var. of M, strigilis ? — The ease (?) with
which the Armagh specimens oi Aliana {ante, p. 242) can be differen-
tiated may be readily estimated. They were exhibited twice at
the City of London Society, the members there agreeing with
me, and wisely refusing to commit themselves. At the South
London Society three different opinions were elicited, one member
deciding differently on successive evenings. Messrs. Porritt, Tugwell,
South, Ftnn, Atmore, A. Robinson, and several others disagree
as to how many specimens should be called sfrigi/is, and how many
fasciuncula, in a short series of nine specimens. Of course I agree
with the opinions of all, as the three or four dubious specimens,
I repeat, are equally well-named as either species. Yet many of
my friends are ready to suggest that I am wrong, and want tuition
in the art of separating them. Mr. South professes to distinguish them
by the dorsal tufts, yet some of the Armagh specimens which he
admiis fasciuncula are better tufted than a.ny strigilis ; and, as Mr. Fenn

BTBTJOOltAPHY. 307

pointed out at the South London Meeting (January 22nd), there is
every phase of development in both species, and this scientific-looking
phrase is utterly unreliable. My note has proved how easy it is to make
a storm in a teapot, and how ready some lej^idopterists are to write on
any subject whatever. I still maintain that my specimens may be
equally well-named as either species ; and that, although " recent study
may have disclosed that iyY)\cdi\ fasciunaila are red above and ochreous-
fuliginous below," whilst " typical sfrigilis are differently coloured above
and fuliginous-grey below," there are specimens of which 1 confess I
know nothing, and about which lepidopterists in general certainly know
less than I. — J. W. Tutt. February, 1891.

?SlBLIOGRAPHY.

Additions to the British List and Changes in Nomenclature.

Lepidoptera.

Ephestia roxburghii, Gregs. This unfortunate species gets variously
placed by different authors. Ragonot considered it a valid species ;
Hulst, in his recent (1890) work on the Phycitidce of North America,
places it as a synonym oi Plodia interpunctella, Hb., giving the genus
Plodia as distinct from Ephesfia ; and now Mr. Barrett {E.M.M., p.
49) says it is a melanic form of E. elutella. Presumably Mr. Barrett is
right, and so we must now write Ephestia elutella var. roxburghii.

In Mr. Hulst's monograph, Ephestia kiihniella is quoted from North
Carolina, New Mexico, Colorado, and Canada. It seems as if it were
really a native of the Western States of America, after all.

Sericoris lacunaiia v. hoffinanniana, C. A. Teich, Warren, Entom.,
34 (under Fenthina). This is a variety recently described from the
Baltic, which Mr. Warren identifies with the Cambridgeshire fen form.

Hemiptera.

Aleurodes filicium, Goldi., J. W. Douglas, E.M.M., 44. A Brazilian
species found on ferns in the fern house at Kew Gardens, of course
imported.

Diptera.

Homalomyia vesparea, n. sp., Meade, E.M.M., 42, Newstead, /.r.,
41. Bred from larvae found in nests of Vespa germanica in Cheshire.

Mydcea affinis, n. sp., Meade, E.M.M., 42. Lake district.

Limnophora litorea. Fin., Meade, E.M.M., 43. Grange-over-Sands,
Lancashire.

Arachnida. ^

F. O. Pickard - Cambridge. Descriptive notes on some obscure
British spiders. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., January. A synoptical table
of the genera of the group Linyphini is given, and on p. 78 Lepiy-
phantes pinicola, Simon, is added to the British List, while on p. 80 a
new species is described as Tmeticus niger. Both these spiders were
taken on Helvellyn. — T. D. A. Cockerell.

' Arachnida are not insects, but as Mr. Cockerell wishes the Bibliography of
the Order to appear I have included them. — Ed.

308

JOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes of the Season of 1890 (Lepidoptera). — Inverness. — I spent
from the ist of August to the 24th of September at Beananach on the
river Duhian, a beau'.iful spot in Inverness, about 15 miles N. of
Kinsjussie, and standing at an altitude of S80 feet. Several lochs lie
snugly hidden among the surrounding hills, many of which, clothed
with thick forests of pine and fir, assume in the distant sunlight a hue
of the deepest purple, a striking contrast to their less favoured brethren,
on whose rocky heather-clad crags the sunbeams play in ever-changing
shades of grey and ochre. Beneath the hills, stretches a vast expanse
of purple moorland, here and there exchanging its brightness for the
more sombre hues of a peat-bog, waving with the white cotton-grass
and the delicate flowers of P. palustris ; the whole air redolent with the
fragrant sweet-gale [Myrica gale), and resounding with the ceaseless
humming of the bees and many species of Diptera, improving the
shining hours amidst the purple heather-blossoms, while ever and anon
a large dragon-fly (C annulata) darts past, handsomely clothed in black
and yellow, seizing and devouring any luckless insect which happens to
tempt its voracious appetite. It was in such a spot that I captured the
following Diurni, all I took in nearly two months : — One Argynnis
aglaia on August loth, three fine specimens of dvnonytnpha davits, two
? 's and one 5" , the <? was just drying its wings on a sprig of heather,
this was August 18th, rather a late emergence? Two Vanessa urticct,
eleven Cce/wnympha pamphilus, eight Lyccena karus, and several Pieris
brassicce and P. rapcB — a gloomier record even than Mr. Frohawk's
(Record, p. 289). The moths, of which the Geometers formed the
majority, were almost as poorly represented, being as follows : — Cidaria
inunanata, common on pine trunks ; C. russata, two specimens ; var.
cenfuin-jiotafa, saw one, but lost it ; C. testata, common on moors at an
elevation of 3000 feet ; C. populata, very common in pine woods and
outskirts ; Ellopia pasciaria, one ; Psodos trepidaria, one ; Fidonia
pinetaria, common ; Dasydia obfuscafa, two ; Acidalia incanaria, one ;
Pidonia carbonaria, two, all on the moor; several Oporabia fili-
gramviaria \ many Parent ia didymafa, good vars. ; many L. ccesiata,
nicely marked ; a few L. riificinctata ; L. salicata, common, in pine or
fir woods ; Emmelesia blandiata, several ; Eupithecia centaureata, E.
sobrinata, E. vulgata, Thera simu/ata, T.pirmata, all common in and
on the outskirts of pine and fir woods ; P. simnlata showed a striking
variety in shade. Where the pine trees and firs grow close together,
and the moths are in the habit of resting on the trunks, a bluish-grey
predominates, harmonizing exactly with the colour of the bark, but in
open spaces where the ground is covered with dead leaves, needles, etc.,
and withered pine branches have accumulated, the chestnut colour
greatly predominates, perfectly matching the red withered needles ;
often, when having marked a moth settle on the ground a itw yards
away (which they usually do when disturbed), I have been obliged to
commence scraping around with a stick or something to start it up,
being unable to distinguish it ; the light variety above mentioned is
equally hard to distinguish, always however settling on the tree trunks.
All the following Noctu^ excepting the first three species were taken

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 309

at light : — Acronycta menyanthidis at rest on a sprig of heather ; Xylo-
phasia rurea at rest on a pah'ng; Trachea piniperda flying round flowers
in sunshine ; two Agrotis tritici ; two A. var. aquilina ; four Anchocelis
litura ] three Nodua rubi. Mothing, treacUng and Hght (in the form
of a moth trap) were all tried with the above unsatisfactory result. On
an average the weather was fair, wind hardly ever in the East. Sep-
tember was the finer, though somewhat colder month. The only reason
I can think of to account in any way for such an extraordinary scarcity
of lepidoptera, is the fact that the whole neighbourhood sivarms with
Formica rufa ; I have found them on the top of hills 1600 feet high,
the moors are overrun with them, and so are all the roads and trees ;
every now and again, along the roads, one meets groups of three or four
of these pigmy highwaymen, dragging along some wretched caterpillar
or beetle many times their own size, making very slow progress how-
ever, for they rarely all pull in the same direction. Their chief rendezvous
is in the pine woods, which are full of their nests, being composed of
the loose friable mould mixed with the needles, and having a thick
coating of the latter all over ; some of them are very large, and must
contain many thousands, the largest I saw was in the shape of a sugar-
loaf, twelve feet in circumference at the base and two feet nine inches
in height. Perhaps F. rufa, by devouring the larvge, reduce the number
of imagines. Those living in a neighbourhood infested by F. rufa
would perhaps state their own views on the subject, saying whether they,
too, find lepidoptera scarce. — D. H. S. Steuart, 66, Albert Hall
Mansions, W. February ^//i, 1891.

Leeds. — Oporobia dilutata was fairly common round Leeds in
October ; specimens were taken ranging from very dark bluish grey, to
light grey. I did not once see the pretty banded form met with in the
south. Cheimatobia boreata has been very common, judging by the
remains under the trees. C. brumata of course has been common, and
some good dark forms were met with. Hybernia auranliaria I have
only seen twice, one being a female. H. defoliaria does not appear to
be common in this district. I have taken, however, a very nice form of
it, in which both pairs of wings are of a uniform smoky brown, not
dotted as in the usual unicolorous variety. I have never before seen
anything like it. Amongst the Nocxu^ two specimens of Cerastis
vaccina are all that I have seen. — \V. Mansbridge, Luther Place,
Horsforth, near Leeds.

Notes of the season of 1890 (Coleoptera). — On August 4th,
Mrs. Johnson and I drove down to Lough Neagh, which is about
14 English miles from here. We stopped on our way at Churchill,
as is our custom, in order to hunt the bogs there. There was how-
ever but little to be got. By beating birch trees I took Rhynchites
betulce^ Anopius plantaris, Cceliodes rubicundus and Orchestes rusci.
Having arrived at Lough Neagh and appeased the pangs of hunger,
we made our way to what is called Uerrywarragh Island, a tract
enclosed between the river Blackwater, the canal and Lough Neagh.
Here, on the lake shore under stones, we took a good number of
Pelopliila borealis, together with Bembidiuin punciuiafum, B. bipunc-
faluin, Philonthus ianiinatus, Ph. umbra tiiis, etc. Mrs. Johnson was
fortunate enough to get a specimen of Silpha dispar, but no amount of

310 THE entomologist's record.

searching could produce a second. On the flowering rush {B2itomus
umbellatus) along the canal margin, I got a few Donacia sagitfarice.

Lowry's Lough is always a productive locality, and, as it is only
two miles from here, I often take a walk out to it. On different occasions
I took Pelo'phila borealis, Blethisa nmltipuuctata, only a couple of them ;
Cxla^nbus z^-lineatus, in abundance as usual ; Dytisciis circuiiiflexus, a
fine S^ ; Philonthiis qtdsquiliarius and its var. dimidiatus, Steph. ; Lath-
robium quadratum. A couple of bags of moss produced, with other
things, MyllcB7ia dubia^ Actobius cinerascens, Trogophloeus bilineatus,
Encephaliis co7nplicans, Homalimn excavatum, Erirhinus cethiops and
Philhydrus inariti/iius, the last two being represented by single
examples.

In a pond formed in the remains of a quarry, I took Gyrinus tiiinufus
and Hydroporus lepidus. It is curious that this pond, which is not very
large, is the only place about here that I get G. minutus.

In drains in the meadows, I found Hydroporus memfiofiiiis, H. litu-

ratus, F. {xanthopus, Steph.), H. vitdi/a, H. atrkeps and Dytisciis punc-

tulatus. Sweeping brought me Anisotoina nigrita off Equise/uin,

Cassida eqiiestris off wild mint, and Donacia linearis off Iris

pseudacorus.

The heavy rains at the beginning of November caused considerable
floods, so I took my bag and started for the MuUinures, and brought in
a weighty bag of flood rubbish. I repeated this performance more
than once, but the first day, when the water had just risen, was far the
best. I am accustomed to seeing great numbers of beetles coming out
of moss, but I never saw such swarms as were in this flood rubbish.
The curious part of it was that there was scarcely anything else present
but Coleoptera. There were a few spiders and a couple of Hemiptera,
but all the rest were beetles, they simply swarmed, and hosts paraded
over my table, myself, and my study generally (the spiders, I may
mention, were very partial to the'top of my head, evidently considering
my hair a superior place for spinning their webs). It would be useless
to give a full list^ but I may mention the following : — Dyschirius giobosus,
this is very plentiful in flood rubbish, but I never see it otherwise ;
Bembidium mannerheimi, B. obtusion, B. doris, B. clarkii, the first and
last named were in swarms, in fact the meadows must contain hundreds
of them. I was very pleased to get B. doris as I had not met with it
before, and the only other Irish record is from Dublin. I have taken it
since in moss at Lowry's Lough. Amara auiica, Panz. [spinipes, Auct.,
nee, Linn.), Anchomenus gracilis and A. viduus. These were the
chief representatives of the Geodephaga. Among the Hydrophilidas
were Helophorus ceneipe?inis, Cercyon lugubris, C. analis and C.flavipes.
The Staphylinidce were numerous, as might be expected in such a
situation ; among them being Tachiims marginellus, Tachyporus brun-
neus, Actobius cinerascens, Lathrobium fulvpenne, L. quadratum, L.
longuluni, Cryptobium glaberrimum, Herbst. {fracticorne, Payk.), Sunius
diversus, Aube, Trogophlceus foveolatus, Lesteva sicula, Er. (punctata,
Brit. Cat.), Evcesthetus ruficapillus, Platystethus nodifrons, Homalium
excavatum, Euplectus ambiguus, Simplocaria semistriata, Longitarsus
pusillus, L. luridus, L. bi'unneus, L. melanocephalus, Phyllotreta tei'ra-
stigma, P. brassiccB, Erirhinus cethiops and Lassida viridis. — W. F,
Johnson, Winder Terrace, Armagh. December 23;'^, 1890.

Yi

311
.OCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.— /a mmry 21, 1891, f/ig ^%th
Annual Meeting. — I'he Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair. An abstract of the Treasurer's accounts was
read by Mr. Herbert Druce, one of the Auditors, and the Report of
the Council was read by Mr. H. Goss. It appeared therefrom that the
Society had lost, during the year, five Fellows by death, and had elected
twenty-seven new Fellows ; that the volume of Transactions for the year
extended to nearly 700 pages, and comprised twenty memoirs, contributed
by seventeen authors, and illustrated by twenty-one plates. It was then
announced that the following gentlemen had been elected as Officers
and Council for 1891 : President, Mr. Frederick Du Cane Godman,
M.A., F.R.S. ; Treasurer, Mr. Robert M'Lachlan, F.R.S; Secretaries,
Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A,, F.L.S. ;
Librarian, Mr. Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S. ; and as other Members of the
Council, Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S., Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S., Dr.
David Sharp, F.R.S., Mr. Richard South, Mr. H. T. Stainton, F.R.S., Col.
Charles Swinhoe, F.L.S., Mr. George H. Verrall, and the Right Hon.
Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S. It was also announced that the new
President had appointed Lord Walsingham, Prof. Meldola, and Dr.
David Sharp Vice-Presidents for the session 1891-1892. Lord \Valsing-
ham, the retiring President, then delivered an Address. After alluding to
some of the more important Entomological publications of the past
year, and making special mention of those of Edwards and Scudder in
America, of Romanhoff in Russia, of the Oberthiirs in France, and of
Godman and Salvin in England, the President referred to Mr. Moore's
courageous undertaking in commencing his Lepidoptera Indica, on the
lines adopted in his Lepidoptera of Ceylon. Attention was then called
to the unusual development during the past year of the study of those
problems which have been the object of the researches of Darwin,
Wallace, Weismann, Meldola, Poulton, and others, and to the special
and increasing literature of the subject. In this connection allusion
was made to Mr. Tutt's Entomologisf s Record and Journal of Variation.,
to Mr. Poulton's valuable book, On the meaning and use of the Colours of
Animals, and to the interesting and important papers and experiments
of Mr. F. Merrifield on the subject of the variation in Lepidoptera
caused by differences of temperature. After alluding to the Inter-
national Zoological Congress held at Paris during the past year, and to
the rules of nomenclature, which had been once more reviewed and
revised, the President concluded by referring to the losses by death
during the year of several Fellows of the Society and other Entomolo-
gists, special mention being made of Mr. E. T. Atkinson, Mr. J. S.
Baly, Mons. I'Abbe de Marseul, Mr. Owen Wilson, Mons. Lucien
Buquet, Mons. Eugene Desmarest, Prof. Heinrich Frey, Dr. R. C. R.
Jordan, Mr. W. S. Dallas, Dr. L. W. Schaufuss, Dr. Hermann Dewitz,
Mons. Louis Reiche, and Herr Peter Maassen. A vote of thanks to
the President for his services during the year and for his Address was
proposed by Dr. D. Sharp, seconded by Mr. M'Lachlan, and carried.
Mr. M'Lachlan then proposed a vote of thanks to the other Officers of
the Society, which was seconded by Mr. S. Stevens, and carried. Lord
Walsingham, Mr. Goss, and Mr, Grut replied.

312 THE ENTOMOT.OOISr's RECORD

February ^th, 1891. — Mr. Frederick DuCane Godman, M.A., F.R.S.,
President, in the Chair. Mr. C. J. Gahan called attention to a larva
which he had exhibited at the meeting of the Society on the ist October
last, when some doubt was expressed as to its affinities. He said that
Professor Riley had since suggested that the larva was that of a
dipttrous insect of the family Blepharoceridce; he was quite of the same
opinion, and thought it might probably be referred to Hammatorrhina
bella, Low, a species from Ceylon. Mr. Tutt exhibited a long series of
Agrotis pyrophila, taken last year by Mr. Reid, near Pitcaple, in Aber-
deenshire, and remarked that this species had been commoner than
usual last year in Scotland, the Isle of Portland, and the Isle of Man.
He also exhibited long and variable series cf Melitcea aurinia {artemis),
TriphcBua orbona, Abraxas grossulariata, and Melanippe Jiiictuata, all
from the same locality in Aberdeenshire. The Rev. Canon Fowler ex-
hibited a cocoon of Deiopeia pulcheUa, recently received from Lower
Burmah. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited specimens of Scyphophoriis
i)iterstitialis, a Mexican species, and Aceraius ovnptoni, a Ceylon species,
recently taken by Mr. Bowring in his greenhouse. He also exhibited,
on behalf of Miss Emily Sharpe, a specimen of Daphnis hypothous,
Cramer, a native of Borneo^ Java, and Ceylon, caught some years ago
at Crieff, N.B. The specimen had long been confused with Chccro-
campa nerii, under which name its capture was recorded in The Eji-
tomologist^ xiii., p. 162 (1880). The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited a
collection, including many species of Orthoptera and Scorpions recently
received from Jerusalem. Mr. Frederick Knock read an interesting
paper entitled "The Life-History of the Hessian Fly." This paper
was illustrated, by means of the oxy-hydrogen lantern, with a number of
photographs of original drawings showing the fly in all its stages and
transformations. Mr. G. H. Verrall said he believed the Hessian Fly
was no more a recent introduction into this country than the Cabbage
White Butterflies. The discussion was continued by Mr. Godman,
Mr. Knock, and others. Mr. Roland Trimen communicated a paper
entitled, " On Some Recent Additions to the List of South African
Butterflies." Mr. H. W. Bates communicated a paper entitled, " Addi-
tions to the Carabideous Fauna of Mexico, with remarks on species
previously recorded." Mr. W. F. Kirby read a paper entitled, "Notes
on the genus Xanthospilopteryx, Wallgr." Dr. D. Sharp contributed a
paper entitled, "On the Rhyncophorous Coleoptera of Japan," Part 2. —
H. Goss and W. W. Fovi^ler, Hoti. Secretaries.

City of London Kntomological and Natural History Society.
— January \^tk, 1891. — Kxhibits : — Dr. Buckell, a butterfly from India,
with the undersides of wings marked like a dead leaf. Mr. Tutt, long
series of intermediate forms oi Miatia strigilis and M. fasciuncula, and
remarked on the impossibility of separating these specimens into two
species, as there were no structural differences wherewith to distinguish
them. In reference to the larvae, he said that he had lately seen four
descriptions, all of which were totally different, thus proving that the
larvae were very imperfectly known. Mr. Simes exhibited a specimen
of D. ga/it, taken at Clapton, 12th August, 1890. Mr. Clark, a pinkish
variety of Aplecta occulta^ bred ; also Pogonocherus hispidus, Rhizotrogus
solsiitialis, Necrophorus moriuorufu, and Blaps similis. Mr. Heasler, a
series of Coccinella variabilis. The Secretary read a paper by Mr. R.

SOCIETIES. 31 B

Gillo, of Bath, on the "Colours of Animals." He stated that the
present coloration of animals had been brought about by " natural
selection " and the survival of the fittest, which tended to produce an
effect advantageous to the animal. He divided the subject into eight
parts, as follows : —

I. Protective colouring. — A very large number of animals have ac-
quired a colour which harmonizes with their surroundings. In order to
see this, we must study them in a state of nature, e.g. — the stripes of the
tiger accord with the rank grass of the country which it inhabits ; polar
animals are white, and animals frequenting deserts are uniformly sand-
coloured. 2. Variability of colour. — Animals which occur in different
localities vary to suit their surroundings. Further, some animals, espe-
cially reptiles and fishes, have the power of changing colour when
removed from light to dark places, or vice versa. Larvge of Afupliidasys
betularia, reared amid green leaves and shoots, are green ; while those
fed among twigs assume the brown colour, with the exception of about
2 per cent., which are green. 3. Warning colouring. — Brilliantly-
coloured animals are usually protected by stings, or are unpalateable to
their enemies. Thus their conspicuous hues serve as danger signals,
and help to secure their safety. Brightly-coloured larv^ are avoided by
birds, while green or brown ones are frequently eaten. 4. Mimicry. —
Animals protected by stings, or otherwise, are often mimicked by others,
who thus share their immunity from attacks of enemies. Wasps are
mimicked by insects of other orders. Some insects resemble pieces of
stick, leaves, etc. 5. Alluring mimicry. — Certain animals allure their
prey by imitating objects which are attractive to them. A species of
Mantis from India resembles the flower of an orchis, thus attracting
various insects on which to feed. 6. Aggressive mimicry. — A fly ( Volu-
cella bombylans), the larvK of which feed in the nest of the Humble-bee,
mimics the latter insect, and so gains access to its nest. 7. Recognition
markings. — Animals which live in colonies usually develop some mark
by which they are able to recognise one another. Rabbits are enabled to
gain a shelter from danger by following the small white tails of others that
are nearer their burrows. 8. Sexual selection. — Females of some species
exhibit a preference for the most brilliantly-coloured males. This has
led to the special adornment of the males, and to the general improve-
ment of the species.

February ^th, 1891. — Exhibits : — Mr. Hodges, Acronycta rumicis
and its var. salicis, Leucania vitellina from the Isle of Wight, Emmelesia
tceniata, and specimens oi Anchocelis lunosa and Miana strigilis, showing
the range of variation. Mr. Battley, series of "carpet " moths; also, on
behalf of the members of the Record Exchange Club, fine varieties of
Crocallis elinguaj'ia, Cidaria populata, Arctia menthastri, and Noctua
festiva. Mr. Tutt, long series of Laretitidce to illustrate his paper.
Mr. Milton, Heliophobus hispidus, Noctua glareosa. Coleoptera : — Mr.
Elliman, Alycctophagus atomaiius, Litargus bifasciatus, Cicones varie-
gatus, Dromius quadri-notatus, Sunius angustatus, Rhizophagus bipustu-
latus, and other beedes. Mr. Millon exhibited Nacerdes melanura,
Alphitobius piceus, Carabus ?iitens, Calosoma inquisitor and Fanagceus
crux-major.

The Geometrid genera — Melanthia, Alelatiippe arid their allies. — Mr.
Tutt said that he had chosen the geometrid genera of " carpet " moths

314 THE entomologtst's record.

because they exhibited, perhaps better than any other group, changes
which were now in progress. It was generally accepted by scientific
men that transverse bands on the wings of lepidoptera had been formed
by the union of transverse lines, and that many species exljibited incom-
plete bands, the incomplete part being formed of wavy lines. Attention
was drawn to the fact that the moths of these genera rested with out-
spread wings on rocks, tree-trunks, palings, etc. ; and that, taking into
consideration the probability of a more humid climate in the British
Isles when they were more covered with wood, there was the consequent
certainty of a natural darkening in colour of species with such habits ;
and since it might be safely assumed that the darker specimens with
transverse lines represented an older form, the genus Lareiitia was
probably one of the oldest genera in this group. As types of the changes
that may have occurred, MehDiippe hasiata, Melanthia ri/biginafa,
Melanippe vwntanata^ M. fliictuata, and Camptogramma bilineata were
dealt with at length. All these had, in one or other of the humid dis-
tricts to the north or west of the British Isles, a form with dark ground
colour crossed by transverse lines, the ground colour becoming whiter
and the transverse lines coalescing into banded form as more open,
drier, southern or eastern localities are reached. In the north and
west of Scotland, and in some parts of Ireland, the prevailing form of
M. fliictuata is dark grey in colour, with transverse lines, the central
area often being without the slightest tendency for the transverse lines
to assume a banded form ; but as we come south the ground colour
becomes paler in some localities, and at the same time the central band
necessarily becomes more marked, until in the south of England and
on many parts of the Continent, the ground colour has become white,
and the central band partly disappears, often forming only a small dark
blotch on the costa, or being entirely absent. Occasionally dark
specimens and completely banded forms are captured, but these must
be looked upon as simply reversions to the darker form. M. luontanaia,
taking the Hebridean and Shetlandic forms as nearest to the type,
shows a similar development, and the manner of suppression of the
central area of the band shows most clearly in a long series from various
localities. The special development relative to M. rubiginata was also
entered into ; a comparison of the Lancashire and south coast forms of
J/, galiata was made, and the darker ground colour and central band
of the northern form noted. C. bilineata has a dark ground colour and is
crossed by dark transverse lines in the majority of Shetland specimens ;
Scotch specimens also tended to be dark in many localities ; as we got
farther east and south there was a greater tendency for both sexes to
become golden, yet in many southern localities, and in some years more
than others, a large percentage showed reversion, by developing a dark
central band, more or less complete. These dark specimens in the
south were nearly always females, and hence this threw a side-light on
sexual dimorphism in this group. Mr. Tutt suggested that it was quite
open to assume that the paler forms were older (although he did not
think it possible), when the dark specimens would have to be considered
as instances of progressive development, instead of, as he had done,
looking upon the dark forms as older, and the gradual extinction of
transverse lines and bands, and change of ground colour, as so many
steps in the line of progressive development.

SOCIETIES. 315

Dr. Buckell remarked on M. ocellata, Core/niaferrugafa, C. nnideniaria,
C. propugnata, and C. mutiitata, whilst Messrs. Clark, Milton, and
Battley took part in the discussion which followed ; and a vote of thanks
was accorded to Mr. Tutt for his paper. An interesting discussion also
took place respecting the effect of the recent severe frost on aquatic
coleoptera and fish. Mr. Milton stated that he had found large
numbers of dead beetles in the shallow pools at Clapton ; but in the
deeper ponds they appeared to have survived. Several members had
observed dead fish floating on ponds and lakes, the oxygen in the water
having apparently become exhausted. — G. A. Lewcock and A. U. Batt-
ley, Hoti Secretaries.

South London Entomological Society. — January 227id. — Mr.

South exhibited typical specimens of Miana strigilis and M. fasciun-

cula, and pointed out the following superficial differences between the

type forms : — (i). That of colour; (2). the difference in stigmata, those

of fasciuncula being often absent ; (3). the more stumpy shape of

fasciuncula ; (4). the underside of strigilis grey, that of fasciuncula

ochreous ; (5). the presence of crested tufts on the abdominal segments

in strigi/is, and their apparent absence in fasciuncuia. Mr. Tutt exhibited

the specimens of Miana from Armagh, and others, for comparison. With

regard to Mr. South's remarks, he pointed out (i). that the colour of the

Irish specimens proved that it was entirely unreliable ; (2). with regard to

the stigmata the variation was equally marked in typical strigilis and

fasciuncula ; (3). that some of the strigilis exhibited were as stumpy as any

fasciu?icula, (4). that the crested dorsal and abdominal tufts, though perhaps

a little more distinct in some strigilis, owing to the darker colour, were

equally well developed in both (as the specimens exhibited proved); (5).

that considering the great difference in coloration of typical strigilis

and fasciuncula it was not sur|)rising that the underside of the former

was blackish-grey, and of the latter ochreous-grey. He also pointed

out that Mr. Atmore and himself had spent some time in examining the

long series in his cabinet, and that there was no single reliable point of

distinction in structure and markings. Mr. Fenn expressed an opinion

that all the Armagh specimens were dark fasciuncula, Mr. South that

two were strigilis and the rest fasciuncula. Other members considered

that three of the specimens were referable to strigilis, the others to

fasciuncula. Mr. Tutt agreed with all these different views, as he

thought the questionable specimens might (as he first stated) with equal

propriety be called strigilis or fasciuncula. He also called attention to

the fact that four descriptions of the larvie of strigilis were in existence

and all were different, and that reliable information was much needed.

Mr. Fenn, whilst expressing an opinion of the general distinctness of

strigilis and fasciuncula, said that it was absurd to rely on the dorsal

abdominal tufts as a character by means of which to separate them, and

suggested that these were developed in both species. His experience

pointed to a difference in the time of flight ; but Messrs. Tugwell and

Tutt had found the species flying together until the middle of July. It

was also remarked that the Armagh specimens in question were all

taken on one date. Mr. South also exhibited an apparently extreme

form of strigilis, which he thought might be a distinct species. Mr.

Short exhibited specimens of a pale whitish var. of Hepialus lupulinus,

females of Pencallia syringaria, and Chrysophanus phlceas ; Mr. Tug-

316 THE entomologist's record.

well an interesting and varied series of Hepialus velleda, from Perth ;
Mr. Billups the following Diptera : — Sericomyia borealis, S. lappona,
Chilosia cestracea, Ardophila mussitans^ Eristalis intricarius, Vohicella
bombylans. Mr. Tugwell then read a letter from Mr. Carrington,
who is in the Riviera, after an attack of typhoid, and who referred in
his letter to the daily appearance of Colias, Vanessa cardiii, etc., the
strange appearance of the nests of Bombyx processionea, and the ruthless
slaughter of birds in the district. The election of Officers then took
place: — Mr. W. H. Tugwell was elected President; Mr. J. Jenner
Weir, F.L.S., RE.S., Vice-President ; Messrs. R. Adkin, F.E.S., C.
Briggs, F.E.S., T. Billups, F.E.S., J. Carrington, F.L.S., C. Fenn, F.E.S.,
R. South, F.E.S., J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Council; Messrs. Step, Barker,
F.E.S., Rice, and West being re-elected as Treasurer, Secretary,
Librarian, and Curator respectively. — Ed.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — January
12th. — At the Annual Meeting of this Society Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S.,
F.E.S., and Mr. F. N. Pierce were re-elected President and Secretary
respectivel}, and the former gentleman delivered the annual address.
After justifying the existence of Entomological Societies, he pointed
out what a vast field of research the study of insect life opened up, and
how necessary it was for certain men to become specialists if any real
advancement was to be made. He also pointed out how much economic
Entomology had done and was capable of doing in aid of agriculturists,
and stated that the members were willing, as far as was in their power,
to aid in giving information on such subjects. — F. N. Pierce, Hon.
Sec. [It is interesting to read that 134 papers have been read by
members during the year, fifty of which have been printed. It would
be well if some of the London Societies could show such a record,
as it is beyond doubt, that the extension of Entomological knowledge
in this way, is the great raison d'etre of our Societies. — Ed.]

lOTICES, REVIEWS, Etc.

The Lepidoptera of Suffolk. By E. N. Bloomfield, M.A.,
F.E.S. — The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield has compiled a most useful and
interesting local list, and its completeness may be imagined when it is
stated that, besides others, IVIessrs. C. G. Barrett, W. Warren, F. D.
Wheeler, W. H. Harwood, T. and J. Brown, Dr. Hill, the Revs. Joseph
Greene, A. H. Wratislaw, H. Williams, (the late) H. H. Crewe, C. T.
Cruttwell, and the Hon. Beatrice de Grey have aided in giving
information. The notes appended to many species are of great interest.
The remarks on Sphinx phiastri, and those of the late Rev. H. H.
Crewe, C. G. Barrett, and W. H. Harwood, found scattered throughout
its pages, will attract more than passing attention, and give the List
quite a character of its own. I note under the head of Miana strigi/is,
on the authority of the Rev. J. Greene: — "The larva is grassy green,
very much pointed at each extremity, and feeds within the stems of
grasses." Mr. Bloomfield has used great care in refusing all doubtful
records, but of such, I should say that Mamestra furva, Cheitnatobia
boreata, Euperia fulvago and Larentia olivata, are certain to have
occurred in Suffolk. They are all widely distributed, and all occur in
Kent, boreata and olivata in abundance. Very few lepidopterists, I should
think, will fail to write to Mr. Harwood of Colchester for a copy. — Ed.

#^

^^^t^wab|U7> ^

fr.

#>

^"^ ^ AND Y^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 12. Vol. I. March 16th, 1891.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH
LEPIDOPTERA.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
{Continued front page 300.)
SEASONALLY dimorphic species on which I have
frequently experimented is Tephrosia crepuscularia
{Jancinria). The March and April broods, from
eggs laid in April, larvae feeding throughout April,
May, June, July, and very frequently August,^ produce moths
generally of a deep ochreous tint, varying somewhat in
intensity according to the woods in which they are found
(due probably to "natural selection") but still always more
or less ochreous. The second brood, from eggs laid in
April, larvae feeding in May and June, produce pale whitish
moths (no ochreous colour) in July.^ I have repeatedly had a
large brood, eggs all laid at one time, hatch simultaneously, —
part of the larvae feed up, pupate and emerge in eight or nine
weeks producing the pale form, — whilst the remainder of the
brood (under the same conditions) have fed slowly on, pupated
in some fifteen or sixteen weeks, lain over as pupae until March,
and then produced the ochreous form, I have forced these
autumnal pupae, so as to obtain emergence throughout
January, but they never produced anything except the ochreous
(spring) brood. Now if Mr. Merrifield's conclusions previously
referred to, were at all capable of generalisation, these forced
specimens ought to be pale, but they never are, and I would
suggest that the cause of difference is in the retarded larval
conditions and the influence of heredity which makes one part
of the brood grow, slowly and pass the winter as pupae before

' I think T. crepuscularia is one of the slowest feeding species I ever reared.
- The larvps from this emergence are just as slow in feeding up, and are rarely
full-fed before October.

318 THE entomologist's record.

emergence. I have had a precisely similar experience with
Selenia ilhistraria. Moths of the spring brood captured at
large in Chattenden, have given me in the same brood (i)
rapidly feeding larvae which have emerged in July (as early as
the nth) as the summer form, and (2) slow feeding larvae which
have produced in April of the next year the dark winter form.
I have also bred the dark winter form after an average temper-
ature in my greenhouse of 48" for the winter, again proving
that exposure to, or protection from cold has nothing to do
with the coloration. But, whilst considering the seasonally
dimorphic species Selenia ilhistraria and 5. illunaria, I cannot
help remembering how much their coloration must be due to
protective resemblance, and as the spring broods of these
species hang, wings downward, they can hardly be detected
from the dry withered leaves on the plants they respectively
frequent. Their environment is so different in the summer
months, that it appears to me, quite sufficient to account for
the difference in colour of the two broods.

To show how close is the connection between heredity and
the coloration of seasonal dimorphic forms, and the influence
that the former undoubtedly has on the latter, I will quote
some of Mr. Merriiield's conclusions with which I am in almost
perfect accord. That gentleman writes with regard to
"heredity" and "seasonal double-brooded species": — " (i).
In such a species a young individual may have, and often has,
a constitutional capacity for developing into either type,
according to external circumstances. (2). It seems probable,
that there is, from the beginning of the existence of the
individual, a tendency, which may be very strong or very slight,
to develop in the direction of one of the two types. (3). If
there is no such innate tendency in an individual it can be
imparted by external influences during the early part of its
existence. (4). Where the tendency exists, it varies in strength
in different individuals. In the case of some species, or some
broods or individuals of some species, the tendency from the
beginning is so strong that it cannot be overcome by any
external influences. (5). In other cases the tendency can be
overcome and converted into the opposite one, or turned more
or less in the direction of it, by such influences. The decision
as to the type to be assumed is come to before the termination
of the growth of the larva, and this decision may be completely
controlled in some cases by external influences applied before
that period. For example, in 1887, by keeping the insect in

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROrsM. 319

all stages at a temperature of about 8o^ I brought out four
successive broods of illnnaria in the ten months, all of the
summer type.^ (6). After larval growth is completed, no
complete conversion of the one type into the other can be
effected ; it seems clear that such a conversion cannot be
made as regards size,- and but slightly, if at all, as regards
shape ; - and it seems that it cannot be completely made
as regards colour'- or markings.- This incapability as to colour
and markings certainly exists as respects illiistraria, also as
regards A. levana and P. ajax (Professor Weismann's experi-
ments) ; and I gather that, in the cases published as to
P. rapes, P. iiapi, P. pharos and P. inter rogationis, the butterflies
from the iced summer pupae presented some differences from
the normal form proceeding from the winter pupae " {Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 146, 147). Nothing could show better
than these conclusions, how utterly impossible it is to leave
heredity out of account when experimenting.

The influence of heredity in causing variation is again well
recognised by Mr. Merrifield in the following : — " It will be
seen that there is some individual variation more partiailai'ly
in the pupae exposed to the ordinary temperature, and therefore
some of the colouring must be attributable to individual and
presumably hereditary qualities " (pp. 137, 138) ; and the
still further certainty of outside influences is shown in the
failure to produce similar results from tiliaria (presumably
not domesticated like the other species), " the results on the
colouring, though tending in the same direction, were by no
means so regular or so striking " (p. 138). "There is no doubt
a strong pre-disposition, in an individual belonging to a double-
brooded species, at some period of its development, towards
one of the two different destinations, i.e. the emerging in the
summer and with the summer colouring, or the lying over
until the spring and then emerging in the spring colouring.
The experiments lead me to think that in the species operated
on by me the predisposition has become so decided in the
larval stage ^ that no treatment of the pupa can afterwards
entirely alter it, but, that in the early larval stage, treatment
can — I do not say in all cases — either give the required pre-
disposition, or, where it exists naturally, can completely
reverse it " (pp. 14.2, 143). Here my experience with larvae

1 By bringing out four broods in one summer at a high temperature, tliere was
delay in larval stage.

* I go further, and suggest not at all in either direction as most probable.

^ 1 feel satisfied that this is the stage which is affected by external circumstances

320 THE entomologist's record.

in unison with Mr. Merrifield's. All my notes and observations
on the matter, satisfy me that the larval stage is the one
which is extremely sensitive to external influences."

Closely connected with heredity is the question of dark
forms being brought about either by reversion or progressive
development. Of the " Coalescence of dark markings," Mr.
Cockerell writes: — "■ Argynnis bellona var. fasciata. The
zigzag band fused with the outward of the inner markings,
forming a white band (Maynard). ChrysopJianus JiypopJilczas
var. fasciatiis, Strecker. C. phlcsas var. fasciatns, Entoin. xi,,
25, with fig. (W. P. Weston). Acronycta tridens var. virga
{fasciata), with marginal band; Entom. xi., 24. In these cases
the dark markings have coalesced to form bands, such as are
normal with other species, and it is hard to consider them
entirely as cases of disease. Whatever may be their nature,
I think there can be no doubt that they point to the way in
which bands were originally acquired in banded species, and
very possibly by careful breeding from banded aberrations such
as these, a two-banded race might be formed " {Entom. xxii., p.
99). I do not for an instant imagine these to be cases of disease,
but a matter of progressive development brought about by
"natural selection." Many cases occur to me. Argynnis
adippe var. cleodoxa. If the silvery markings have originated
in the metamorphosis of some white pigment, var. cleodoxa
must be a decided case of progression, for the original white,
represented by the silvery spots, has here become reduced to
a minimum, its place being supplied by fulvous. I have a fine
series of varieties of undersides of this species, in which the
intermediate forms between a remarkably silvery under surface,
and total absence of silver spots, are represented. Argynnis
euphrosyne and Melitcea atJialia frequently assume a more or
less banded form. Syj'ic/ithns alvcohis often has the pale spots
reduced to a minimum, thus closely resembling some of the
allied south European species ; Lyccena agestis and its var.
artaxerxes , vary much in the quantity of orange spotting round
the wing ; Hepialus huninli males from Shetland become
ochreous like the females ; ill-developed spots in Zygcena ;
banded form of Eulepia cribnim (if this is not indeed a true
melanism) ; dark banded Odontopera bideniata, Crocallis elin-
guaria, some of the Ephyras, Acidalia bisetata (outer margin),
Acidalia aversata (banded iovm) , Loinaspilis inarginata, LobopJiora
lobiilata, Larentia ccssiata, Scotosia certata, S. undulata, Anaitis
plagiata, Carsia imbtitata, Eubolia lineolata ; most of the genus

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 321

T<2niocampa, etc., of all of which species I possess banded
specimens, — all these I look upon as cases of progressive develop-
ment towards a banded form, brought about or strongly aided by
" natural selection " — rather than cases of heredity, disease, or
reversion. Dark vars. of Fidonia atomaria and Strenia clathrata
I look upon more in the light of true melanisms.

I have given several cases of " progressive development "
tending to produce more or less partial melanism, but I am
quite aware that it is possible to follow out these cases in the
opposite direction to that which I have done, and look on
them as cases of reversion. To me, no family of moths shows
such ample proof of a tendency to become melanic by rever-
sion as our so-called "Carpet " moths, comprising the Geome-
trid genera — Melanthia, Meianippe, Coreniia, Cainptograuuiia,
and the allied Larentia and Emmelesia. I consider the most
highly developed forms of these genera to be those specimens
which are practically unicolorous, white, buff, or golden, with
an entire (or almost entire) absence of transverse bands. I
look on the least specialised forms as those which are dark in
colour, covered with dark transverse wavy lines, with but rare
tendency to banded form. I will take a few specimens as
types of the whole group. Meianippe hastata var. liastulata (?),
found in Scotland and the Hebrides, has the broad black
transverse bands broken up into narrower bands and liner
transverse lines. MelantJiia rubiginata, the type in the
southern districts of Britain, has only faint traces of dark central
and marginal bands : as we get further west and north, the
complete central-banded form (var. virgatd) becomes typical ;
in certain parts of Ireland and Scotland no other form appears
to be known; in theTrossachs and other West Scotland districts,
the banded form is partly replaced by an unicolorous blackish
form iyzx. plumbatd) with transverse lines. Mclantlna albicil-
lata occasionally throws a form (var. sitffiisd) parallel to rubi-
ginata var. plwnbata. Meianippe tristata varies locally, in some
districts the whole area of the wing is covered with transverse
lines, in others the central area is very distinctly banded. M.
sociata, a distinctly banded species on a white ground, in the
south, exists in the Hebrides as a species with the transverse
lines on a dark ground. M. montanata, occasionally almost
pure white, frequently has the central band only represented
by two darker external transverse lines, becomes more com-
pletely banded normally as we go north and west, until, in the
Shetlands, the ground colour becomes greyish ochreous and the

^22 THE entomologist's RECORt).

wings frequently crossed by transverse lines. M. galiata, a
distinctly white species with a dark central band (frequently
pale transversely in the upper part), becomes dark grey in
ground colour, and has a very much blacker band in Lanca-
shire. M.fliicttiata, in its highest developed forms pure white
(var. inunaciilata) , then with a small costal spot, becomes as
we travel north and west almost uniformly grey in ground
colour, with the band becoming more or less complete, until, in
certain parts of Scotland, the ground colour becomes greyish-
black, and the central band in many specimens becomes more
or less merged into transverse lines crossing the whole of
the anterior wings. Camptograrnma bilineata, in its highest
developed forms, in both sexes, almost unicolorous golden
yellow, transversely lined with yellowish colour in both sexes,
becomes frequently faintly lined with black near costa, which
develops into a more or less complete band in some (generally
female) specimens, the black band becoming more typical in
Scotland and affecting males equally with females, until we find
that Hebridean specimens have the ground colour frequently
greyish yellow with a distinct black central band, the other
parts of the wing also finely lined transversely. These, I
think, will offer sufficient examples for my purpose.

As I have previously stated, there seems to be but little
doubt that, when the country was covered with forests,
etc., the general condition of the atmosphere was more humid
than at the present time, and I have before pointed out
how, as Dr. Chapman has stated, in the northern and
western parts of the British Islands, rocks, tree-trunks, etc.,
are made permanently darker by rain. Now, the species
of moths to which I have just referred, all sit with
their wings fully expanded, so that the whole surface of the
wing must be taken into account in studying the effect of
" natural selection " on the group. They rest on leaves, trunks,
fences, and similar situations in the south, and hence their
colour assimilates in some measure to their respective resting-
places ; but, in the more exposed localities in the north, they
.settle frequently on the bare rocks. In moist and exposed
situations under such conditions, then, we should look for an
approximation towards the original forms in the species, and in
such, we find but few banded specimens, the prevailing forms
being of a dark ground colour crossed with transverse wavy
lines. That we get a gradual increase of the banded form as
we come from the west and north of the British Islands,

MBILANISM AND MELANOCHROISM. 323

appears to be convincing proof of the theory that bands are
formed by the union of transverse lines in certain parts of the
wing, coupled with the suppression of the transverse lines in
the other parts, in the same way that the lines forming a
central band are frequently suppressed on the inner margin,
leaving only a dark costal patch. Now, if we look on the pale
forms, at present typical with us, as the type, there is no
doubt that the dark forms must be looked upon as reversions,
and, on the contrary, if, as I assume, these dark forms have
really never been actually modified, but represent the original
form, then we must look on the banded forms, those with a costal
patch, and forms without dark markings, as all steps in one
gradual line of development, of which the latter are the higher
forms. I believe at any rate, that it is impossible to separate
melanisms due to reversion, from melanisms due apparently
to development, as some instances may simply be the exact
converse of others.

Heredity was one of the points which I suggested should not
be overlooked in considering the production of melanism, but
there is yet another cause of melanism that should be men-
tioned, and that is disease. There is no doubt that disease,
especially disease brought about by continued interbreeding
and the consequent gradual weakening of the race, does pro-
duce melanism in certain species. In the Entomologist s Record^
vol. i., pp. 236, 237, I have just touched on the subject, and
instanced how often crippled specimens, the result probably of
diseased or weak larvae, are darkened in colour, and specially
instanced a large brood of inbred Arctia nienthastri which were
very variable in markings, and which all showed a melanic
tendency. But attention has only just been drawn to the
subject, and there is no doubt that more facts will soon be
forthcoming. I have, at the present moment, in my possession
a very long and varied series of Ciispidia alni bred by Dr.
Chapman. This species, he informs me, he has bred and
inbred for some years. The specimens were all at first quite
normal in colour and markings, and whilst this was so, the
progeny were interbred without difficulty. This year, the
brood produced scarcely any typically coloured specimens ;
almost all were varieties, and much darker (some very much)
than usual, but the moths failed to produce fertile ova, and the
brood died out. Here, it seems almost certain, that the darken-
ing was due to disease, brought about by " in-and-in breeding."
I find also a remark by Mr. J. C. Warburg which runs as

324 THE entomologist's record.

follows : — " A batch of larvas of Vanessa antiopa which were
under-fed, produced seven dark specimens of small size, about
two inches in expanse" {in litt.)\ whilst of Melitcca cinxia he
writes: — " A few small bred specimens have the black mark-
ings (especially beneath) more pronounced." Dr. Buchanan
White {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xiii., p. 149) writes : — " Frequently,
melanochroic (and more frequently melanic) individuals are of
smaller size than the typical form." The influence that this (dis-
ease) must undoubtedly have, in experiments which we carry
out by breeding insects, must not be lost sight of altogether
in the inferences and deductions we may make from the
results apparently produced.

In connection with disease as a cause of partial melanism,
Mr. Cockerell, writing under the title of " Suppression of light
markings," sa^^s : — " Papilio astenas var. astci'oides, Reak.,
Liinenitis artheniis dimorphic forms lamina, Fab. and proser-
pina, Edw., Apatura iris var. iole, Schiff., Newman's British
Bntterjiies, 72, Mamestra persicarics var. unicolor, Stdgr.
These must, I suppose, be regarded as cases of partial
melanism ; but Mr. H. Goss {Entom. xi., 73), in describing a
dark variety of Chelonia villica from Brighton, mentions that
several dozen larvae from the same place produced the type,
and suggests further that the aberration was due to a diseased
condition in the larva. Now this variety exhibited coalescence
of the dark markings and suppression of the light ones, which
further, was more complete on the right than on the left side,
so it seems certain that it had nothing in relation with such
cases of melanism as Pieris napi var. bryonice. I am therefore
inclined to separate all dark forms into two groups : — (i). True
melanisms. (2). Cases of coalescence of markings due to
disease. What the precise nature of the disease may be, and
which forms precisely are to be classed in either group, is for
future investigations to decide " {Entomologist, vol. xxii., pp.
98, 99). I have in my cabinet three specimens of Vanessa
urticcB, bred by my friend Mr. H. Page, which were supposed
to have been crowded as larvae, which produced among other
slightly aberrant forms, two specimens with very suffused, and
one with perfectly black hindwings. Here there seems to be
some distinct connection between cause and effect.

I have previously referred to the possibility of Mr. Merri-
field's results having been influenced, in the case of Selenia
ilbistraria, by a tendency to disease (possibly through inter-
breeding). How probable this is, may be seen by carefully

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 325

looking at the figures of his specimens {Trans. Eni. Soc. Lond.,
i8go, PI, v.), where figs. 3, 6, 11 and 12 are more or less what
would be vulgarly called cripples, whilst the asymmetry in
some of the other specimens points exactly to the same con-
clusion. When one reads such as the following : — " It is pro-
bably owing to the greater exposure that they have a less
vigorous appearance, and include a large proportion of
cripples " (p. 137), when speaking of the dark and much-
spotted moths ; and again "The whole of the fourteen emerged
in good condition, showing that I had fallen on a healthy
brood ; and showing also that it was a naturally dark-coloured
one, and therefore, perhaps, not so well adapted to show any
darkening of colour as a lighter-coloured set would have been"
(p. 139), thus unconsciously linking a certain (dark) colour
with health and vice versa, and when one reads as results : —
** Thirty-six pupae, twelve emerged, of which seven were
cripples ;" " sixty-three larvae, eighteen pupae, four emerged,
of which two were cripples ;" " twenty-six pupae, thirteen
emerged, of which four were cripples, etc.," (p. 142), I think
some consideration should be given to the facts.
{To be continued.)

Scientific notes.

Notes on the genus Homceosoma. — An error in the "Practiral
Hints " for September, has been the means of directing my attention to
a group, which I have in some way neglected. As some of our best
collectors seem to be in doubt as to the respective species, I think that
perhaps it may be advisable to make a note on the subject.

-Honiceoso/na nivibella. This species, perhaps the most common of
the genus, feeds in the larval state on many Composite plants. Its food
generally is Matricaria, but Mr. Eustace Bankes writes : — " It is by no
means confined to that plant, but is equally found on several other
composite flowers, Anthemis cotula, Solidago virgaitrcea, etc. I am
almost certain that it is as often to be found on ragwort as on anything
else. It is not my experience either, that the larva feeds singly ; there
is only room for one in a single flower, but several are often found in a
single plant. I collected, this autumn, a good bunch of ragwort heads
containing larvce which I fully expect will prove to be nimbella^ Herr
Eppelsheim writes : — " The larva of H. nimbella bores into a single
flower, in which it remains concealed ; its presence, however, being
often indicated by the florets which it dislodges" {Steit. Ent. Zeit.,

1890. P- 53)-

H.saxicola. This species, which feeds on flower heads of chamomile

(Vaughan), and flower seeds of several species of Compositcc (White),

is considered a var. of H. nimbella by Mons. Ragonot {E. M. M. xxii.,

26), who says that ^'■saxicola is larger, with the fore-wings more distinctly

326 THE entomologist's record.

white on the costa, and the rest ol' the wing of a pure ochre, not at all
powdered with black scales as in the type of nimbella. He also further
suggests that " saxicola should be retained to distinguish the English
variety of nimbella^''' inferring apparently, that all our Jiimbeila are saxicola,
which of course they are not.

H. senecionis. Larvae of this species were first found by Mr. Vaughan,
mining in the stems of ragwort {Senecio). Mons. Ragonot {E. M. M.
xxii., 26) says: — " 1 he larva feeds in a tubular gallery among the
flowers of Se/iedo jacobcetz.'" Mr. Eustace Bankes writes : — " I have lately
had reason to work up w'hat information I could about senecio7iis (having
never met with it in nature), and I can answer for it that it feeds in
seedheads both of ragwort and tansy. ^ Two friends of mine who obtain
the larvae in tansy heads in Scotland, find them scarce, which looks as if
they are no more inclined to be gregarious than ?ii??ibella." Herr
Eppelsheim writes : — " The larva of i7. cretacella {senecionis) feeds in the
heads of different species of Senecio, and draws several florets together
with a web, the latter mixed with frass " {Stett. Ent. Zeii.^ 1890, p. 53).

Here, then, we have two members of the genus Honixosoma — nimbella
and senecionis — and probably a third — saxicola — feeding on ragwort.
There are now two thistle-feeders, binavella and nebulella, to deal with.

H. bincevella {eliiviella). Mr. Barrett described the larva {E. M. M.^
vol. XV., 180) as feeding in the heads of thistles. Mr. Eustace Bankes
writes: — "To the best of my belief, H. bincevella feeds only in thistle,
and especially, though I daresay not exclusively, on Cardiius nutans
and lanceolatus."

H. fiebulella. This species, about which perhaps less is known than
any other species, is described as feeding in heads of thistles. Mr. C.
G, Barrett, summarising the genus, says : — " Senecionis is recognisable
at once by its broad fore-wings, and nimbella by its narrow ones.
Eluviella {bincevella) has a white costal stripe. Nebulella is rather
larger, its costa is not white, but is decidedly more rounded, and the
fainter dots of the first line are more nearly parallel to the others.
Although the distinctions seem trifling, they are quite easily recognisable
when you see the insects alive, or a good series when preserved " {in lift.).

H. sinuella. This distinct little species feeds in the root stalks of
Plantago lanceolatus. Superficially, it varies excessively both in colour
and markings. Structurally, " it varies somewhat in the neuration "
(Ragonot, E. M. M. xxii., 26).— J. W. Tutt, December] 1890.

American Parasites of British Species of Lepidoptera. —
Insect Life, vol. iii., contains an interesting list of Hymenoptera bred
in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which adds greatly to the
knowledge of insect-parasitism. The November number, just to hand,
has mention of the following parasites of British species of Lepi-
doptera ■.— Ichneumon rufiventris, BruUe, from Vanessa cardui. Phceo-
gefies ater, Cr., from Sesia tipuliformis. Herpestomus plutellce, Ashm.,
from Plutella cruciferarum. Hemiteles laticinctus, Riley MS., from
leucania jtnipuncta. Stihentes pettitii, Cr., from Leucania tmipuncta.
Pczomachus tniniuuis, ^^'^alsh, from Leucania unipuncta. Ophion pur-
gatus, Say, from liadcna trifolii. Mesochorus scitulus, Cr., from Leu-
cania unipuncta. Linineria oxylus, Cr., from Leucania unipuncta. L.

^ Wx. Reid, of Pitcaple, Aberdeen, informs me that ragwort is usually called tansy
in Scotland. — Ed

li;nt.Record.l89]. PJ , A .

F.WFro>ia.wlc olel.etlitk

West,liewma.rL chrome.

Smerintliiis tilise vars.

VARIATION. 327

tibiator, Cr., from Plufella cruciferartan. These examples illustrate the
fact that the parasite is often of more restricted range than any par-
ticular host ; but on p. 177 of the same number we have an opposite
instance, that of Opheltes glaucopterus, L., an Ophionid found both in
Europe and America, but infesting species of Ciiubex which are
peculiar to one continent, — T. D. A. Cockerell. January, i8qi.

Fecundation before Hybernation. — A friend inquired of me a
short time ago if I ever obtained ova of Xy/itia petrificata or X. semi-
brunnea in the spring. The question was rather puzzling. In the first
place I was not aware that the last named insect hybernated (I have
never taken or seen a specimen in the spring, neither does Newman
say that it hybernates) ; secondly, though petrificata hybernates freely,
I was uncertain whether the females deposited ova in the autumn, or
after hybernation. I am inclined to think, now, that this is done in the
autumn occasionally, as one evening last October, I took a female at
ivy, and through an oversight it remained in the box it was taken in
throughout the following day. On opening the box to take out the
insect for killing, I found it had laid a quantity of ova, and was most
agreeably surprised, the more so, as I was under the impression until
then, that the eggs were not laid until spring. I may say, that I have
never got ova after hybernation, though I have frequently kept speci-
mens for that purpose. I should feel greatly obliged for information
respecting these two insects, from any entomologist who may have bred
them from ova, or who knows their earlier stages. — J. Mason, Clevedon
Court Lodge. January, 1891.

Aneurism. — This occurs equally in a state of nature as when breed-
ing insects. Nine out of twelve bred Nonagria sparganii were affected
thus, and numerous were the imagos captured among the foodplants
unable to fly from the same cause. — Sydney Webb, Dover. January, 1891.

Sudden development of the wings of Lepidoptera. — The
Chesias spartiata incident related by Mrs. Bazett {ante, p. 237) is cer-
tainly strange, but I have had the same experience on two occasions,
the first with Ceuira vinnla, and the second with A^otodonta drome-
darius. if I remember rightly, C. spartiata buries itself at a con-
siderable depth to undergo its transformation from larva to pupa. This
may have had something to do with it, especially if the pupa had been
disturbed and laid on the surface. Perhaps Mrs. Bazett can tell us
this. The eccentricities of some of these deep-burying larvae are won-
derful, and how they return to the surface is surprising. Felurga che-
nopodiata and Nyssia hispidaria are examples, especially the latter,
which will go down at least twelve inches if the soil be loose. — C.
Fenn, Eversden House, Lee. January, 1891.

Variation.

Variation of Smerinthus tili^ (with Coloured Plate).
I think it probable that a description of some of the varieties of this
species will prove interesting to the readers of the Entomologisfs
Record. If we look at our three species of Snierinthus, we note, that
S. populi has a more or less developed band passing transversely across
the centre of the anterior wings ; ..9. occllaius has a fairly developed

328 THE entomologist's record.

dark blotch on the costa of the anterior wings, followed by a smaller
blotch on the inner margin, these two blotches undoubtedly showing
the origin of a central band in the genus ; whilst in S. tilia, the central
band is always dark on a pale ground, and hence stands out con-
spicuously. Perhaps the most common form of the band consists of a
large costal blotch and a large blotch on the inner margin just united
at the centre of the wing, as in Plate A, fig. lo. Sometimes this band,
however, is quite complete, and occasionally, entirely absent, as
Plate A, fig. I, will show. The most interesting feature with regard
to this, is the occasional asymmetrical character of the band as in
figs. 2, 4 and 6 ; and figs. 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9, although all showing
some abnormal condition of the band, are perfectly symmetrical. A
structural pioint to which I would also draw attention is the variation
in the outline of the anterior wings. This species always appears to
unite the sinuous outline of S. populi with the centrally concave out-
line of 6". ocellatus, the latter feature being generally strongly deve-
loped ; but in the specimens figured it will be noticed that figs, i and
4 have this character reduced to a minimum, whilst fig. 8 has it very
strongly developed. There is a considerable amount of variation, also,
in the width of the double transverse basal line, compare figs, i and 3;
that of fig. 7 is, however, practically obsolete, and fig. 10 also shows
some variation in direction. In the basal space between this line and
the thorax, there is also considerable difference, compare figs. 6 and 8.
Of the variable character of the transverse line outside the central band,
figs. 9, 8, 6, 3, 2 and i show especially, although no two are alike,
and fig. 6 exhibits a most abnormal, asymmetrical shape of the pale
apical blotches. Careful comparison shows that there is some varia-
tion in the shape of the hind margins of the posterior wings.

With regard to variation in colour it would be next to impossible
to make any inteUigible remarks without the plate. Fig. i, var.
obsoleta, is of a delicate fawn colour, with the basal area and transverse
lines slightly darker, the central area having the faintest tinge of pink,
without the trace of a transverse band ; the extreme outer area is
strongly tinged with green. Hind wings orange-coloured with a brown
dark central band, united to the dark scales at the base. Fig. 2. The
left hand anterior wing is identical with var. obsoleta, as also is the right
hand, except that it has central and inner marginal blotches, as traces
of the original band. The ground colour of the hind wings is much
like that of the fore wings, the dark band also ill-developed. Fig. 3,
var. bipmiciata, has the ground colour slightly more tinged with pink
than figs. I and 2, and the outer margin rather grey; the transverse band
is represented by a central spot and a smaller one on inner margin ;
hi'nd wings tinged with yellowish, band not very distinct. Fig. 4.
Another asymmetrical specimen with the ground colour of anterior
wings much as in fig. 3, but the outer edge with more green ; the left
wing with two spots as in bipinictaia, the right with one as in centri-
puncta. The bases of the posterior wings are rather darkly scaled,
otherwise like those of fig. i. Fig. 5, with the ground colour of the
central area redder than any of the preceding, and with the outer area
greener. The spot is intermediate in development between the costal
one in fig. 8 and the central one in fig. 7, and is not quite symmetrical,
reachmg fully to the costa on the right, but not quite on the left ; hind

VARIATION. 329

wings dark greyish fuscous from the band to the base, the outer margin
tinged with reddish. Fig. 6. Another asymmetrical specimen of the
same colour, and showing development exactly on the same lines as
fig. 4 ; the shape of the pale, apical blotch on the right-hand fore wing
is very striking. The hind wings also as in fig. 4, but a little darker.
Fig. 7, var. centripuncta. The whole of the central and basal areas,
deep reddish, the outer, normal, greenish-olive, one small central spot
is the only trace of the transverse band ; the hind wings yellowish, with
the band rather ill-developed. Fig. 8, var. costipuncta. Almost identical
in coloration with fig. 7, but the transverse band represented by a large
costal blotch. Fig. 9. Basal and central area red, as in figs. 7 and 8,
but of a more purplish tinge, the paler outer parts of the wing well
developed, outer area greenish-olive ; central band, two spots, one cen-
tral, and one on inner margin, better developed than in fig. 3, var.
bipunctata ; hind wings almost identical with those of fig. 5. Fig. 10,
var. sujfusa. Anterior wings dark olive-green, with central area tinged
with pink, crossed by a deep olive-green band, almost joined at one
point on the right-hand wing ; hind wings, except on margin bordering
the abdomen where the colour is pale, deep fuscous black. — J. A.
Clark, The Broadway, London Fields. February, 1891.

Notes on some Varieties of South French Lepidoptera. — The
description of a few aberrant forms of Lepidoptera, which I have met
with during the last few years in Cannes and its neighbourhood, may
be of interest to your readers. All the descriptions are from actual
specimens in my possession. Papilio machaon. — A slight aberration, of
which I have several examples, has an orange spot in the first yellow
lunule (and in one specimen in the second as well) on the costa of the
hindvvings. This is also presen.t beneath. Leucophasia sinapis. — The
cloudy markings beneath are pink instead of grey in one specimen.
Lyccefia icarus. — This species is, on the average, larger in the Riviera
than in Britain, the males not quite so brown beneath. Aberrations
are fairly common, generally in the ? (I have twelve $ abs. to two $).
The commonest is that in which the last spot of the central line of the
hindwings beneath, joins or nearly joins the lower basal spot, forming
a dash. In many specimens, other spots are elongated toward the base
of the wing. In one, the third spot joins the discoidal lunule. These
varieties have not always the markings of the wings of both sides
symmetrical. Many females are brilliantly shot with blue above. Ab.
icarimis. — This has the two basal spots on the forewings beneath,
missing. Intermediate forms have only one spot (either the upper or
lower) missing. Lyccena corydon. — An aberration occurs with two spots
run together, as in many of icarus. Ab. 5 seinibnmnea, Mill. (?). A
very pretty and uncommon variety, differing from corydon ? in the
follov.'ing way : — Upper side : forewings with distinct black discoidal
lunule, surrounded by light bluisii scales, with which the lower part of
the forewings and the disc of the hindwings are powdered. Hind
wings with the eyes clearly marked, and with distinct luiiules of powdery
blue before the row of eyes. Discoidal lunule small and inconspicuous,
faintly surrounded with lighter. The upper side resembles adonis more
than corydon, especially in the colour of the blue. The underneath has
the coarser markings and coloration of corydon. I may here allude to
the French ab. ? syngraplia, Kuf., though I have never found it on

330 THE entomologist's record.

the Riviera. The whole of the upper wings, as far as the row of eyes,
is nearly as thickly scaled as in the typical male, with almost the same
tinge of blue. The discoidal spot of the forewings above very dis-
tinct, the orange spots small, and the smoky bars on the fringes broad.
Lyccsna adotiis. — Ab. $ cerofius, Esp. One specimen having the upper
side of all the wings covered with brilliant violet blue, except on the
costa. Orange spots of hindwings very bright. Lyccena argiolus. —
$ specimens vary slightly in colour. Vanessa antiopa. —A batch of
larvte which were underfed produced seven dark specimens of small size,
the one which I have expands two inches instead of three. Vanessa io. —
Two similar specimens, probably produced in the same manner.
Melitiva cinxia. — A few small bred specimens have the black markings
(especially beneath) more pronounced. Epinephele janira. — A (J, with
irregular lighter blotches on the forewings, one streak on the left and
two on the right, not symmetrical. Arclia villica. — This species in the
South of France is very variable, no two specimens being alike, and
the two sides often unsymmetrical. The most notable variation occur-
ring is the enlargement of the spots towards one another — in one
specimen they nearly all join. Some specimens have the spots of a
yellow colour (ab. angelica, Bdv.) Deiopeia pulchella varies much in
the size and intensity of the red and black dots. Eulepia granunica. —
Male specimens vary in the distinctness of the black hnes on the fore-
wings, and in the breadth of the black border of the hindwings. In
one specimen the black encroaches on the greater portion of the hind-
wings. Satia-nia pavonia {carpini) is larger, brighter, and more
thickly scaled than any English specimens. This species, as well as
the closely related S.pyri, olten remains two years in the pupal state.
Drepana haniula. — This species is represented in South France by the
very different var (?) uncinula (Bkh.). A description of the latter may
be of interest. Uncinu/a is considerably larger than hamula, expand
ing about seven-eighths of an inch in the $ , and one and one-eighth of
an inch in the ? . The forewings are of a richer and darker brown.
The two black spots are usually fairly distinct. There is a distinct
black dash at the tip of the wing with a whitish mark just over it. The
hindwings are lighter, yellow towards the costa. All the lines are rather
less distinct than in haniula ; the second on the forewings is roundtd
instead of angulated. There is a sort of purplish bloom on the costa
of the forewings. Larva very variable in colour, greenish when full
grown ; on Queniis ilex. Not common. — J. C. Warburg, 8, Porchester
Terrace, W.

Variation and Food (?). — The Semasia urticana from Forres
are very pretty forms, much paler than our southern examples. In the
Sevenoaks district, where the Vaccinium grows freely, we get a variety of
lovely red and deep brown marked specimens. These do not seem to
occur except where the bilberry grows. Is it not a peculiar coincidence
that many insects, when feeding on Vaccinium, are affected in size and
colour ? Cidaria russata, Hypsipetes elutata, and this species are those
I can best recollect at the present moment. — C. P'enn, Lee. Jan., 1891.

Z\G/ENA FiLiPENDULyE VARS. — Mr. Baxter's Z. Jilipendulce (ante, p.
240) is a most striking variety. I have bred a good many Z. filipen-
diilce, in order to get the yellow var., but have never seen any tendency
to variation in the direction of this dark specimen. I should be

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 331

interested to know whether the yellow var. occurs in other localities.
I have taken it at Winchester and Cambridge, but I believe that it is
very local ; and I have never seen it here, although I am told that it
has occurred. In many places in this neighbourhood the species is
very common. The yellow var. is conspicuously yellow when on the
wing, and would probably be noticed. — N. M. Richardson, Monte
Video, near Weymouth. October xA^th, 1890.

One scarcely knows what to call the specimens of Zygcena without
red spots ; they are not unicolorous, and certainly not melanic. The
following are all I know of, and they are worthy of record in addition.
Z. irifolii — Robertson Coll., Liverpool ; Dr. Mason's, Burton-on-Trent
trifulii ox filipendidm; J. B. Hodgkinson (Preston) has one, the latter
mentioned another to me, possibly Mr. Baxter's filipenduhe, and, lastly,
there is Mr. Goss's specimen. Fi/ipendulce v. citriniis is a recurrent var.
both at Cambridge and Winchester, but only a very occasional visitor
elsewhere. At Hartlepool it has appeared three times, but only single
specimens. Why this insect should never vary in the least at one
locality, and run to different named forms and splashed vars, at another,
whilst the facies of local broods equally preserve their identity, is " one
of those things that no fellow can understand." I have bred thousands,
and never had a black or yellow one, only gradations of pink in the
hind wings, and coalescing spots. — Sydney Webb, Dover. Oct., 1890.

The black and yellow Z. Jiiipendidce are both well worth seeing.
The species is very common along the coast south of Aberdeen, but I
never heard of a yellow or black var. having been got. — W. Reid,
Pitcaple. October 20///, 1890.

Lyc^na agestis var. salmacis. — This var. is taken on dry banks
at Richmond, Yorks. According to my experience sal/iiacis is about
a fortnight later than agestis, but this may be only a coincidence. —
Wm. MiLBURN, Darlington. January, 1891.

jOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Collections. — In the Record, p. 99, I had a few words to say about
the much maligned " collector " ; I would now say a i&w^ words about
" collections."

Collections are "means," not "ends." This embodies the whole
raison d'etre of forming collections, and determines whether the making
of the collection is of advantage or not to the maker.

To the uneducated man, the collection, setting, and correct arrange-
ment of specimens when obtained, is an advantage to the maker, and
such a one needs no defending, even though he go no further.

The mere capturing of specimens for pictures, etc., can readily be
justified, when carried out by men, who would remain ignorant of the
beauties of nature, unless stimulated by something of this kind.

To the educated man, the making of collections, with no other object
in view, is not justifiable ; to capture large numbers of specimens to
gratify a feeling of possession is altogether insufficient grounds for
forming a collection, and where this is the "end," it is of no use to
the collector.

332 THE entomologist's RECORD.

To the educated man again, a collection should be a record of
observations: — (i). Of observations made in the field by the collector
himself. (2). Of observations leading to comparisons in species which
he has obtained from others. Nothing, I think, is more disap;.'ointing than
to find a comparatively well-educated man with no ideas of comparison,
no appreciation of the development of species as exhibited by variable
forms, no wish to have specimens of a species from an outlying locality,
because he can get the species himself and his series is full, no idea of
the habits, life-histories, etc., of his specimens, to whom the only value
of the collection is to have six or more fine, well-set specimens, obtained
from the same locality, without data, without making any impression
on the collector's mind beyond a passing "What perfect specimens!
What perfect fringes ! How well set ! " In an uneducated man, a
"collection " formed in this way is pardonable, in an educated man, it
is unjustifiable.

There is a stage in all collectors' lives, when the love of possession
and the beauty of the collection is perhaps the ruling passion. When a
man has been collecting some six or eight years and finds that he has
no more wish to know the how, when, where, and why of his specimens
than he did at first, he may take it as a matter of fact that his collection
is doing him but little good. If he makes no observations, his col-
lection is the "end" and not the "means," as it ought to be, to the " end."

If a man has but limited space, — say he can take six specimens of
each species — instead of getting six specimens of the same species from
the same locality, let him get a <? and ? of the species from three
localities, then he will be getting material to make observations, and
his collection will become a " means to an end."

Better still, if a man's space is limited, let him devote himself to one
genus. There is more value to be got out of a close study of a single
genus like Agrotis or Scoparia, than by a superficial attempt to collect
the whole group. To the beginner, I would say most decidedly — get
a knowledge of the whole group first ; but I am suggesting the study of
a group to one whose space and time is limited but who wishes to
become a useful entomological student.

If our collectors will only ask and answer the question :— Is my
collection an "end," or the "means to an end"? they will soon be
able to tell whether their collecting is of use to them. — J. W. Tutt,
Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Notes of the Season of 1890 (Lepidoptera). — Clevedon. — I have
only taken one specimen of Dasycainpo ridnginea, and one specimen of
Petasia cassinea at rest on a twig evidently just emerged. Pcecilocampa
popiili appeared on the evening of November 12th, but I have seen no
other specimens up to this date ; it would appear, from this and pre-
vious observations, that there are two distinct periods of emergence of
this insect in this locaUty. I tried sugaring on several evenings during
the third week in November, but with no result, not a single insect,
and I am afraid the severe frost and snow of last week will necessitate
the placing of the sugaring tin on the shelf for the winter. — J. Mason,
Clevedon Court Lodge, Somerset. December, 1890.

North Wilts.— On the whole, I do not think this has been a good
season for Lepidoptera here. Sugar, as in other places, seems to have
been productive only at certain times. During the latter end of June

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 333

and beginning of July, I obtained the following : — Aplecta nebulosa,
Xylophdsia polyodon, X. sublustris, Agrotis corticea and Mania typica ;
X. polyodon as usual being a perfect pest. August, however, proved an
entirely blank month as regards sugar, no species being taken but the
very commonest. With the commencement of September, things began
to improve, and many insects visited the patches, including Hadena
profeus, Anchocelis litura, A. pisiacina (in the utmost profusion, which,
together with Folia /lavicincla, has been one of the commonest moths
this season) and other common things such as Gonoptera libatrix,
Phlogophora meticulosa and Amphipyra pyramidea. Insects still con-
tinued coming throughout October, during which month I took the
following: — Orthosia niacilenta, Cerastis vacci/iii, C. spadicea, Scopelosoma
sale/Iifia, Xanfhia ferriiginea, Agriopis aprilina and Xylina rhizolitha :
the only additional moth taken in November was one Orthosia lota.
Compared with last year, the number of species is very meagre, although
insects of some description or other have been fairly common. But by
far the most productive method this season, in my experience, has been
indoor light ; among others I have taken the following : — Cilix spiiiula,
Nudaria miujdana, Lithosia complarutla, L. griseola, Ardia liibf-icipeda,
A. tnenthastri, Liparis aiiriflua, Thyatira batis, Xylophasia sublustris^
Abrostola iirticce, A. triplasia, Nodua rubi, N. pleda, N. umbrosa,
Hydrxcia viicacea^ Selenia illunaria, Coremia propugfiata, C.ferrugata,
C. unidentaia, Scotosia dubitata, and Cidaria iniata which has been one
of the commonest Geometers this year. Ivy blossoms have produced
absolutely nothing but one S. satellitia and one Cidaria niiafa, although
the blossoms have been as fine as I have seen them. During the
latter part of June and beginning of July, I beat for Geometric, with
some success, taking the following : — Epione apidaria, Metrocampa
f?iargaritaria, lodis ladearia, Phorodesma bajularia, Asthena iuteata,
Titnaudra ainataria, Larentia pedinitaria, Thera obeliscata, Cidaria
pyraliata, C dotata, Eubolia mensuraria and E. bipimdata. The
flowers of the common sage proved attractive to the genus Plusia.
Since August, I have been pupas-digging assiduously. Many have
already emerged, including Agriopis aprilina, Hadena proteus, Pcedlo-
campa populi, two Cidaria miata^ one at the roots of poplar, which I
think is rather unusual. But perhaps the greatest surprise was to find
two Fetasia cassiiua % and S , the pupas of which I had dug up under
elm. Cheimaiobia brumata has been exceedingly plentiful this autumn,
several being found on each apple tree. This is a very poor country
for Rhopalocera, scarcely any being found but the very commonest,
the best place being the Marlborough Downs where I have taken five
species of the genus Lycsena. — T. B, Eddrup, Bremhill, Calne, Wilts.

Wye Valley {below Builth). — The end of the season here has been
much more unproductive than even the earlier part. In fact, lepidop-
tera seemed to be scarcer than I ever remember. Sugar was a
complete failure, I tried it repeatedly on what seemed to be most
favourable nights, but caught simply nothing of the slightest value. I
caught a few insects at light including Xafithia silago, several Helio-
phobus popularis, and a few Poedlocampa populi. Of the Geometers, I
took Cidaria psittacata and C. miata. 1 tried this season for the first
time, to rear some larva'. I gathered them off the oak in June, when
they were fairly plentiful. I think the mistake I made was to over-

C

334 THE entomologist's record

crowd them, as a good many died, and, T expect the cannibals I had,
finished a good many more ; however, next year I hope to have
profited by experience and to do better. I reared large numbers of
Cosmia irapezina, Scopelosovia satellitia, Tortrix viriduTia, Hybernia
defoliaria and H. auratitiaria, both males and wingless females. I
found the caterpillars of the two last-named on hazel. I found larvae
singularly scarce all the end of the season, and shall be curious to see
how next year will turn out, especially after the present Arctic weather.
— John Williams Vaughan, Jun., The Skreen, Radnorshire.

Grange-over-Sa7ids. — The only thing here worthy of record has been
PcBcilocampa popiili^ which first appeared on November i6th, when they
were in fair numbers on the gas lamps, but since then, they have been
few and far between. Cheimatobia brumata has been excessively
common in the woods, etc. — George A. Booth, Grange-over-Sands.
January, i8qi.

Clevedon. — On October 15th, the wind shifted round from east to
south-west, and there was quite a " rush " of insects to ivy bloom : —
Orthosia inacile7ita, O. lota, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xylina petrificata,
X. semibrunnea, X. rhizolifha, Oporabia dibttata, Cerastis vaccinii,
C. spadicea, Xafithia ferriigitiea, Miselia oxyacanthce and its var. capu-
cina ; all these, with the exception of the last three, putting in a first
appearance on this evening, a full fortnight late I should say, and this
one of the finest autumns I have experienced during the eleven years I
have resided at Clevedon. Sphinx convolviili is still an absentee, though
I have taken it as late as the first week in November. — J. Mason,
Clevedon. October, i8go.

Darlington, — I took at light last week, Poecilocampa populi, Pctasia
cassinea, Dasypolia iempli, Cidaria miata and Oporabia dilutata. —
W. MiLBURN. October 27//^, 1890.

Abundance of Setina irrorella in the Isle of Wight. — The
above very generally distributed species is well known from Newman's
British Moths and other sources to be specially abundant on the
Freshwater Cliffs, but my own experience, when working in that
neighbourhood, showed me that unless its habits are studied, as with
almost every other species, it is not much " in evidence." Saving for
a stray specimen occasionally found at rest late in the evening when
sugaring, or kicked up by chance during the day I have never but on
one occasion seen this species in any plenty excepting when I have
suited my own habits to that of my desired quarry. The one occasion
I refer to was a particularly mild night early in July, when just at
dusk, irrorella was flying in great numbers but confined to a very
limited area. It would have been possible although dangerous, owing
to the nearness of its flight to the edge of the cliffs, to have netted
considerable numbers. However, wishing to secure a long series in
hopes of meeting with the rarer variety (var. signata), I decided to
make a special attempt, and, finding a very precipitous piece of rough
ground covered with a very rank growth of long grass, etc., I deter-
mined to work it early. As the slopes referred to were some 300 feet
below the edge of the cliffs and entirely inaccessible from the top, I
had to arrange overnight with a boatman to be in readiness for an
early start. Having been duly aroused by a tap of an oar at my
bedroom window, I went down to the beach, and finding everything

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 335

ready, was afloat by 4.35 a.m. The spot desired was some three
miles along under the cliffs, and, some delay being caused by a return
to put ashore the crew of a yacht which had been brought up in the
Bay overnight, it was past 6 a.m. before I reached my destination.
Here I found it almost as precipitous as from the top, but managed
to scramble on to the rocks. It was very cloudy and cold, so I saw
nothing on the wing, but after well prospecting the ground, I was
fortunate in coming across a good colony of irrorella. They were at
rest on the grass stalks, some evidently just emerged, also many pairs
in cop. I had no difficulty in filling my boxes without using a net,
which, owing to the dangerous ground, would have been of very little
use. Of the large number I examined (many more than I brought
away), I was unable to find a single one of the desired variety, but
was very much struck with two facts. One was the very local distribu-
tion of the insect, and also the abnormal expanse of wing of the males,
many being over one and a half inches expanse. After an hour's
working, the sun gleamed out, causing the males to fly for a few
minutes rather wildly, and my boatmen signalled me, so I decided
to return, and reached the Bay about 8.45 a.m., well pleased with my
experience. — Albert J. Hodges, 2, Highbury Place, N. [This
species is common in the Dover district, and the local collectors
used to find it hanging on the grass on the cliffs in the early
morning in large numbers. I have taken it abundantly near St.
Margaret's Bay (Dover), and flying freely about 3.30 to 5.30 p.m. — Ed.]

Sugaring in i8go. — My experience of sugar, on the few occasions
when I could get up to the woods near here, was not on the whole
disappointing. The following notes may prove interesting : I have
recorded the number of species, not of specimens, that put in an
appearance. As a rule I was not able to stay out later than 10.30 or
II p.m. The number of trees sugared was between thirty and forty.
Most of the species were common, and I only mention those that are
somewhat uncommon or do not occur here in any numbers : —

June 13. Nine species, including Nola cris'fulalis, Hadena thalas-
sina and Mamestra ajiceps. June 14. At the same sugar (not even
renewed), thirteen species, including Apkcta tincta (for the first time in
this neighbourhood), Xylophasia rurea var. co/nbusfa and Phycis
betnlella. June 18. Warm, cloudy, windy; between 9 and 10.15,
fifteen species, including Dipterygia pinastri, Agroiis porphyrea, and a
very dark form of Grainmesia trilinea. June 20. Fifteen species,
including Macaria notata (from which I obtained fifteen ova and have
now about a dozen pupte), Apamea geniina and Thyatira batis. June
27. Sixteen species, all very common. July 8. Dark, warm, windy ;
just after rain. Thirty-six species, including Cuspidia leporiyia, Agrotis
corticea, Xylophasia hepatica (both very scarce here), and Hadena
suasa. The last not previously recorded from here. July 14. Warm,
but very still. Four species, including Cymatophora or. July 18.
Dark, windy, rainy, fairly warm. Fifteen species, including Dicyda 00,
Caradrina blafida and Rhodophcea tumidella. Total, eight nights, 123
species, giving an average of rather more than fifteen species for each
night.^^G. H. Raynor, Victoria House, Brentwood. jFanuary, 1891.

Entomological Pins and Verdigris. — Can any reader of the
Record suggest anything to prevent the formation of verdigris on pins ?

336 THE entomologist's record.

I have tried almost every kind of entomological pin but with no success.
White, gilt, and black pins are, as far as my experience g-^es, powerless
to prevent the formation (sooner or later), and then " good-bye " to
the specimen. It is very disheartening, after working perhaps three or
four seasons for a particular species, to find the specimens gradually
falling to pieces, thanks to the formation of this wretched stuff ! I have
been using Messrs. Tayler's black pins for some seasons, but, good as
they are in some respects, they do not prevent the evil in question, I
have been in communication with this firm recently, and suggested the
use of platinum wire, but they inform me that though this metal is
ductile enough to be drawn into the finest wire it is too soft for the
purpose, and of course the addition of an alloy would defeat the end in
view. Messrs. Stainton, W. H. B. Fletcher, and others all agree with
me that "the perfect pin is yet to be found." Will some one turn
his attention to the subject and try to find it? — A. Thurnall, 144,
Chobham Road, Stratford New Town, E. December 1st, 1890.

Habits of some of our Spring moths. — ■ Platypteryx uuguiciila
is taken in beech woods flying hi the sunshine, or beaten from the trees
in dull weather ; P. lacertula and falcula, by shaking and disturbing
them from the birch bushes or trees in the afternoon ; Tephrosia pii7icf2i-
lata, by searching the trunks of trees among birch ; T. biimdiilaria, on
tree trunks in oak, birch, beech, and larch woods ; Pachyeneinia hippo-
eastanaria, flying over heath at night ; Phytometrii ccnea, flying in sun-
shine on hill sides, or started from the grass in dull weather ; Brephos
parthenias, flying about the tops of birch trees on sunny days (I find
they are best taken between 4 and 6 p.m., as they fly lower then) ; Tor-
tricodes hyemana, flying in the sunshine in oak woods in March ;
Ennychia atiguinalis, flying in the sunshine on the chalk hills ; for
Micropteryx purpurella I take the " Bignell " tray and beat the young
birches ; Semioscopus avellanella, on the twigs of birch at rest ; and Pati-
calia lleinvenhoeckella, boxed from flower heads of the daisy, on chalk
slopes. Adela fibulella, on the flowers of Veronica chamedrys, last week
in May ; best obtained by sweeping flowers on sunny mornings ;
Emmelesia albulata, in damp meadows where Rhiuanthiis cristagaUi
grows, started from the grass ; best got in the evening or on dull days,
when it is readily started from its hiding places. — W. Holland, Reading.

Note on Hydrcecia petasitis. — Miss Kimber having asked for
information as to how to obtain pupre, I will offer a few remarks. To
get H. petasitis pup^e, all you need is a good strong trowel, and plenty
of patience. I mention this last essential, because, one day, I was out
digging with a soft-handed collector, and, by the time he had got eight,
he had had enough, at the same time showing me his blistered hands.
Where we get them, they are so plentiful as to require no special method
of working. We simply settle down and dig indiscriminately the ground
before us, for H. petasitis larvce leave the roots and effect a subterranean
transformation. In places where they are unknown, and the food-plant
occurs, search for affected plants, i.e., plants with a burrow at the crown
of the root. Suspicious plants with withered leaves break off, when
the burrow made by the larvae is disclosed. Many plants, though, are
slug eaten, and the leaves withered from this cause. But those who
undertake to get pupae, have a rough job on hand. — J. Collins, War-
rington, December, 1890.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 337

EUPITHECIA EXPALLIDATA, NOCTUA SOBRINA AND ACHERONTIA

ATROPOS IN Aberdeenshire. — Last August, I captured a few Eupithe-
cia expallidata at -the flowers of ragwort. Can anyone tell me if this
species has been taken in Scotland before ? Noctua sobritia has been
got in fair numbers in Aberdeenshire this year. Four years ago, I
turned it up for the first time, and it has been got in gradually in-
creasing numbers ever since. A few days ago, I visited a beginner,
who collects among the hills ; and he had several in his boxes in fairly
good condition. He had also a ? Acherontia atropos, which was got
fluttering on a potato plant last July. Is not this an early date ? —
W. Reid, Pitcaple, N.B. December, 1890.

Cloantha solidaginis. — This insect has been very common on
Cannock Chase this autumn, a friend and myself capturing one hundred
and fifty specimens in one afternoon. They are very easy to find, as
they sit on the birch tree trunks during the daytime, principally with
their heads thrust into some crevice in the bark, so that their bodies
stand out at right angles to the trunks of the trees, rendering them
conspicuous. Can anyone tell me, whether they have found this year
a bad one for Eupisteria heperata, as last year, on the 8th May, I took
some thirty or forty specimens in about an hour on Cannock Chase,
while, this spring, on visiting the same spot on the same date, and on
three occasions afterwards, I was only able to take one insect ? — E. P.
Wright, Stone, Staffs. December, 1890.

Life-History of Agrotis pyrophila. — Since my notes upon
Agrotis pyrophila have appeared in the Record, p. 214, I have had
several communications upon the subject, and one correspondent
points out, that my description of the larva does not agree with that
given in Stainton's Manual. But, as I presume, Stainton's description
is that of a full-grown larva, no wonder there was a discrepancy, as my
description was taken from a newly-hatched one. As neither descrip-
tion can be looked upon as of much value, perhaps I may be allowed
to add a little to what I have already said. While collecting in a good
locality for this species, I noticed a moth, which, from the peculiar way
it was fluttering among the long grass, I thought was a $ Xylophasia
polyodon, busily engaged at the interesting ceremony of ovipositing,
and, as I am ashamed to state, my knowledge of the early stages of
this insect is very limited, I thought this a good opportunity of adding
to that knowledge, so I determined to watch operations. As the night
was dark, with a strong wind, and my footing anything but good, it was
a difficult matter to keep the insect in sight. But, after careful exam-
ination, I was able to note that it always deposited on a withered grass
culm, high up, and nearly always near the junction of a leaf with the
stem, and, as far as I could see, only one ovum upon each leaf. It
kept up a constant fluttering, all the time it was depositing, but, this
suddenly ceasing, I at once detected, instead of a despised X. polyodon,
an exquisite specimen of Agrotis pyrophila ; and, in a trice, it was
safely housed within a chip box. The thought crossed my mind, that
I should let it out again, but the fear, that it might not renew opera-
tions, prevented me from doing so. The ova are light straw coloured,
hardly to be detected from the withered grass stems, and, as I said
before, very like those of Tryp/uv?ia orbona, but slightly smaller, and
turn dark a few days before the larvse emerge. The larvre, when newly

338 THE entomologist's record.

hatched, are dark greenish brown, with the faintest trace of a hghter
hne below the spiracles, and a few scattered bristles. They are
extremely sluggish, and appear to be constantly sitting about, holding
on to the withered grass with the last three pairs of claspers ; the fore
part of the body thrown back, and the head tucked in, after the manner
of a Sphinx larva. The little pellets of excrement proved that they
were eating the food-plant provided for them ; but so slowly did they
grow, that it was several weeks before I saw much difference in them.
At last, they moulted, and, although this did not improve their size, it
made a great difference in their appearance. Dorsal and sub-dorsal
area brownish, a lateral series of wedge-shaped spots from the 5th to
the 12th segment, just above the spiracular line, apex pointing forwards,
and only crossing the anterior half of each segment ; below the spiracles,
a broad white line ; a few bristles scattered over the dorsal and sub-
dorsal area ; posture and habits, same as before, but not so sluggish,
and rolls in a ring, with the head on one side when disturbed. After
the second moult, they may be said to assume the colouring and
markings of the adult larvre in miniature. The larva rolls itself into a
ring when annoyed, and falls off its food-plant, but soon unrolls, and
seeks shelter at a great rate. Head, shining brown ; triangular plate,
brownish black, with a brownish-black mark upon each side ; dorsal
line inconspicuous, extremely narrow, light brown with a darker hne on
each side, and a double series of brownish-black, medio-dorsal, V'Shaped
markings, the tips of the V's directed forwards. Sub-dorsal area, light
brownish flesh colour, with a few very small brownish dots. A series of
very distinct black marks on the 2nd and 5th to 12th segments, both
inclusive, dividing the lateral white stripe below the spiracles from the
sub-dorsal area. Each segment emits a number of short bristles, and,
in some specimens, the dark-brownish, medio-dorsal stripes are decidedly
tinged with green. Feeds upon grasses, dandelion {Taraxacum officinale),
groundsel {Senecio vulgaris), and other low plants. — W. Reid, Pitcaple,
Aberdeen, November 25///, 1890.

"^iy A gratis pyrop hi la larvae are thriving well, and have moulted again ;
they have changed colour, and the markings are very much brighter.
They are beautiful larvae now, but still retain the bristles. I have
managed to secure three at large. — Wm. Rsid, February 'jth, 1891.

Vanessa atalanta at Sugar. — I see that Newman mentions the
liking V. atalanta has for sugared trees. I have observed as many
as five or six on one tree by day, and several single specimens by
night. I have also seen V. urticce, Epinephele janira and E. tithonus
at different times by night. Has any lepidopterist noticed these
insects at sugar ? — John N. Still, Horrabridge.

Colias hyale in the Spring. — I observe that in the January
number of The Entomologisfs Record the Editor expresses doubt
whether Colias hyale normally hybernates as an imago. May I be
allowed to state that about the middle of May, 1886, I saw a female
of that species depositing her eggs on lucerne. That she was so
engaged is certain as I found three of the eggs. In September,
1888, I found a large brood of C. edusa on the Downs near here.
The first specimens — which were quite fresh — were seen on the nth
of that month. As I was anxious to obtain a good series, and, if
possible, get var. helice, I was on the spot daily (Sundays excepted)

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 339

until the 27th September on and after which day not a single
specimen could be seen, although the weather continued, as it had
been, very fine and bright. I concluded, and still believe, that they
had retired to winter quarters wherever those may have been. At any
rate it appears to me that the facts I have stated are not consistent
with the idea that either of these species hybernates in the egg,
larval or pupal condition. — R. D. Postans, Eastbourne. Feb., 1891.

Retarded Emergence of Asphalia ridens* — I have just bred a
specimen of A. ridens (forced) from a larva beaten in the New
Forest, June, i88g, having been two years in pupa. I only obtained,
five pupcE, two of which emerged in 1890, three lying over. I be-
lieve it is a general rule for this species to lie over in the pupal
stage, as in 18S7, I obtained about two dozen pup^ of this species,
two of which I bred in 1890, having been in pupa three years, and all
were kept out of doors under the same conditions. Of course, the
greater number appeared in 1888. — Edmund Hanes, 16, Raveley
Street, Kentish Town, N.W. February i2ih, 1891.

Rearing Hemerophila abruptaria. — I captured a ? of Hemer-
ophila abruptaria this summer, from which I had a fine brood,
which I sleeved on lilac. At a rough guess, I have at present about
seventy or eighty in pup^. I reared them in hopes of obtaining vars.
and also to become acquainted with the larvae. I found them ex-
tremely easy to breed as I only had to re-sleeve them once, and, on
thai occasion, put the brood into two separate bags, in which they
soon began to spin up. Some of them chose the crevices in the
muslin forming a much slighter cocoon than those which spun on the
twigs, as, when the muslin was stretched, nearly all the pupas tumbled
out. Those on the twigs form curious objects, lying one after the
other, as many as six in some cases, all joined end to end. But
what struck me most was the curious manner in which the larvse
(when at rest) hang pendant from the twigs. Perhaps it was owing
to their being so crowded, but they reminded me more than any-
thing else of the pictures drawn in seedsmen's catalogues of fabulous
crops of peas. — Hope Alderson, Farnboro', Kent. January., 1891.

Entomology in the Midlands in 1828. — In May, 1828, I com-
menced collecting around Bewdley. In the neighbourhood were
small woods filled with young trees of aspen, birch, willow, nut, etc.,
while there were large open spaces covered with heath or grass.
These locahties were a perfect El Dorado. Some of the species
which were abundant there, were Leucophasia sinapis, Argynnis paphia,A.
adippe, A. aglaia, Alelifceaartemis, several Lycefiidcs, and all the "skippers,"
except Hesperia actceon and H. lineola. All the " tiger " moths, including
Arctia fuliginosa, Cheloiiia plantaginis , Arctia villica, and Euthemonia
nissuia, occurred ; as also did the beautiful Plusidcc; Plusia iota, P.
bractea and P. festiiccz ; Liparis dispar, and Z. mofiacha were both
found, as also were Saturnia carpini and Bofnbyx rubi ; all the
" Hook-tips " except sicula, and the " thorns " except Ennomos autumn
aria. Two Vanessa antiopa were taken, one by a local collector, and
one by myself; also, what was in those days a very great rarity.
Sphinx convolvuli, the latter specimen ultimately finding its way into
the Birmingham Museum. During the autumn, larvre rearing and
pupae digging were the principal employments, although Catocala nupta

340 THE entomologist's record.

was occasionally captured. Many species were obtained in the larval
stage which were never seen as imagines, among others — F/ilodoniis
palpimi, Notodonta camelina^ N. dictcea, N. dictcEoides, JV. droiitedarius,
JV. ziczac, etc., also Siauropus fagi and Petasia cassinea, both Dicranura
furcula and D. bifida on young aspen, while hosts of others, as —
Lipai'is dispar, Dicranura vinula, Orgyia pudibunda and the different
PlatypterigidcB were very abundant. I also found larvee and pupje of
Cossns ligniperda and Zeuzera cescidi. Near Ribbesford Abraxas
uhnaia was abundant, but I chiefly worked this district for Coleoptera.
Numerous species of the Coccinella and Elator genera abounded, to-
gether with some peculiar vars. of species belonging to these groups,
and which, for some time, were supposed to be distinct species. One
day's collecting this year (1828) deserves more than passing notice.
In June, I passed a field of grass (ready for mowing), sprinkled with
large white daisies. On these I saw hundreds of Aporia cratcegi.
I did not attempt to resist the temptation, and quickly jumped over
the hedge, doing considerable damage to the grass. I filled my box
and began to fill the crown of my hat with cratcegi, when a countryman
at the other end of the field appeared and threatened to send me to
Worcester Gaol. However, I had as many as I wanted and quickly
made off. — J. Tyrer, Chatham, Kent.

Note on Leucania littoralis. — Mr. Baxter [ante, p. 248) will find
some difficulty with littoralis. They are not cannibals unless short of
food, but are very often ichneumoned, and can get through a very
small hole; in fact, they are the worst kind of larvae for escaping I
know. They will not thrive unless given a lot of sand and exposed
to the sun, I find the best plan is to keep them in a fern case and
feed them on marram grass growing in a pot, if this is done nearl)
all will go through all right excepting those ichneumoned. —
G. Harker, Liverpool.

Dates of appearance in 1890. — My experience, as to dates of
appearance this season, does not altogether tally with Mr. Hodgkin-
son's {ante, p. 160). It would appear, that a few things have occurred
earlier this season than they did last. This season, not a single larva
of Bombyx castrensis was to be seen at Shoeburyness after the 19th
of July, I took larvje last year on the 30th of July. On the other
hand Hesperia lineola occurred at Shoeburyness on the 30th of June
in 1889, while this season it was quite a fortnight later. Upon the
strength of my having taken Catopiria candidiilana at Shoeburyness
on the nth July last year, I promised, quite early in the season, to
supply a correspondent of mine with a series. After several un-
successful visits, I took a short series, but not until the 2nd of August.
— F. G. Whittle, Lothbury. December, 1890. [These must be
looked upon as quite exceptional. Everything appeared at an early
date until the middle of June, after which, scarcely any species were
up to date, so far as the large number of reports which have passed
through my hands, and my own experience, show. — Ed.]

Flowers attractive to moths. — At this season, those of us having
gardens are thinking how best to lay them out to be attractive to
moths during the summer. Former experiences published in the
Record would, I am sure, be valuable to many. The following list,
in the order written, I have found most successful : — Rockets, Silene

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 341

pendida, catch-fly, red valerian, pinks, svveetwilliam, verbena, pansies,
and violas ; of shrubs : — Berberis, arbutus and honey-suckle. — Percy
Russ, Culleenamore. February, 1891.

PcECiLiocAMPA POPULi. — It may be of interest to note that I took
several specimens of this insect in fine condition at the gas-lamps on
January 5th. The thermometer was at freezing-point, atmosphere
foggy, wind westerly, and the roads sheets of ice, with snow lying
about This has been the most severe winter experienced in this
locality for over twenty years. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge.

Collecting sallow catkins. — During last spring, I gathered a large
quantity of sallow buds and catkins. For experiment, I kept one lot
in band-boxes, another in a large flower-pot, and the rest in small
lard tubs. From those in the band-boxes I got nothing but one
Eupithecia tenuiata and one Cosjiiia trapeziiia. Is not this strange ?
Is it at all likely that I had a batch of ova, and that, when hatched,
the larvae fed on others and on each other until only one was left ?
Those in the flowerpot produced a few of all classes of sallow feeders.
The best result, however, was from those in the lard tubs, in which
Hypsipetes elutata and Epimda viininalis were most abundant. Of the
latter, the forms were of all shades from light to the darkest, and some
(very few) with a slight purple tint on them. — Wm. Milburn, Dar-
lington. January, 1891. [It is very probable that the Cosmias dined
off the others. Unless a calico covering was put under the band-box
lid it is probable also that many larva? would escape. — Ed.]

Uncertain appearance of certain Lepidoptera. — Epunda nigra
at^one time was about the most abundant insect at sugar in August,
and E. //////A?/;A? was also common ; both disappeared about 1875 or
1876. E. lutiiknta has not been taken here since then, and E. nigra
rarely, only about a dozen in a season where they used to be taken in
scores every night. Euchloe cardaniines, once common, has gradually
become very scarce, larvae of Vanessa atalanta in hundreds on every
patch of nettle in 1884, since then not one. Viniinia myriar., once
rare, can now be got in fair numbers almost everywhere. In 1889
AgroHs exdaniationis appeared in hundreds of thousands ; I once
counted more than fifty on one streak of treacle. — W. Reid, Pitcaple.
February, 1891.

Time of day that species emerge. — Sesia bembeciforniis may be
taken freely on poplars about 7.30 or 8 a.m., drying its wings. S.
apiformis emerges at the same time, and may be taken in the same
manner ; but I have not worked for it properly. — A. Robinson,
Brettanby Manor, Darlington.

Leucania obsoleta always emerges between 7 and 8 p.m. The wings
expand and dry very rapidly, and for a short time the insect sits head
downwards with its wings closely appressed to the reed, looking like a
node on the reed stem. It soon flies, however. Callimorpha doni inula
always appears to emerge from 7 to 9 a.m., and is generally ready for
flight by 9.30 a.m. Ellopia fasciaria emerges in the early evening, 6 to
8 p.m.— J. W. TuTT.

Aplecta tincta, with me, emerges from pupa about 5 p.m., and has
to be killed very quickly, or they injure themselves so as to become
almost useless. — Hope Alderson.

It may be interesting to lepidopterists to see some notes I have made

342 THE entomologist's eecord.

during the past two seasons on the times of emergence of lepidoptera.

1 should be glad to hear if others' experience coincides with my own.
TceniocafHpa rubricosa, ii a.m. to 12. Notodonta trepida, <? 2 to 5 p.m.,
5 8 to 9 a.m. N'. tri/naaiia, 3.30 to 6 p.m. Platypteryx lacertula, i

to 3 p.m. Ardia meiidka, i to 3 p.m. Macroglossa fuciformis, 12 to

2 p.m. Eupifhecia sobri/iata, 5.30 to 7 p.m. Orgyia pudibunda, 12 to

3 p.m. Nola ciiadlatella, 8 to 9 a.m. Notodonta dictaa, 9 to 1 1 p.m.
Chesias spartiata, 5 to 7 p.m. Catoca/a fraxiiii, 10 to 11 p.m. Agriopis
aprilina, 6 to 7 p.m. Ai?ip/iydasis prodroma?'ia, i to 2 p.m. Eriogaster
lanestris, 12 to 1.30 p.m. I have noted the times of emergence of
many other species, but am not able to speak confidently about them
as yet. It would be extremely interesting to learn, from the experience
of various collectors, if different conditions cause the insects to emerge
at different times. Very few entomologists treat their pupae in the same
manner, and if many would carefully note the times of emergence,, much
interesting information may be gleaned. — M. Kimber. January^ 1891.

It may interest Miss Kimber to learn that my experience with
Platypteryx lacertula, Ardia mendica, and Notodonta didcea is exactly
similar to her own, but I have had Orgyia pudibunda out as early as
10 a.m. Vimifu'a myricce generally appears between i and 4 p.m., and
the two XantJiias — cerago and silago — always appear in the afternoon,
while Eiipithecia veiiosata is always ready for flight before 1 1 a.m. My
pupas are kept in the open air, in some cases beneath a shelter. — Wm.
Reid, Pitcaple, Aberdeen. February, 1891.

Information Wanted. — I should be extremely obliged to any
generous lepidopterists, who can give me any hints as to localities for
rare species in the following counties : — Perth, Inverness, and Suther-
land, or if they can refer me to any published records of captures from
these localities. Any information I willlookon as strictly confidential. — Id.

Success or Non-succkss at Sallows. — I can quite endorse Mr.
Holland's remarks {ante, p. 39). Last year (1889) I took a lot of
Tceniocampa tnnnda at sugar, although there were but one or two on the
sallows. I believe the success or want of success at sallows, arises princi-
pally from the nature of the locality. Most of the TccniocampidcE. are
tree-feeders, and cruda, the most abundant of all, is almost a woodland
species. Instabilis and gotJiica, on the contrary, appear to prefer open
country and gardens, frequent plum-trees in bloom, and come to light.
The larvae generally are very common. The species of sallow is
another point to consider, and $ blossoms are of course better than
the ? , but I believe success at sallow blossoms depends on searching
them as soon as possible after they expand. Nothing is so unattrac-
tive in this district, in the spring, as the over-blown sallows. Half-
expanded blooms, on the other hand, are often very attractive. —
C. Fenn, Burnt Ash Hill, S.E.

Larv^ of Xanthia citrago. — The larvae of Xanthia citrago roll
the leaves of lime, or rather fold the edges over, making a kind of nest.
They were full fed about the first week of June, but did not turn into
pupae (inside the leaves on the top of the earth) till the last w^eek of
July and the first week of August. They began to emerge about the
second week in August. Mr. Holland also took one feeding on nut,
which I think is a new foodplant for it. — R. B. Robertson. Dec, 1890.

The larva of Xanthia citrago is an old friend of mine. I have not

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 343

taken any since 1872, but previous to that date I took scores in this
district, and to my knowledge they never rolled the leaves together to
feed in, but ensconced themselves between two flat leaves, secured with
a silk web, similar to Tceniocampa populeti, and other out-of-sight
feeders. At Ent., vol. vi., p. 258, Mr. Porritt, describing the larva,
says : — " In preparing for the last moult they enclose themselves in
loose cocoons formed by drawing together two leaves with silken
threads," etc. The way we used to find the larva was to stand under-
neath the young limes, so that we had the delicate young (almost trans-
parent) leaves between our sight and the sky, when the larvce could be
plainly seen between the two adherent leaves. — J. Harrison, Barnsley.

I must entirely endorse Mr. Harrison's remarks about Xanthia citrago
larvje as far as the leaf rolling habit is concerned, and I think the idea
must have originated in this way : citrago larvc^, like many of the group,
are nocturnal feeders, concealing themselves either between leaves, under
bark, among rubbish, in crevices of bark, etc., by day, and coming out
at night to feed. In captivity, the lime leaves soon wither and curl up,
and these curled leaves would be most convenient hiding places for the
larvse in the day time, in which they would spin thin, slight cocoons.
The lime trees in avenues, parks, and on roadsides usually have some
of the lower branches removed, and, this being done annually, causes
a woody excrescence to be formed on the trunks by the numerous small
twigs with abundant leafage. These spots I have found to be the
favourite feeding grounds of the citrago larvae if searched for after dark ;
but except on lime bushes, where they have fewer opportunities for
concealment, it is useless to attempt to beat them out by day. — C.
Fenn, Lee. Dec, 1890.

Fratricidal Conduct of Hemerophila abruptaria. — Some larvae
I had of H. abruptaria in 1889, when full fed, made their cocoons
from the particles of the wooden roof of the breeding cage, and a great
many were formed by the later larvte over the cocoons of those which
had pupated earlier. Over part of the roof there were, in fact, two
layers of pupae in their cocoons, and, of these, only the outermost
emerged. After some time I removed the cocoons, and discovered
that the earlier moths had obtained an exit from their own cocoons, but
had all died in the second, not one having passed through the two. I
have had the same thing happen with Dicranura vinula. — (Miss) M.
KiMBER, Newbury, Berks. Dec, 1890.

Peronea hastiana. — Among the many specimens of Peronea
hastiana I have bred, one is very like P. comparaiia, so much so, that,
if I had not bred it, I might have passed it over. It was the only one
of this variety I bred. Can anyone account for the scarcity of P.
hastiana in the imago state ? All the larvaj I got came through suc-
cessfully, but I tried, time after time, beating with a lantern at night,
and every way, but they never were to be seen, although there must
have been thousands all round me. Do they fly at any particular time?
In the breeding-cage they seemed to be more lively just at daybreak ;
i)ut I never had the opportunity to go out on the sandhills at that time.
When do they lay their ova ? It is curious that the ova should lie by
such a long time, if they are laid now (November) and lie over until
next August before hatching. I found no trace of the larvce until well
on into August, and the imagines began coming out in September. I

344 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

have, during the last week, captured imagines of hastiana with those of
Gracilaria stramineella and numbers of Depressarice. Hastiana may lay
its eggs in the autumn, but I think it probable they are laid after
hybernation, and that there is only one brood, although it is commonly
supposed there are two. — T. Baxter, St. Anne's-on-Sea, Preston.
Febritary, 1891. [Although I have had large quantities of willow and
sallow buds, I have never had early specimens of P. hastiana. — Ed.]

Crambus myellus. — This certainly should become common. We
can scarcely recognise a "grass moth" being otherwise, though C.
alpinellus is very local, and C. verelitis, hitherto, has only been " fluked."
The first British specimen of C. myelins was captured, sitting on a
grass culm in a pouring rain (and another seen) by Mr. N. Brown, then
curator to Mr. Wilson Saunders, on a hill side about three hours' walk
from Aberdeen, and brought to me to identify the following week as a
doubtful C. pinetellus. From the British Museum collection, I quickly
ascertained its name, and it was exhibited at the Linnsean and London
Entomological Societies by Mr. Saunders' son, as new to Britain.
Occasionally the insect has been met with since (on one date, I think,
nearly twenty were taken), and these captures have been spread over so
many years, that the insect must be persistent, not sporadic. I heartily
congratulate Mr. Reid upon getting it so near home. He will doubt-
less render a good account of it in the future. — Sydney Webb, Dover.
November 2%tli, 1890.

I am much obliged to Mr. Webb for his note upon C. myellus. I
do not know of any hills within three hours' walk of Aberdeen, but of
course this depends upon what one considers a hill. In any case, the
locality must either be west or south-west from Aberdeen. The place,
where my recorded specimen {afite, p. 215) was obtained, is twenty-two
miles from Aberdeen, and I now find it has been taken there three
years in succession. I have just found one among my series of
Crambus pinetellus, taken by myself two years ago. The real fact is,
no one hereabouts pays the slightest attention to the Micros. — W. Reid,
Pitcaple. December, 1890.

Killing Lepidoptera. — As one who has tried different ways of
killing insects, I certainly must give the palm to the use of ammonia.
The ammonia of use to us, the ordinary chemists do not seem to
retail. The most concentrated must alone be used, viz., that labelled
•880 If used properly, the universal opinion must be that it is the
surest, cleanest, most economical and effectual agent one can expect to
get. My general method of using it is the following. A large tin, say
a biscuit tin, with a closely fitting lid is procured. Then I cut a piece
of perforated zinc to fit the bottom, and turn one corner up to facilitate
removal. On the bottom of the tin, I place some cotton wool to
absorb the ammonia. Supposing I have a number of specimens to kill,
I first tilt the lids of all the boxes, pour, say a couple of teaspoonsful or
thereabout of the strong ammonia on the wool, and then rapitlly replace
the perforated zinc and pile in the boxes. The tin should then be put
in a cool place to prevent the too rapid evaporation. I generally leave
mine in till morning, if I kill at night ; till evening, if I kill in the
morning. Those who use chip or glass bottomed boxes will find that
ammonia fumes somewhat " interfere with their structure," and will
have to strengthen them with thin strips of linen and shoemakers'

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 345

paste, upon which latter it has very little effect. The tin, boxes, etc.,
will always need a good airing after use. When the insects are taken
out, they should be left for half an hour or so before pinning, as
ammonia renders the pins very brittle. — H. J. Turner. "'January, 1 89 1.

The notes on this subject have been very interesting to me. Five
years ago my difficulty was the " killing " question. I took to cyanide,
but I found the insects so stiff as to take a great deal of time in
setting. I knew most people used cyanide, and could not find out
why I was unsuccessful, when I came across the method of using
carbonate of ammonia suggested in Dr. Knagg's booklet. I tried it,
with delightful results, and found setting moths a pleasure. I found
that to partly open fifty or sixty chip boxes and cover them in
airtight, was troublesome, in addition to which the exposure of the
ammonia lessened its efficacy, and I found I often wanted to kill
my captures in the field, which I could not do by this means ; so I
cleared out my cyanide bottles, obtained some strong carbonate of
ammonia (at ^^-d. an ounce) and broke it up rather small, placed in the
bottle about as much as there was previously of plaster of Paris, and
cut out circular pieces of stout white blotting paper a little larger than
the inside of the bottle, placing three or four thicknesses into the
bottle, and the blotting paper, being a little larger in diameter^
wedged in, and sufficiently kept the ammonia in place. I had then a
convenient and satisfactory killing bottle ! I made many and used
them for about three years. Its success caused two " old stagers " to
give up cyanide and use the same means. After a time came (from
one of these) insidious doubts and whispers as to the effect of the
ammonia on the insects. I scorned the insinuation, but the canker
was there, and in time I came reluctantly to the conclusion that my
insects, in many cases, did look dull, and that the green on Hadena
protea and Miselia oxyacanthce, etc., was not all I could wish, and I
found it spoil Agriopis aprilina and such like green insects. Again
in despair I consulted a collector of many years' standing, who, I
knew, always used cyanide, as to how he managed so well, The
reply was " leave them in the cyanide from thirty-six to forty-eight
hours and you will have no difficulty." I ousted the ammonia and
again tried its rival. The result is most satisfactory ; now and again
I find an insect stiff, but that has been when I have taken a moth
out too soon. I have not noticed how either method affects the time
required for the setting of the moths, that is quite a new question to
me, — J. E. K. Cutts, Bushey. December 27///, 1890.

Setting Lepidoptera. — I was very pleased to read Mr. C. Fenn's
able article on this subject {Record, p. 253). For myself, I have
been an advocate of high-'A-x'i setting. Now, by high I do not mean the
continental method of setting an insect at the top of a very long pin,
but just a sufficient height to keep the wings well off the paper when
placed in the cabinet, and which is high compared with many peoples'
setting, who prefer to see the wings and bodies of their specimens
touching the paper, and consequently much easier of access to mites.
The body of an insect should not touch the paper, for if the insect
grease, the paper is not then discoloured, and the body is less
accessible to mites. I cannot conceive, however, why the curved
method should be more natural than the flat, though Mr. Fenn tells

346 THE entomologist's record.

us it is so. What we apparently wish is a perfectly uniformly set
collection. This can never be obtained with the convexed method, as
hardly two boards are curved alike. Flat boards cannot differ, and the
insects set thereon must be uniform. Curved boards generally render
many insects, especially Geometers, too curved. Flat boards render
this practically imperceptible and improve the appearance rather than
otherwise. Everyone sets to please himself. I know many strongly
object to using flat boards. For myself, I should prefer to have all
my insects set with exactly the same curve, but, as I could not arrive
at that degree of perfection, I commenced with the flat ones, and I
find them to be (he only ones from which I can get really satisfactory
results, especially with the Eupithecicc, etc., which are apt to give to an
alarming extent. By the by, in nature, do the Eiipithecice "sit" with
their wings curved ? I believe they expand them quite flatly as I set
them. Re the boards themselves, flat as well as oval ones are ob-
tainable from all dealers, who will persist in making the groove for the
body not deep enough, and not in two degrees of width. I quite agree
with Mr. Fenn with regard to the sizes he gives for pins. I always
prefer black enamelled pins, but of course, everyone to his own taste.
— A. E. Hall, Norbury, Sheffield. December, 1890.

Trichiura cRATiEGL — I was surprised to see in the January number
of the Record, a note from my friend, Mr, Hewett, stating that he beat
eight larvffi of this species at Lyndhurst in the middle of September.
If he has the opportunity of referring to the Entomologist of October,
1874, he will find on pp. 228, 229, some notes on this species. It is
an insect, so far as my experience and information go, of undeviatingly
regular habits. The moth emerges towards the end of August or
beginning of September. The eggs are deposited immediately, and do
not hatch till the whitethorn bourgeons in the following March. What
the larvae were that Mr. Hewett beat off sallow, I can only guess. The
choice seems to lie between Liparis aurifliia and Lasiocampa quercifolia;
but I feel sure they cannot be T. cratcegi. — Gilbert H. Raynor,
Victoria House, Brentwood. January igi/i, 1891.

Apamea ophiogramma. — I took six specimens of this moth in my
garden last summer. I have collected here intermittently for the past
five years, but have not seen it before. Plusia chrysitis and P. iota
have appeared freely this year. I took them specially at valerian and
sweetwilliam blossom. — J. E. K. Cutts, Bushey, Herts.

Note on Viminia myric^. — I was out one day last week searching
for V. myriccc pupre, and was very successful, taking as many as two or
three on one stone, but after two hours' work, I gave it up for the day,
as it was so cold. This species is distributed over all the lowland
districts of Aberdeen and Kincardine (I have seen the larvre below
high-water mark at Muchalls), but in Perthshire it is almost confined to
the mountains. It has the reputation of being difficult to rear from
ova, but, if fed entirely on birch, there is no difficulty. The ? deposits
ova naturally upon clods and stones, more rarely on the food-plant, and
if one ovum be got, more can always be obtained, as they are generally
laid in batches of threes or fours, and they are very easily seen from
their bright red colour. — W. Reid, Pitcaple. December, 1890.

Time of Appearance of Miana strigilis and M. fasciuncula. —
I see {ante, pp. 243, 244) a note by Mr. Porritt, in which he mentions

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 347

that in his district Miann fasciuncula always precedes M. s/rigilis.
Here they appear together in June, and I take them side by side at
sugar. They are particularly partial to sugared leaves of the stinging
nettle. — W. F. Johnson, Winder Terrace, Armagh. December 2\th,
1890. [I have many more communications of a similar nature, but as
only this is of scientific interest because Mr. Johnson captured the
doubtful specimens, I have omitted them. — Ed.]

Agrotis ashworthii in Anglesey. — In August, I took one imago
of Agrotis ashworthii in Anglesey. I fancy this is a new district for it.
— T. TuNSTALL, Warrington.

Deilephila galii at Clapton. — Deilephila galii, if one may judge
from the few records of its capture, has been rare during the past
season (1890); it may therefore be of interest to note that on August
1 2th last a specimen, in good condition flew in, to a light in the house
and was captured by myself. — Jas. A. Slmes, Cricketfield Road, Lower
Clapton, E.

EUDOREA ULMELLA (SC0PARL\ CQNSPICUALIS) IN THE CaSTLE EdEN

District. — On the 20th of August last, whilst collecting in a wood in
the Castle Eden district, with my friend, Mr. John E. Robson of
Hartlepool, we came across a few Eiidorea conspicualis {iilmelld) sitting
on tree trunks. — T. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham. Sept.. 1890.

Arctia caia EMERGING IN DECEMBER. — A specimen oi Ardia caia
emerged, a few days before Christmas, from a single larva (out of several
hundreds) which thought fit to feed up and pupate in November. The
others seem to be hybernatingall well. — R. Dutton, Castle Mills Bridge,
York. January^ 189 1.

Strange pupation of Dicranura vinula. — I have had brought
me this winter, two cocoons of D. viuula, one attached to a brick in a
front wall, and one to a board underneath the floor of an empty house,
where it must have crawled during the building. They were taken in
the neighbourhood of Crouch End, and, so far as I can ascertain, the
pupas are both alive. I have kept both for the inspection of anyone
interested. — George Penn, 12, Hornsey Park Road, N. January, 1891.

Eromea ocellea. — I wonder whether it will throw any light on the
habits of this rarity by stating that one of my specimens is as greasy as
any internal feeder. Most of the Crambi feed among moss, or at the
roots of grasses. Ocellea may be a stem feeder ; nothing appears to be
known about its habits in this country, and only some half-dozen
specimens have ever been taken. — J. B. Hodgkinson, Ashton-on-
Ribble. February Zth, 1891.

Habits of the Larv^ of Gonophora derasa. — On October 4th,
I beat from Rubus fruticosus a larva of this species, and, as Newman's
book does not fully describe its habitat, a few notes of my observations
might prove interesting to those who have not yet had the pleasure of
rearing this caterpillar. On reaching home I placed the larva in a
roomy cage (with glass sides) about i r inches high, and supplied it
with a long spray of bramble, keeping it fresh by means of a small
bottle of water inserted in the sand at the bottom of the cage. The
larva at once commenced to conceal itself by burying under the moss
with which the top of the sand was littered ; it hid there during day-
light, but when darkness set in it crawled from its hiding place,
ascended the bramble, and commenced feeding on the topmost leaf.

348 THE entomologist's record.

It did not fall from its foodplant when the rays of the lamp fell on it,
but ceased feeding, and rested with its anal extremity raised. The next
morning I found it had again hidden under the moss, but in the even-
ing I found it attacking the same leaf, where it had left off feeding the
previous night. On the third day I found it had not gone under the
moss, and I was at a loss to find its whereabouts for a time, but at last
discovered it had formed a little habitation by fastening the edges of
two leaves firmly together at the bottom of its foodplant. On seeing
this I very gently opened part of the leaves, which I found were
fastened together by a kind of glutinous silk, and therein discovered my
interesting little friend lying partly curled up and apparently very snug,
and I did not further disturb it. When darkness set in, it left its litde
house and again ascended to the top of its foodplant, and I found it
invariably commenced feeding from the same leaf it had left unfinished
at its former meal. The morning following I found it had retired
within its fort and closed the door, and, when once this had been done,
it was impossible to tell where it let itself in and out, although, by
careful watching, I afterwards ascertained that it always made its exit
or ingress at one particular spot between the edges of the leaves ! but
what mostly interested me was to see it each night for about a fortnight
leave its domicile, ramble to the end of its spray of food, and, aftei
having its feed, retire before the morning dawned, to its same abode.
It did not eat the leaves close about its place of refuge, but always
made its way to the top of its foodplant, and ate the leaves off clean
downwards. This would suggest that in a state of nature the larva
would be found feeding at the extreme end of the brambles. The
larva is a very small eater. When it had eaten up about a third of the
leaves from the top of the plant, I inserted a freshly cut spray, but it
never touched the leaves of this ; it seemed to have learnt its road to
and from its residence on the first piece, and it would appear as if it
were afraid of straying on to the new piece of bramble, which was by
the side of the other, for fear of not being able to find its way back.
It may appear strange, but I always found it on the first spray up to
the time it pupated, about two weeks after its capture. The cocoon
was made not with leaves, but with moss and sand. I was impressed
with the instinct such a small creature possessed, in finding its way
back to the same retreat, and that it never ate part of its own dwelling.
From my observations, the larvce are entirely night feeders, never ven-
turing abroad during daylight. It is a bright caterpillar, of a raw
sienna-brown colour, as Newman says ; but my specimen had the
medio-dorsal stripe much darker, instead of being "paler;" in fact, the
stripe was very dark brown inclining to black, the white spots on the
fourth segment had a slightly yellowish tint. I have no doubt it is
gifted with its mode of concealment on account of its bright colours,
which would be very conspicuous on the dark leaves of its foodplant,
but in the home it constructs it can lie concealed the whole day from
the most prying eyes. I beat the bramble for more than half a mile, in
hope of thrashing out more larvte of the same species, but failed to do
so. It would be a difficult matter to beat them out when they are
once fastened up in their retreat ; another season I shall do beating or
searching for them when they are taking their evening rambles. — Geo.
Elson, Densham Cottage, Plymouth.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 349

The Lepidoptera of Brockley. — Perhaps a few notes on the
Macro-lepidoplera of Brockley, a district lying just outside the four mile
radius from Charing Cross, will not be uninteresting to some, and may
hel[) to show that, even in our near suburban districts, a very respectable
number of species may be collected, even by those whose opportunities
are very limited. The observations have been all made during the last
four years (i 887-1890). Among the Butterflies, Pieris brassiccB and
P. rapcB occur everywhere, and P. napi has occurred. Gonopteryx
r/iitinni\ one h)bernated female. Vanessa tirtiae, sparingly, A few
V. atalanta and V. cardui, and of the latter, one larva. Epiiiephele
tithonus, a few. Ccenojiympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phlceas and
Lyccefia icanis on the railway banks. One Hesperia sylvaniis in the
garden Of the Sphinges, Smerinthus ocellatus, S. populi and 6". tilia
occur, the two latter commonly in the larval stage. They can easily be
found by searching the pavement for their frass. Sesia tipuliformis, in
the garden, I believe from currant bushes bought by my neighbours and
myself at Carter's. The species has occurred each year. Nola
cucuUateUa, very common as larvae, a few very dark ones have been bred.
Euchelia jacobcea, has been taken. Arctia caja, larvae very common,
and I had one imago of A. villica brought me this year. Spilosoma
fuliginosa, used to occur on the railway. Spilosofnu hibricipeda and
S. menthastri, larvae very common. Those I took this year, I fed on
ivy, and am anxiously awaiting the result. Hepialus humiili, common
at dusk. H. sylva/ius, one. H. lupulinus, common, often taken in day
time, by searching the undersides of planks lying among grass. One or
two of the white forms have been taken. Larvae of Cossus ligniperda,
common, I took one imago in Lyndhurst Grove, Peckham. Ztuzera
pyri?ia, fairly common, I took one female on an apple tree of minute
dimensions in the garden. Porthesia chrysorrhcea, a few. Orgyia
antiqua, common of course. Bombyx neustria, a few larvae on hawthorn.
Cilix g/aucata, a few, both larvae and imagines. Dicramira vinula^
larvae common on poplar. Phalera bucephala, larvae occurred each year
on the same bush. Bryophiia peria, on most walls. Ciispidia psi, the
larvae common on trunks of lime trees. C. aceris, one larva now and
then. C. tnegacephala, larvae common. Leucania conigera, a. few on
fences. Z. pallens and Gortyna flavago, one or two. Hydrcecia
niditans, at flowers. Xylophasia liihoxylea, and X. tnoiwglypha, at light.
Luperi/ia testacea, at privet flowers. Mamestra brassicce and M.persicarice^
larvae very common, imagines at flowers with Apamea ophicgramma and
A. didyina. Miana strigilis and v. cethiops at lily and privet bloom with
Caradrina quadripimdata, Agrotis segetum, A, exc/amationis, and A.
nigricans. Noctua xanthographa, larvae under tufts of grass at Cliristmas
tmie. TripJuena fimbria, T. conies^ and T. pronuba in the larval stage,
the last very common. Mania typica, larvK very common, often feeds
on currant. One or two larvae of Calymtiia trapezina. A few Hecatera
Serena, on one fence. Polia chi, one or two. Afiseiia oxyacantha, a few
larvae. Eupkxia hicipara and Phlogophora meticulosa, one of each.
Hadena trifolii and JP. okracea, larvae abundant on Chenopodiian : the
latter feeds well on London-pride. Habrostola tripartita a few. Plusia
iota, several have flown in to light. P. gamma, the larvae feed and spin
up on geraniums in the garden. Euclidia mi, one on the railway bank.
Catocala nupta, one larva and several imagines on a wall. Uropiervx

D

3-50 THE entomologist's record.

samb7/caria, common, the larvae feed on ivy in the garden. Riimia
luteo/ata, very common. Crocallis elinguaria, larvae common. Eugonia
quercinaria, on fences and trunks. Phigalia pedaria and Bistoti hirtaria,
larvae of the latter common on hawthorn. Hemerophila abruptaria,
common. Boarmia repandata and B. gem/naria, of the latter I bred v.
perfiwiai'ia from larvae taken on ivy. Acidalia incanaria, on fences.
Halias vauaria, ^.ndi Abraxas grossidariata, comxnon in gardens. The
two varieties of the former species occur in about equal numbers each
year. Hybernia ?-upicaf>raj-ia, H. lencophcearia. H. marginaria, and
H. defoliarin all occur more or less commonly, both as imagines and
larvae. Anisop^eryx cescularia, with the former on fences. Chehnatobia
bruinata and C. boreata, the former common. Oporabia dilutata a few.
Lareniia didymata, one. Eupithecia oblo7igata, common in the gardens.
E. subfwtai'a, larvae very common. E. tuilgata, on fences. E.
rectatigulata, a few. Hypsipetes trifasciata, one. H. sordidata, larvae
common on hazel. Melanippe fluctuata, very common, I have taken
several good varieties, it is the most variable species for size I know.
Camptograjnma bilineata, abundant. Cidaria doiata, larvae in gardens.
Pelurga comitata, larvae common. Eiibolia limitata, common on railway
banks. Pyralis cosfalis, one, and P. farinalis, several. Scoparia
ambigua/is, one. Eudotricha flaiumealis, a very nice series from the
railway bank. Eui-rhypa>-a urticalis, common in the garden. Scopula
olwaiis, a (qw. Botys rura/is, common. Ebulea crocea/is, one. Pio/iea
forficalis, very common. Cataclysta le/ii7iah's, common. Of the Pterophori
Platyptilia go/iodac/yla, Pierop/iorus j?io?iodaciyhis, and Aciptilia penta-
dactyla occur, the first mentioned is very common in both broods.
Crainbus prcBtellus^ C. pinetelliis (two), C. per/eilus, C. warritigtouelliis
C. cidmelliis, and C. horhiellus, occur fairly commonly in fields and
roughs. Ephestia picelhi, one in the house. I have not worked
systematically at the Tortrices and Tine^e, but they are, as regards
numbers, as well represented as the Macros. No doubt, other entomo-
logists in the district have taken species which I have not. It would
be well for them to record their observations as a contribution towards
the fauna of our rich suburban districts. — H. J. Turner. J(-Tn.^ 1891.

.^IBLIOGRAPHY.

ADDITIONS TO THE BrU'ISH LiST AND CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE

Lepidoptera.

Diphnis hypothous, Oamer. A specimen was taken at Crieff, N.B.,
some years ago, and recorded at the time as ChcErocatnpa \Daphnis\ 7iern,
see Entom. Soc, Feb. 4, 1891. The species is a native of Borneo,
Java, and Ceylon.

Coleoptera.

Scyphophotus interstitialis, Gylh., a curculionid, native of Haiti and
Mexico ; and Aceraius comptoni^ Kaup, a species of LucanidcC, native
of Ceylon, were found by Mr. Bowring in his greenhouse [probably at
Wmdsor], and exhibited by Mr. C. O. Waterhouse before the Entom.
Soc. on Feb. 4.

C'UURKN'I' NOTES. 351

HOMOPTKRA.

Lecaiiiiim sarotha/niii, n. sp., J. W. Douglas, I^.M.M., 65. Hereford,
found by Dr. Chapman on broom.

Lecanium ciliaium, n. sp , J. W. Douglas, E.M.M., 67. Devon and
Delimere Forest, on oak. — \\ D. .\. Cockericll.

(gURRENT NOTES.

A Special Index, containing every reference to the various species
mentioned in Vol. I. of The Entomologisf s Record afid Journal oj
Variation, will be ready for issue in a few da\s, ]3rice is. Ai)plication
should be made at once to Mr. A. J. Hodges, 2, Highbury Place, N.

Lord Walsingham, in his Address to the Fellows of the Entom-
ological Society, said : "Already we have to welcome a new publica-
tion, The Entomologisf s Record and Journal of Variation^ edited by
Mr. J. W. Tutt. ... An especially interesting line of inquiry as con-
nected with the use and value of colour in insects, is that which has
been followed up in Mr. Tutt's series of papers on ' Melanism and
Melanochroism' in The Entomologist's Record."

The Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological Society
will be held at the " Bridge House " Hotel, on Wednesday and
Thursday Evenings, the 15th and i6th of April next. Tickets from
the Secretary, 83, Brayard's Road, Peckham, S.E.

The London and Provincial Societies are all apparently in a very
active state just now. The Miana epidemic has touched Liverpool ;
we expect to hear of its arrival in Scotland very shortlv. Mr. F. N*
Pierce, at a meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society, considered that he could distinguish M. strigilis and M.
fasciuncula by the structure of the genital armature.

fgOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — March ^th, 1891, — The
Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A,, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the
Chair. Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited, and made remarks on, a curious
Coleopterous larva with a case somewjiat resembling that of the
Lepidopterous genus, Psyche, which was found [at the Theatre of
Bacchus, Athens. Mr. J. W. Douglas sent for exhibition specimens of
Icetya ( Crossafossonta) cegy/'tiaca, which, through tiie kindness of Mr.
A. D. Michael, he iiad received from Alexandria on the 19th January
last It was stated that in travelling most of them had become loose,
and had lost their waxen appendages ; but a few still remained on the
stems of their foodjjlant. In connection with this subject, .Mr. G. H.
Verrall alluded to a Dipterous parasite of fcerya I'roin Adelaide —
Lestophorais iceryce, Willi^ton --which had been bred fiom /cerya pur-
chasi, Mask., last February. .Mr. McLachlan and Lord ^Vai^i^ghaal

B52 THE entomologist's record.

continued the discussion. Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a long and in-
teresting series of Triphcena comes {orbona), from various parts of the
South of England, Yorkshire, Forres, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Lewis,
and the North of Ireland. Mr. G. F. Hampscm exhibited a series of
varieties oi Flotheia frontalis, Walk., which was the only species in the
genus, and confined to Ceylon. He said that the varied forms of this
species had been described under twenty-one different names by Walker,
Felder, and Moore. Mr. F. Merrifield showed a number of specimens
of Selenia ilhisiraria^ of three different stocks, proving that the spring
brood of this species, which passed the winter in the pupal stage, was,
like the sununer pupa, materially affected in colouring by the tempera-
ture to which the pupa had been exposed in its later stages. He
thought this fact, coupled with similar results ascertained with respect
to the single-brooded Ennomos autiimnaria, indicated that the operating
cause was one of wide general a])plication, and that valuable results
might be looked for if entomologists would turn their attention to the
subject. Capt. Ehves said that in his experience in many parts of the
Palaearctic region, in Japan, in the Taunus Mountains, on the north-
eastern part of the Mediterranean, in the Canary Islands, and else-
where, where there was a combination of heat and moisture, all the
commoner species of Lepidoptera occurring in this country attained a
larger size and a greater brilliancy of colouring than in colder and drier
regions ; and he referred to such species, amongst others, as Pieris
hrassiae and Argyntiis paphia. The discussion was continued by Mr.
Tacoby, Mr. Fenn, and others. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher exhibited a long
series of Zygcena lonicercB from York, and Zygcena filipendulce from
Shoreham, Sussex ; also a series of hybrids obtained by crossing these
two species. He stated that the eggs obtained from these hybrids
were all infertile. Lord Walsingham jaid this latter fact was extremely
interesting. Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a living specimen of an
ichneumon which had just emerged from a chrysalis of Papilio tatmiis.
Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited a number of species belonging to the genera
Lema and Diabrotica, and read a paper on them, entitled " On mimetic
resemblances between species of the Coleopterous genera Lema and
Diabrotica" Lord Walsingham, Mr. Jacoby, Colonel Swinhoe, and Mr.
Champion took part in the discussion which ensued. — H. Goss and W.
W. Fowler, Hon. Secretaries.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— February iqth, 1891. — Exhibits : Mr. Clark, Noctua conflua, bred from
ova; larvse of Cossus ligniperda, showing the pale form u.suaily obtained
in the spring ; also a photograph of a white frog. Mr. Battley,
varieties of Chelonia caja. Mr. Milton, Xanthia silago, Cidaria
immanata, Pyrausta punicealis and Botys flavalis ; also the following
Coleoptera : — P/ia'aphslus edzvardsii, Zeugophora Jiavicollis, Trachy-
phlceus spinimanus and .l.elandria caraboides. Mr. H easier, Cicones
variegatus (taken under beech bark), Alegacronus inclinans, Agathidium
varians, Bembidiuni /nanncrheimi, Tachitnis siibferraneus, Coryphium
angusticonis, etc., all from Loughton. Mr. Battley said that he had
been to Richmond Park, and taken A. kiecop/uvaria, H. dtfoliaria,
C. bnimata, P. pilosaria, and one specimen oi N. hispidaria. He also
drew the members' attention to the new part of Epping Forest

.s()c[ETn':.s. 353

(Higham Park) whicli had just then been thrown o[)en to the public.
Mr. Milton had been to Richmond and Enfield, and taken several of
the spring insects. He lemarked that specimens of H. di'foliaria were
still to be obtained in good condition, their emergence having probably
iieen retarded by the long frost. The Secretary read a paper by Mr. J.
E. Robson on Abraxas pantatia, in which he expressed his opinion
that this species, Abraxas itlmata, A. leopardina, and many other
Asiatic forms, were but varieties of one species. To prove this, he
minutely described the markings of A. uliiiaia^ as compared with
A. pantaria, and showed that the same markings and colours were
present in both -species, but that in A. pantaria they were less pro-
nounced both in size and colour, whilst even in the var. cataria,
which had scarcely any markings, the peculiarities could still be
observed. The paper was illustrated by various specimens from
different countries. In the discussion which followed, Messrs. Clark
and Boden stated that they had formerly taken A. ulinata near
Croydon. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr. Hodges, and seconded
by Mr. Smith, was unanimously accorded to Mr. Robson for his kind-
ness in sending the paper.

March 5th, 1891. — Exhibits : Mr. Clark, various species of British bees
and wasps. Mr. Milton, Hyberuia rupicapraria^ H. leucophcearia^ and
Ennomos autumn aria ; the following Coleoptera also, Dytiscus punc-
tulaius, D. circum^exus, Pocadius ferriigineus, Sa'pin^us castaneus,
Hypop/icei/s bicoior, and Mycetopliagus i^pustulatus. Mr. Heasler,
Tetratoma fungoruni, and a specimen of Dorcus panlklopipedus taken
on February 21st, the usual time of appearance of this species being
June. Mr. Battley, a glass case containing living bees, with their
queen, to illustrate his i>aper.

Mr. Battley read a paper on "The Honey-Bee and Modern Bee-
keeping." He first remarked on the great antiquity of bee-keeping,
and contrasted the old wasteful methods with the modern system.
He then described the varieties of the iioney-bee domesticated in
Britain — the black bee {Apis mellifica) being taken as the type, and
the Ligurian, Syrian, Cyprian, and Carniolian bees compared to it in
markings and habits. These races interbreed freely with the black
bees, and the hybrids are fertile, but always spiteful, thus showing a
reversion to the wild bee. He explained the structure of the comb
and the theory of the hexagonal cell showing that the cells on the
edges of the comb were circular, and that the hexagonal form was
obtained by the mutual pressure of other cells. He then gave an
account of the life-history of the bees. The workers are imperfect
females, and attain the perfect state in twenty-one days from the
time the egg is deposited. The number contained in one hive
during the summer months is about 25,000, Besides accomplishing
the ordinary work of the hive, they feed the larvse and gather the
honey. The drones, or males, come to maturity in twenty-lour days,
and only exist in the swarming season, their sole u^e being to fertilize
the young queens. The queen, or perfect female, is the mother of
all the bees in the hive, and emerges on the fifteenth day. She
produces two kinds of eggs, viz. female and male, the latter not
being fertilized. If i)y reason of any deformity, the quei n is never
impregnated, then her eggs will hatch into drones. The structure and

;?54 THE entomologist's record.

products of the bee were touched upon, especially the honey-sac, wax-
pockets, pollen-baskets, and sting. Persons who were stung by bees
were recommended to remove the sting, and avoid rubbing the spot.
The ailments and enemies of bees were remarked upon, and pre-
ventive methods suggested.

In- the second portion of his paper, Mr. Battley described some of
tl'.e appliances that were used in modern bee-keeping ; the use of
hives, fran)es, sections, smokers, extractors, wax foundation, etc., being
illustrated by specimens on the table. He concluded by giving an
explanation of some of the manipulations that were performed under
the modern system.

Mr. Milton proposed that a vote of thanks be given to Mr. Battley,
which was seconded by Dr. Buckell, and carried unanimously. — G. A.
l.EWCOCK and A. U. Battley, Hon. Sees.

South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
— February 12th, 1891, — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a long series of
Aplccta occulta bred from ova obtained from Forres last autumn, and
fed up indoors ; these were not so dark as the usual Rannoch form.
Mr. Tugwell, Mclanippe hastata showing the two forms, viz. from Sussex
and from Shetland ; also three specimens of Bisukia ligustri. Mr. B.
I,. Nussey, a fine series of T/iecla pruni from Northamptonshire. -Mr.
McLachlan, various species of Nocture, including I\loctua giareosa,
Volia chi, Agrotis porpliyrr.a and Epunda nigra., taken at Aberdeen.
Mr. M. Fariant, a fine var. of Sfnerinthus tilicc. Mr. T. R. Billups,
numerous finely mounted specimens of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, etc.
from New Caledonia, collected and sent over by a friend of Mr.
Tugwell ; also specimens of Foraininifira and shells from the drift,
1 rought bv Mr. C. G. Barrett from Pembroke. Mr. Billups read some
notes showing the almost infinite variety of species discovered amongst
the sand by the aid of the microscope. Mr. West, of Streatham, who
had also examined some of the same, remarked upon the numerous
remains of Zoophytes therein. Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell exhibited spe-
cimens of numerous varieties of slugs and read some lengthy notes
thereupon. Mr. Auld, a drawing of a variety of Abraxas grossulariata
from Liverpool. Mr. Tugwell spoke of the abuse of the laws of priority
in naming species. An amusing discussion was here started by Mr.
West, and supported by Messrs. J. H. Carpenter and H. J. Turner, as
to the ditifidence evinced by younger members in bringing exhibits, in
consequence of the want of interest shown by the older members

February 26///, 1891. — Exhibits: Mr. J. M. Adye, a series of Noto-
donta camelina with a specially dark variety. Mr. H. Moore, a large
South American moth Erebus odora. Mr. E. Step, a $ Vespa germanica
alive, taken hybernating during the winter. Mr. Billups claimed to
have introduced this species by his capture of 9 J 's on January 17th,
four years ago, on Wanstead Common. Mr. H. J. Turner, series of
TripJuEtia pronuba 2iX\^ Mclanippe fluctuata.,{xovc\ his garden at Brockley,
the latter showing unusual range of variation. Mr. J. T. Carrington
who was very warmly received on his return after his illness, made some
remarks on some Wasps' nests to be seen at the British Museum. Mr.
T. D. A. Cockerell exhibited Beliothis arinigera N'ar. umbrosa from the
United States, and made some remarks on the larva of Leucania wii.

SOCIETIES, 355

puncia as the " army worm " of that country. Messrs. C. Fenn,
R. South, and H. McArthur exhibited series of vars. of various Tri-
phcen(2 to illustrate Mr. Adkin's paper on the genus. A most inieresiing
paper was then read by Mr. R. Adkin " On the Genus Triphaena."
In opening, Mr. Adkin made some remarks on the nomenclature of the
genus dealing especially with the species orbona {comes) and subsequa
[orbofui). The six British species were then dealt with separately, the
geographical range and degree of variation being dealt with. 7\ orbona
was exhaustively dealt with, and some specially beautiful varieties were
exhibited. Attention was directed to the allied continental species,
Mr. Adkin exhibiting specimens of lithogriseata Schiff., from B^^rlin.
Reference was then made to the distribution in the British Isles of
T. orbona var. curtisii, and drew the attention of members to the fine
banded forms from Aberdeen, exhibited by Mr. Fenn, and to the splen-
did series exhibited recently by Mr. J. \V. Tutt, and captured by Mr. VV.
Reid, of Pitcaple. Mr. Adkin illustrated his remarks by a large number
of specimens of the s|)ecies in this genus, comprising individuals from
Asia Minor, Dalmatia, Saxony, and various parts of the British Isles.
Mr. R. Soutli called attention to the specimens in his own exhibit as
illustrating various points in Mr. Adkin's paper. Mr. Tugwell refeired
to the difference in the width and intensity of the black border of tlie
hind wings in subsequa and orbona. Mr. Fenn remarked upon the
comparative absence of pigment in the hind wings of some bred speci-
mens. It was then announced that the Annual Report would be in
members' hands by the first week in March. Mr. C. G. Barrett, F.P^.S.
was unanimously elected Vice-President. — A. J. Hodges.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.— 7^(7n7z 9///,
1891. — A paper by Mr. J. Herbert Stott was read on "A parasitic
fungus forming its base in the larva of a New Zealand Lepidopteron."
The Hon. Secretary, Mr. F. N. Pierce, read a paper entitled " Notes on
the genital ai mature of the genus Aliana" in which he referred to the
recent controversy respecting the distinctiveness of the two species M,
st/igi/is and J/, fasciuncula, and showed by the examination of the
structure of the genital armature that they were probably specifically
different. The paper was illustrated by the author's preparations thrown
on a screen by the aid of the oxy-hydrogen micro-lantern and exhibits
of specimens from various parts of the country by the President and
members.F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec.

CONTENTS OF VOI.LJME I.

PAGE

Aberdeenshire Notes 101, 102, 103, 155, 157, 177, 21-4, 215, 337

Abuudauce of Ag?otis pyrophila in Aberdeenshire, 214 ; Cloautha solidagiuis

on Cannock Chase, 337 : of larvte (London District^ 214 ; ditto at

Lyndhurst, 287 ; ^W/z/rt ?;-w;v//a in the Isle of Wight ' 334

^^w/m <7^'-rt////;/(/ in the j\Iidlands ... .. ... ... ... ■•• ... 69

American foodplants of British insects, 19 ; pai-asites of British species of

Lepidoptera, 326 ; species representative of British, 9 ; varieties of British

species 13,60,96,239

Aneurism 95,126,174,273,327

Apamid.ts, pajDer at City of London Ent. Soc 218

Arachnida 307

.Vrran Notes 101

'"Assembling" Staiiropus fagi, 67; Amphidasys prodro'iiaria, 17 ; Sesia sfi/n-gi-

formis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 97

Attractiveness of flowers, 340 : Ballota iiis^ra, 131, 138 ; Raspberry blossom,

212; Tritoina tivaria ..." ... '^ 40,261,288

Autumn Notes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 251

Berks, Notes :— Newbury 46, 100, 180, 289 ; Reading ...20, 41, 159, 181, 210, 246
Bibliography (additions to the British lists and changes in Nomenclature)

151, 172, 201, 234, 283, 307,' 350

Birmingham 133,162

Books on A6'«r<7;>/t'rrf and Trichoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... 73

Breeding (results in 1890) 213

Bristol \.. . 159

Brockley, Lepidoptera of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 349

Captures at Sallows, 37, 39 : Tritovia iiraria, 40, 261, 288 ; on Island of Jethou,

139; rare Coleoptera ... ... ..-. ... ... ... ... ... 136

Channel Islands (Notes) 102,103,210,249

Cocoons, with two exits, 174 ; common to two pupse ... ... 175, 236, 272

Coleoptera Notes 35, 104. 114, 1:33, 151, 162, 173, 210, 235, 250, 283 ; Gtenus

Donacia 278,300

Colzas hyalc in the Spring ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 338

Collecting sallow catkins, 341 ; Collectors, 99 ; Collections, 331 ; of late Dr.

Signoret ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 97

QiuVowx oi\)\oo(S. ot Bisto)! hirtaria ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

Current Notes 10,32,57,96,127,152,175,238,280,305,351

Dates of Appeai'ances in 1890 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 340

Description oi larva, of J/£/top/io/>us /iis/>!(fii.^ ... ... ... ... ... 43

Devon Notes : — Horrabridge, 129. 156 ; Braunton Burrows, 158 ; General

Notes ■ 210, 252

Diiiereutiation of Mclita'a at/ialia, partheuie^ and aurelia, 175 ; Cheimatobia

borcafa a,\\(\. luiiinata, 21'i \ Cidaria riissata wA immauata ... ... ... 'Tib

Digging tor pn-piB oi //ydrarla pt'lasitl.<: ... ... ... ... ... ... 336

Dimoii^hism and Polymorphism (origin of) ... ... ... ... ... 10

Diptera (Notes) 116,152,284,307

Disease as a cause of variation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 236

DistTihutioii oi Cidar/a .f?ij''uwafa \a,r. piciala ... ... ... ... ... 239

Dorset :— Portland, 102, 129, 161 ; Weymouth 133

Double-broodedness of Acidalia emutaria, 20 ; of species in 1889, ... ... 19

Doubleday Collection, Tlie 127

Durham, 179 ; Darlington 133,253,334

Early Season Notes, 22 ; Spring moths, 18 ; abundance of ... ... ... 22

Emergence of Aplecta occulta in November, 290; Arctia caia in December ... 347

Entomology in the Midlands in 1828 339

Errata 173,187,227,306

CONTENTS. 357

PAGB

Erratic appearance of As^rotis segdum and A. sufftisa, 18 ; of certain Lepidoptera 341
Essex :— Epping Forest, 103, 104, 132, 156, 249 ; Marshes, 101, 132, 158, 209 ;

Sesia sf'hegiformis^'wx ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100

Explanation of Plates 29,84,228,327

Fecundation before hybernation 236,273,327

Foodplant of Catocala fraxiui^ 185, 260; Eupithecia cxtensarta, 67; Eupcecilia

7iolnla)ia,VA\\ Toiiri.x forstera>ia [adjiinclana) ... ... ... ... 45

Forcing pupas ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47

Fratricidal conduct ot //cme> oJ>/n/a adru/>/an\i ... ... ... ... 343

Genus .-^oc?«)r/a and its Allies 1,26,74,145,193,221,269

Qqixvlb Do/mc/a, 27 S, 300; //omxosoma, "i^otes ou 325

Glands on thorax of certain Lepidoptera . ••• 237,304

Gloucestershire 100,101,161

Guernsey 103,210,249

Habits of Aglossa pinguinalis, 259 ; Epione vesperta7-ia,29>2 ; I.obophora viretata,
40 ; Taf^inostoLi concoior, 264 ; I'oftrix forsterana {adjunctand) 45, 65 ;
I'imtuia rnvriciT,V?,l \ Some of our Spring moths ... ... ... ... 336

Habits of larvae of Gonophora i/t;rasa,3-i7; Noiiagria geminipitncta., 105; Tani-
ocampa popuUti, 137 ; Tethea retttsa, 109 : 7'. subtusa, 137 ; Xanthia

citraqo 342

Hampshire :— New Forest, 130, 155, 159, 207, 287; I. of Wight, 131,251;

Winchester 133,252

Hemiptera (Notes) 110,116,152,173,307

Hereford 37, 132

Holes in wings of Lepidoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 272

Homoptora (Notes) 202,284

Humidity as a cause of Melanochroism ... ... ... ... ... ... 125

Hybernating larvae 183,213,215

TLYhrids, between Sinen'nt^nis oceHatus and S. popiili ... ... ... 95,202

Hymenoptera (Notes) 115,152,202,235

Insect Parasites ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 186

Inverness ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .308

Ireland :— Armagh, 104, 156, 211, 310; Donegal, etc., 287; Howth, 68,133,

158, 100, 287 ; Sligo 178,340

Is Miana fasciuuciila a variety of M. strigilis ? 242, 243, 306

Isle of Man 181,209,260

Juniper, Eiipilhecice on ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 109

KeeiJiug pupae through the Winter .. . ... ... ... ... 47,140,263

Kent {Scsia allanfiformis), 100 ; Chatham, 207 : Cuxton, 101 ; Deal, 129, 203,

244; Folkestone, 206; Higham, 105: Lee 158,159,252

Killing Lepidoj^tera, 41, 66, 111, 186 ; L. depressa 258, 344

Lancashire :— 160, 247, 334 ; Liverpool. 130, 286: St. Aune's-on-Sea 103, 155, 247

LaurelJar, The 113

Leaf-cutter Bees ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 139

Life-history of Agrotis pyi opkila, 337 ; Epiiiida lichenea., 100 ; HcliopJiobiis his-

pidits ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

Light, captures at Newbury, 180, 289; Poeciliocatnpa popitli ... 20, 334, 341

Local Natural History Collections ... ... ... ... ... ... 43,116

London district... 101,103, 104, 130, 132, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 206, 214, 246, 249
Macro-lepidoptf>ra, Rare at Sheffield ... ... ... ... ... ... 256

Malvern 157

Melanism and Melanochroism 5,49,84,96,121,169,228,293,317

^\.inif& ot I. ithoiolletis kleniannella ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 67

Moisture theory of Melanism, The ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 126

Morayshire ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 155

Naming Hemiptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 110

Neuroptt-ra, (Notes) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 73, 115

Neuroptera and Trichoptera ;Books upon)... ... ... ... ... 25,61,73

New Forest Notes 130,155,159,207,287

Norfolk (King's Lynn) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 156

Notes on Agrotis lunigera, 15 ; Genus Hoiinvosoiita, 325 ; Lila {Gehchia) jnnctella,
7; 'f.rtri.x pa.leaua,2,\\ Winter moths, 40 ; from SuH'olk, 21 ; tupiiluna
ptiniiltila ... ... ... ... ... ■•• ... ■•• ••• ■■• 4i)

Notes of the Season I'Coleoptera) 35, 104, 1:33, 162, 210, 250, :309

„ ^-Lepidoptera) \.. 22, 37, 61, 100, 128. 155, 178. 203, 244, 251, 286, 308. 332

358 CONTEXTS

I'AGK

Notices and Reviews: —

Additions to the British List of Deltoides, Pykales and Ciiambiu.e,

since lSb9, A'. Soia//, F.E.S. 201

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera, J?. SaimJt'i-s, F.L.S., F.E.S.... ... 48

Coleoptera of the Bi'itish Islands, (AV?'.) C"a;^w; /^3:c'/d'r ... ... ... 235

Descriptive Notes on some obscure British Sj)iders, (A'cZ'.'i F. O. Pickanl

Ca»il>ridi:c\ M.A.. F.E.S '. 307

History of British Lepidoptera, .S'. /,. y)/(v/^j/, 7^. £'.5. ... ... ... 220

Illustrated Handbook of British Dragon Flies, IV. Harcourt Bath 173, 220
Larva Collecting and Breeding, {Rev.) /. Seymour St. John, M.A. ... 48

Lepidoptera of SufEolk (The), [Rev) E. N. Bloom field, M.A., P,E.S. ... 316

Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera, Vol. 3, 1890,

Cameron ... ... ... ... . . ... ... ... ... 202

Monograph of the Varieties of the British Noctu^, /. W. Tutt, F.E.S. 24
On the Classiiication of the Pyralidina of the European Fauna, E. Mey-

rick, H.A., F.E.S 202

Rochester Naturalist, Vol. I., The Rochester Naturalists' Club 220

C. Freih. v. (liiuipp.nhero. Systema Geonietraruin zonse temperationis

septentrionalis : in Nov. Act. Leop.-Car. Akad. 1890 ... ... ... 201

Obituarv. C. G. Hall, F.E.S., 175; R. C. Jordan, M.D., F.E.S., 97: Owen

Wilson, F.E.S ... .■. '. ... 175

Ovi'y.m of Ar<ivinn.<: pa/'hia yii'm. valesina ... ... ... ... ... ... 29

Orthoptera (British) 97,115

Overlooked butterflies... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 260

Parallel Variation in Coleojitera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 306

Parthoijenesis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 95, 174

Peith (Notes) 101,129,206

Phvllo.xera (appearance at Chiswick) ... ... ... ... ... ... 153

Portland ' 102,129,161

Practical Hints 23,47,71,117,141,164,187

Preserving and ]\Iountiug Larvte ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 262

Pseudo-Neuroptera 173, 202

Rearing La-aoca^'ipa qiierci/olia, QQ>: Hadena genis'ir. 213,261; HemeroMiila

abrttplaria ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 339

Recent work on the Insect Fauna of Middlesex ... ... ... ... ... 114

Reported capture of Goiioptcry.x clcopatra ... ... ... ... ... ... 288

Reta-ded Emergences 19,23,47,108,109,126,339

Retarded development of wings of Tceniocampa stubilis owQuiexgeiiCQ ... 304

Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890 ... ... ... ... ... ... 284

Sale of Mr. Howard Vaughau's Collection of Macro-Lepidoptera ... ... 33

,, ,, „ Micro-Lepidoptera ... ... 58

Sallows (Captures at) 37, 39 ; success or non-success at, 342 : breedinc;- from

Catkins of . . . ' ' .' ... 341

Setting Lepidoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 253,345

Size-variation iu Z/rrfwa a/i'.w'.f, 35 ; EiicJilbc cardamines... ... ... ... 239

Societies ; —

City of London Entomological and Natural Historv Society 48, 71, 118,

144, 166, 189, 216, 264, 290, 312, 352

Entomological Society of London 108, 187, 218, 267, 311, 351

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Societv ... ... ... 316, 355

South London Entomological Socy. 72, 119, 14.3] 165, 190, 215, 268, 292, 315, 354

Somerset 39,156,160,161,251,252,253,287,332,334

Sp.-ing Coleoptera, 35 ; Moths, 46 ; Notes 35,37,61-65

Staffordshire 128,159

St -iinge -pu-patiou oi Die ran lira z'/ /I /I la ... ... ... ... ... ... 347

Sudden development of wings in Lepidoptera ... ... ... 237. -304, 327

Suffolk 21

Sus:a:-iiig, 140 ; in 1890, 335 ; Vanessa atalanta at Sngav, 338 : unproductive... 69
Snrrev (En /'ithecue in), 69 : Shirlev-.. ..■ ... •■■ ... .•• ••■ 104

Sasse.K (.S'^.f/a sphegiformis),^ ; Hastings, 162, 179, 246, 250; Chichester ... 245
Synonymic Notes, 9, 31 ; ditto of Ha worth's Plumes ... ... ... ... 90

Tfflniocampidse ; paper read at City of London Ent. Soc. ... ... ... 216

Temjierature and Variation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 272

Time of api^earance of Agrolis obelisca, 41 ; Miana stri;ilis and M. fasciuncnla,

3\6; Peron-.-a hastiana./>m.\ Pl:isiafestiu\c 1S4. 261

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

859

Time of day that various species emei'ge

Trichoptera

Unproductive sugaring

Variation, 11, 34, 59, 97, 127, 176, 239, 281, 306, 327 ; and temperature, 272 ;

and food, 330 ; associated with change of constitution in Ciispidia ahii ...
Varieties of Siiicriiithiis f/'li'i: (with coloured plate)

Wales (North). 253 ; Swansea 104 ,

Wallasey, 1G2 ; Warrington 128,130,158,161,

Wilts, 157; North ■ .\.

Work for the Winter ...

Wye Valley

Yorkshire :— York, 100, 128, 132, 156, 286 ;

mond, 130; Sheffield

Barnsley, 252

178,

Leeds, 309 ; Rich-
251,

1'A(;e

341

73

69

\ 271
, 327
204
287
332
288
333

256

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Aldersou, Hope 17, 95, 138, 140,

185, 275, 339, 341

Allen, J. E. R 253

Anderson, Joseph, Jun., F.E.S.

66, 112, 126, 139, 176, 245, 304

Arkle, J 174,186

Arnold, Lester 212

Ash, C. D., M.A 290

Atmore, E. A., E.E.S. 64, 67, 184, 212

Austin, W 11,12

Balding. George ... 59, 61, 156, 240
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S... . 241
Battley, A .U. 156,216, 264,290, 312, 354

Batty, J 63,251

Baxter, Holmes 103, 155

Baxter, T. ... 23, 63, 240, 247, 343

Bayne, Arthur F 108,249

Bazett, (Mr.s.) E., F.E.S. 65, 159,

185 237 25"^
Beales, J. H. D. 110, 176, 258', 261

Beechiug, R. A. Dallas ... 185.288

Bellamy, H. M 159

Birkenhead, G. A 258

Booth, G. A 247, 260, 261, 334

Bostock, E. D 159,240

Bowell, E. W. ... 132, 139, 174, 258

Brown, E. W. 37, 43, 102, 106.

129, 161, 275
Buckell, F. J., M.B. 21, 57, 69, 95,

130, 160, 177, 182, 186, 239, 275
Butler, A. G., F.L.S., F.E.S. .. 31

Butler, W. E 260

Carpenter, Joseph H. ... ... 206

Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S. 1,

26, 65, 74, 126, 145, 177, 193,

221, 269, 271, 272
Clark, J. A., F.E.S. ... 59, 176, 327

Clarke, H. Shortridge ... 209, 262

Cockerell, T. D. A. ... 9, 10, 13, 19,

60, 114, 151, 172, 201, 234, 239,

283, 306, 307, 326, 350

Collins, J . ... 62, 68, 128, 130, 138,

154, 161, 176, 241, 242, 282, 336
Cooper, J. A.... 64, 98, 100, 110, 184

... 1.33
... 98
... 174

345, 346
... 34

110, 210

34, 98. 109

... 286

... 140

... 261

100, 347
... 110
... 332
... 347
... Ill
.. 261
39,46,

Cripps, H.

Crosland, G. W. K

Culpin, Millais

Cutts, J. E. K

Dale, C. W., F.E.S.
Daunatt, W., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
Daws, W.
Dennis, G. C...

Dod, F. H. Wolley

Dunn, H. S., Jun. ...

Dutton, R. ...

Eastwood, John E., F.E.S.,

Eddrup, T. B

Elson, George

Esson, L. G

Farren, William
Fenn, Charles, F.E.S.,

47, 63, 71, 98, 108, 137, 138, 158,
159, 203, 213, 215, 2.36, 237, 240,
252, 253, 273, 276, 282, 327, 330,

342, 343

Ford, A 162,246,250

Forsj'th, A 6S, 133

Fowler, W. W., M.A.,F.E.S. 268,311,352
Fox, E. C. Dobrtie, M.A. 100, 157,

179. 277 287
Frohawk, F. W., F.E.S. ... ' 24oi 289

Gillo, Robert .. 251

Goldthwait, O. C, F.E.S. ... 132, 214

Goss, H., F.L.S., F.E.S. ... 168,

187, 218, 267, 311, 352
Griffiths, Geo. C, F.E.S. ... 101,

159, 236, 238
Grime, J. ... ... ... 214

Hall, A. E., F.E.S. ... 20,22,64,65,

98, 111, 129, 213, 256, 281, 345
Haues, E. 48, 71, 118, 144, 166,

189, 339

360

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE

Harker, G. A. 59, 130, 160, 286, 340
Harrison, J., F.E.S..., 252, 263, 342
Hart, G. V. ..68, 69, 133, 154, 158, 287

Heasler, H 134, 306

Henderson, J. .. ... ... 158

Henderson, T. J 70,240

Hewett, G. M. A., M.A. ...61, 133,

175, 183, 213, 252, 287, 288

Hewett, W 59, 132

Hicrgs, M. Stanger, F.E.S. ... 12, 35, 161

Hiil, Henry A. ... 127, 155, 159, 206

Hodges, Albert J. 15, 20, 37, 41 , 47,
62, 68, 102, 105,
131, 212, 249, 251, 334, .355
Hodgkinson, J. B., P.E.S.... 160, 347

Holland, W. ... 20, 39, 41, 159, 181,

187, 210, 246, 336
HoUis, George ... ... ... 153

Home, Arthur 64, 98, 103, 137,

155, 185, 240

Jager, J 153, 181

James, B. E 130,178,206

Jefferys, T. B 12,13

Johnson, W. P , M.A., F.E.S. 104,

156, 184, 211, 240, 309, 346
Kimber, (Miss) M., F.E.S. 12, 46,
100, 108, 109, 157, 180,
203, 213, 264, 289, 341, 343

King, T. W 62,67, 109

Kirk, P 95,202

Lee, Harry M 162

Lewcock, G. A. 35, 48, 71, 104, 113,
118, 136, 144, 166, 189 ,210,
216, 264, 278, 290, 300, 312, 354
Luff, W. A. 63, 103, 110, 139, 163,

185, 210, 259

Mackmurdo, W 59,103

Mackonchie, J. A., M.A 304

Macoiillan, W 160

IMaddison, T 97, 179, 347

Mansbridge, W 282,309

Mason, J. 39,40,63,138,141,156,
161, 215, 240. 252,
253, 327, 332, 334, 341
Meaden, Louis ... ... ... 39

Mera, A. W. .. 66, 161, 209, 240, 273

Merriiield, F., F.E.S 272

Milburn, W. ... 133, 253, 331, 334, 341

Mihie, William 290

Milton, F 135

Mutch, J. P., F.E.S 112

Newman, William ... 130, 239, 273

Newuham, F. B., M.A. ... 236,242

Nicol, J 102

Oldham, Charles 246,263

Packham, H. 282

Peuu, George ... 347

Pierce, F.N. 316, 355

Pike, A. E 162

Pon-itt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S. 73,

110, 137, 243, 274

Postans, R. D 338

Prideaux, R.M 63,213,272

Quail, A 262

Raynor, G. H., M.A. ...41, 3.35, 346

Reid, William 62, 101, 157, 177,

178, 214, 215, 260, 275,

278, 281, 282, 304, 331,

337, 338, 341, 342, 344, 346

Richardson, N. M., B.A. 184, 260,

281, 283, 330
Robertson, R. B. 22, 37, 62, 104,

107, 204, 342
Robinson, A., B. A., F.E.S. ... 101,

109, 264, 341

Robson, John E., F.E.S., 113

Russ, Percy H. ... 178, 274, 282, 340
Salwey, Reginald E., F.E.S. ...116
Sheldon, W. G. 21, 45, 69, 126,

139, 164, 185

Simes, J. A 97, 207, 239, 347

Smith, Bernard, M.A. ...67, 136, 263

Smith, W.W 125

Steuart, D. H. S 66,308

Stewart, A. M 101,160

Still, J. N 129, 156, 240, 338

Stott, C. E 260

Stott. J. H 261, 263

Thompson, B. Blaydes ... 11, 18

Thurnall, A 290,335

Tugwell, W. H., M.Ph.S 117

Tunaley, H. ... 40, 69, 133, 138, 274

Tuustall, Thomas .. 63, 158, 287, 347

Turner, H. J. ... 214, 344, 349

Tutt, J.W., F.E.S. 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14,

19, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 43,

45, 47, 49, 57, 61, 64, 65, 66, 72,

84, 90, 95, 98, 99, 100, 111, 119,

121, 128, 129, 143, 151, 165,

169, 174, 190, 203, 215, 220,

228, 236, 242, 244, 258, 262,

268, 273, 284, 292, 293, 306,

315, 316, 317, 325, 331, 341
Tyrer, J. 101, 109, 177, 207, 212, 339
Vaughan, J. Williams, Jua. 178, 333

Wainwright, C. J 13

Waldegrave, Right Hon. Earl, M.A.,

F.E.S 288

Walker, S. 63, 128, 156, 240, 242, 289

Warbi;rg, J. C 329

Waters,'"Albert H., B.A. ...• ...128

Wattson, R. ]\Iarshman ... ... 186

Webb, Sydney 237, 238, 241, 264,

282, 327, 331, 344

Wellman, J 109

White, F. Buchanan, M.D. F.L.S. 184
Whittle, F. G. ...101, 158, 242, 340

Wright, E. P 128,337

Wylie. J. ... 11, 18, 39, 101, 129

London: k.nigiit, pri.nter, middle STRiitT, aldersgate, e.c.

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(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select frotn.

T. GURNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF

SUPERIOR ENTOMOLOGICAL AND OTHER CABINETS,

50, BROADWAY, LONpON FIELDS, E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F. E. S.

AUGUST i^t/i, 1890.

LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO.,

13, Waterloo Place, London, S.W.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscriptions may be coiiiDienccii froiu ai.
date.

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Trade Mark.

Seventeen Medals ^^^\^f\ Tj^ Seventeen Medals
Awarded. ^^^^^^^^XX« Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!!!

INVALUABLE TO EARL'S KISERS.

Most Valuable to those whose pursuits iuYolve
Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not less
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the Manufactory, PENTONVILLE ,
LONDON, N.

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDBED'S HOUSE, FOULTBY, LOJ^DOJf, E.G.
ASSETS EXCEED . . .... £4,260,000

ANNUAL INCOME EXCEEDS £773,000

PAID TO POLICY HOLDERS and their Representatives . £8,797,228

This Society offers unusual advantages to intending Assurers; its tables are popular, easily understood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public,
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The Society is strong, efficiently managed, is well and
favourably known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoys.

MATES OF JPMEMIUM VERY MODERATE.

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most favouraWe Terms.

Lo&ns granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A., F.S.S., Actuary and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretarv.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OP

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setthtg Boards, Oval or Flat, etc. Cabinets of every

description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,

Highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms /or cash. Prices on application. Estimates given, Th* trade supplied.

Established since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets ana. Boxes to select front.

T. GURNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF

SUPERIOR ENTOMOLOGICAL AND OTHER CABINETS,

50, BBOADW&Y, LONDON FIELDS, E.

^;^

%^ THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E. S.

SEPTEMBER i^th, 1890.

LONDON :

W. H. ALLEN & CO.,

13, Waterloo Place, London, S.W

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subset iptions may be coinmenccd from any
date.

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Seventeen Medals f^^\f^^\ ^K Seventeen Medals
Awarded. V^^^^^^^.^^* Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!!!

INVALUABLE TO EARLY RISERS.

Most Valuable to those whose pursuits inYolve
Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

Trade Mark.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not less
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the Manufactory, PENTONVILLfi ,
LONDON N.

THE3I C3rFL:EST3:JS^T!i/£

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDBED'8 HOUSE, POULTRY, LOiNBON, E.G.
ASSETS EXCEED . . .... £4,260,000

ANNUAL INCOME EXCEEDS £773,000

PAID TO POLICY HOLDERS and their Representatives . £8,797,228

This Society offers unusual advantages to intending Assurers ; its tables are popular, easily understood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public,
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The Society is strong, efficiently managed, is well and
favourably known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoys.

BATES OF PREMIUM VERY MODERATE.

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most favonratile Terms.

Loans granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A., F.S.S., Actuary and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S. , Secretarv.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

T- "T. CJ 1=1. O CJ IS. E! T T,

MAKEK OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc. Cabinets of every

description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,
Highly recommended for Beetles.

Allbestivork. Lowest possible terms /or cash. Prices o?i application. Estimates ^iven. The trade supplied.

Established since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

T. GURNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF ,

SUPERIOR ENTOMOLOGICAL AND OTHER CABINETS,

50, BROADWAY, LONDON FIELDS, E.

X ^

ui

No. 7.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

^ss^

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E. S.

OCTOBER 15///, 1890.

LONDON :

W. H. ALLEN & CO.,

13, Waterloo Place, London, S.W.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscriptions may be commenced from any
date.

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Seventeen Medals ^^\f^f\ H Seventeen Medals
Awarded. ^^^^^^^^X^* Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!!!

H^ INVALUABLE TO EARL'S RISERS.

I Most Valuable to those whose pursuits inYolve
Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

Trade Mark.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not less
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the Manufactory-, PENTONVILLE ,
LONDON N.

■rxxss Gi^ XI. :e3 s xx jA. nvc

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDBED'8 HOUSE, FOULTBT, LOJVDOJV, E.G.
ASSETS EXCEED . . .... £4,260,000

ANNUAL. INCOME EXCEEDS £773,000

PAID TO POLICY HOLDERS and their Representatives . £8,797,228

This Society offers unusual advantages to intending Assurers; its tables are popular, easily understood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public,
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The Society is strong, efficiently managed, is well and
favourably known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoys.

MATES OF PREMIU3I VEBY MODERATE.

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most favourable Terms.

Loans granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A., F.S.S., Actuary and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretary.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

0". T. CXtOCJELESTT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting- Boards, Oval or Flat, etc. Cabinets of every

description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Draivers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removmg insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,

Highly recommended for Beetles.

Allbestiuork. Lo2vest possible tcnns for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given. The trade supplied.

Established since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from O.xford Circus).

. Factories— 34,^ RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Lai-gest Stock of Cabinets ana Boxes to select from.

T. GURNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF

SUPERIOR ENTOMOLOGICAL AND OTHER CABINETS,

50, BROADWAY, LONDON FIELDS, E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F.E. S.

NOVEMBER i^t/i, 1890.
This Number contains 4 pages extra.

LOISTDON :

W. H. ALLEN & CO.,

13, Waterloo Place, London, S.'vV

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscriptions 6s. per annum, may be commenced

from any date, and sfiould be remitted to the Editor

c/o Mr. E. KNIGHT, Middle Street, Aldersgate, E C '

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Seventeen Medals ^^\^^^\ H S®'^'^^^^" Medals
Awarded. ^^^^^^^^XX» Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!M

% INVALUABLE TO EABL'Y KISERS.

^ Most Valuable to those whose pursuits involve
Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

Trade mark.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring .DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not lesi^
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the Manufactory, PENTONVILLE ,
LONDON N.

^pzxie: g^ :f(. :e3 s zx .a. 3VC

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDBED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LOiNDOM, E.G.
ASSETS EXCEED . . .... £4,400,000

ANNUAL. INCOME EXCEEDS £780,000

PAYMENTS TO POLICY HOLDERS exceed . . £9,000,000

This Society ofTers unusual advantages to intending Assurers; its tables are popular, easily undersiood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public,
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The Society is strong, efficiently managed, is well and
favourably known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoys.

HATES OF PREMIUM VERY MODERATE.

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most faYourable Terms.

Loans granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A., F.S.S., Aci»ary and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretarv.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOG-ICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted %uith Catnphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc. Cabinets of every

description kept in Slock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,

Highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work , Lowest possible tert'is for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given. T lie trade supplied.

Established since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

• (Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets ana Boxes to select from.

T. GURNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF

SUPERIOR ENTOMOLOGICAL AND OTHER CABINETS,

50, BROADWAY, LONDON FIELDS, E.

No. 9.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD,

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F. E.S.

DECEMBER i^th, 1890.

LONDON :

W. H. ALLEN & CO.,

13, Waterloo Place, London, S.W

THIS NUMBER IS DOUBLE,

And contains a Chromo-Lithograph Plate :

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

Subscriptions 6s. per annum, may be commenced

from any date, and should be remitted to the Editor,

cjo Mr E KNIGHT, Middle Street, Aldersiate, E.G.

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Seventeen Medals ^^\/^/^ X S"^^'^^^" Medals
Awarded. ^^^^ ^^^^-iHl* Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!!!

INVALUABLE TO EAKLI RISERS.

Most Valuable to those whose pursuits inyolve
^ Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

^ NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

Trade Mark.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not less
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the , Manufactory, PENTONVILLE,
LONDON N.

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LOiNDOJf, E.G.
ASSETS EXCEED . . .... £4^,400,000

ANNUAL INCOME EXCEEDS £780,000

PAYMENTS TO POLICY HOLDERS exceed . . £9,000,000

This Society offers unusual advantages to intending Assurers ; its tables are popular, easily unders ood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public,
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The Society is strong, efficiently managed, is well and
favourably known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoj-s.

MATES OF PREMIUM VERY MODERATE.

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most faYOuraWe Terms.

Loans granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A.. F.S.S., Actuary and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretary.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

MAKER OT EVEKY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc. Cabinets of every

description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,
Highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms /or cash. Prices on application. Estimates given. Tfie trade stipplied.

Established since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAYENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets ana Boxes to select frotn.

T. GURNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF

SUPERIOR ENTOMOLOGICAL AND OTHER CABINETS,

50, BROADWAY, LONDON FIELDS, E.

loL I.

No. 10.

EntomologiIt'8 Record

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. W. TUTT, F. E. S.

JANUARY is^/i, 1 89 1.

LONDON !

W. H. ALLEN & CO.,

13, Waterloo Place, London, S.W

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscriptions 6s. per annum, may be commenced
from any date, and should be remitted to the Editor,
c/o Mr, E KNIGHT, Middle Street, Aldersgate, E,C, \

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Trade Mark.

Seventeen Medals f>^\f^f\ H Seventeen Medals
Awarded. ^^^^^^^^.^X* Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!!!

INVALUABLE TO EARLy BISEKS.

Most Valuable to those whose pursuits involYe
Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not less
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the Manufactor>-, PENTONVILLE,
LONDON N.

TTHEa C^fr- IFl. :E3 S XBC jfV 3VC

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LOJ^DOJs", E.G.
ASSETS EXCEED . . , . £4,400,000

ANNUAL INCOME EXCEEDS £780,000

PAYMENTS TO POLICY HOLDERS exceed . . £9,000,000

This Society offers unusual advantages to intending Assurers; its tables are popular, easily understood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public, ■
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The Society is strong, efficiently managed, is well and'
favourably known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoys.

MATES OF PRE31IU3I VERY MODERATE

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most favourable Terms.

Loans granted on Security of freehold, Ccpyjiold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A. F.S.S., Aci,ui?y and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretarv.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Stare and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting- Boards, Oval or Flat, etc. Cabinets of every

description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,
Highly recommended for Beetles.

All Itest work. Lowest possible temis /or cash. Prices o>i application. Estimates given. Tlie trade supplied.

Established since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from O.xford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

'I'he Largest Stock of Cabinets ana Boxes to select from. \

T. GURNEY,

MANUFACTURER OF

SUPERIOR ENTOMOLOGICAL AND OTHER CABINETS,

50, BROADWAY, LONDON FIELDS, E.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

J. W. TUTT, F. E.S.

FEBRUARY i6///, 1891.

LONDON :

W. H. ALLEN & CO.,

13, Waterloo Place, London, S.W.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscriptions 6s. per annum, may be commenced
from any date, and stiould be remitted to the Editor,

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Trade Mark.

Seventeen Medals ^^\f^£\ X Seventeen Medals
Awarded. ^^\^^^^/XX« Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!!!

INVALUABLE TO EARLTi! RISERS.

Most Valuable to those whose pursuits iuYolve
Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not less
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the Manufactory, PENTONVlLiLJlJ,
LONDON N.

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LOJVDOJ^, E.C.
ASSETS EXCEED . , .... £4,400,000

ANNUAL INCOME EXCEEDS £780,000

PAYMENTS TO POLICY HOLDERS exceed . . £9,000,000

This Society offers unusual advantages to intending Assurers ; its tables are popular, easily unders ood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public,
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The J-ociety is strong, efficiently managed, is well and
favourably known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoys.

BATES OF PREMIUM VERY MODERATE

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most favourable Terms.

Loans granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A. F.S.S., Actuary and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretarv.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OP

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Cam/>hor Cells. Setti/t^ Boards, Oval or Fiat, etc. CaBinets of every

description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABIISr3TS,

With Dratvers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removmg insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,

Highly recommended for Beetles.

All bestwork. Lowest possible temts for cash. Prices on application. Estifnates given. The trade supplied.

Established since 1847.

Show Rooms— 78, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets ana Boxes to select front.

EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA.

Great rarity— beautiful Species. Hypolimnas Imperialis.

£-3 : 5 : O One Specimen.
Address— M. RICHELMANN, LANGENSALZA, GERMANY.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

No. 12

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J- W. TUTT, F.E.S.

LONDON;

^V- H. ALLEN & CO,

^3, Waterloo Place, London^ S.W.

__ I

This Number is Double anH i

Oh. .. °"''^^» and contains a f

Chromo-hthograph PLATE. '

PRICE ONE SHILLING I

' I

„u. .. P«&« 2 of interleaf (or tinted I

DUNN & HEWETT'S

ICELAND MOSS

Seventeen Medals fS^\f\^\ ]K Seventeen Medals
Awarded. ^^\^ ^^ ^^.^%.« Awarded.

NUTRITIOUS! DIGESTIBLE!! TONIC!!!

INVALUABLE TO EARL-Y RISERS.

Most Valuable to those whose pursuits inYolve
Exposure to Damp or Night Air.

NO OTHER COCOA IS SO EASILY DIGESTIBLE.

NOTE. — If Country Customers find any difficulty in procuring DUNN &
HEWETT'S ICELAND MOSS COCOA, they are respectfully informed
that the same can be procured at Is. 4d. per lb., carriage paid (not less
than 21bs. supplied), direct from the Manufactory, PENTONVILLE,

Trade^ Mark. LONDON N.

LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

ST. MILDBED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LOJ^DOJY, E.G.
ASSETS EXCEED . . .... £4,400,000

ANNUAL INCOME EXCEEDS . . . . . £780,000

PAYMENTS TO POLICY HOLDERS exceed . . £9,000,000

This Society offers unusual advantages to intending Assurers ; its tables are popular, easily understood,
and readily appreciated when fairly presented. Its Policies are amongst the most liberal offered to the public,
and are free from all unnecessary restrictions. The Society is strong, efficiently managed, is well and
favourablj- known ; deals liberally with its assured ; is doing a large business, and fully merits the confidence
it enjoys.

MATES OF PRE31IU3I VEMY 3IODEBATE

POLICIES INDISPUTABLE AFTER FIVE YEARS.

Annuities of all kinds granted. Rates fixed on the most favouraWe Terms.

Loans granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property, and upon
Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACKLAND, F.I.A., F.S.S., Aciua?y and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretarv.

THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKER.

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setti7ig Boards, Oval or Flat, etc. Caf/inets of every

descriptioti kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removmg insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting,
Highly recommended for Beetles.

All best "work. Lowest fossible tertns for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given. The trade supplied. ,

Establislied since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from O.xford Circus).

Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets ana Boxes to select from.

Special Index to Vol. I. of "Entomologist's Record."

A " Special Index," containing all the references in Vol. I. of the Enfo-
mologisfs Record, arranged under families in the order of specific names, is
in preparation, and may be obtained from

Mr. A. J. Hodges, 2, Highbury Place, N. Price Is.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square
W. — Wednesday, April ist, at 7 p.m.
The City of London Entomological and Natural History Society,

Albion Hall, London Wall, E.G. Thursdays, at 8 p.m. March 19.—
Paper by Mr. South on Luperina testacea, L. nickerlii, etc. All Lepidopterists
are cordially invited. April 2. — A paper will be read, but it is not yet
announced.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society,
Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge, — Thursday, March 26, Microscopical
Evening; and April 9th, " Papilionidas," by S. Edwards, F.L.S. 8 p.m.
The ANNUAL EXHIBITION will be held at the Bridge House Hotel,
London Bridge, S.E., on Wednesday and Thursday the 15th and i6th April
next. On Wednesday it will be open from 7 till 10 p.m. ; on Thursday from
I to 6 p.m., and from 7 till 10 p.m. Particulars and tickets may be obtained
of the Honorary Secretary, 83, Brayard's Road, Peckham, S.E.

JAMAICA.

Advertiser, who is collecting this season in the above and other parts of the West Indies,
will be glad to send to collectors in England, first-class specimens of Lepidoptera, Coleop-
tera, etc., at reasonable prices. Address —

T. PRIDDEY, P.O., Kingston, Jamaica.

THE INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL OF xMlCROSCOPY

AND

NATURAL SCIENCE,

(The Journal of the Postal Microscopical and Wesley
JV'aturalist's Societies.)

€bttor0 :

ALFRED ALLEN, Hon. Sec. P.M.S.

Rev. WILLIAM SPIERS, M.A., F.G.S., etc.

Published Monthly, price Sixpence.

Contains a number of valuable and interesting Articles relating to Microscopy
and the Allied Sciences written by Scientists, and illustrated with Lithographic
Plates and Wood Engravings.

London : BAILLIERE, TINDALL & COX, 20, King WiUiam St., Strand.

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Advertisements for Entomologist's Record, etc., should be addressed to —
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WATKINS & DONCASTER

Naturalists and Manufacturers ot Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets.

Plain Ring Nets, Tfim or cane, iucliK^ing Stick, Is. 8d., 2s., 2s. 3d. Folding Nets, 3s. 9d., 4s. 6d.
Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. 6d. Poe> et Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. 6d. Zinc Relaxing Boxes, 9d.,
Is., Is. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 8d. per four doz. ; ditto (shouldered), four doz.. Is. Entomo-
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with brush. Is. 6d., 2s. Store Boxes, 2s. 6d., 4s., os., 6s. Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d. ;
li in., 8d. ; 2 in., lOd. ; 2^ in.. Is. ; 3i in.. Is. 4d. ; 4 in., Is. 6d. ; 5 in.. Is. 8d.; Complete Set ot
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tube. Is. 6d., Is. 8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin. Is. 6d. to &s. 6d. Botanical Paper,
Is. Id., Is. 4d., Is. 9d.,2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s. 6d. to lis. Cement for replacing
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quality. Is. 4d. per doz. sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 3s. 6d. Insect Lens, Is. 6d. to 8s. 6d.
Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes, from Is. 8d. to 28. 6d. per doz. Zinc Killing Box, 9d., Is.
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implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, Is. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 3d., Is. ;
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HEALTHY PUP/E OF MANY SPECIES NOW ON SALE.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

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A LABGE STOCK OF INSECTS' AND BIRDS' EGGS

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FOR SALE.

BRITISH AND EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, BIRDS' EGGS, BOOKS, APPARATUS, ETC.

British and Exotic Birds' Eggs. — A choice and extensive selection,

including varieties and clutches. Birds' Skins from all parts of the world.
British Lepidoptera. — Very perfect and large stock. Living Larvse and

Pupae.
Exotic Lepidoptera. — An extensive assortment of large and showy

species. Collections constantly being received from remote localities.
Exotic Coleoptera, Preserved Larvse, and Foreign and Exotic Insects

generally.
The best standard Books on Ornithology, Oology, Entomology, and Conch-

ology ; also a large number of second-hand Books on Natural History.
Cabinets and Apparatus of every description at moderate prices.
Now ready, new priced Lists of British Lepidoptera and of North American

and Exotic Birds' Eggs. A new General Catalogue in hand.
Collectors requested to send lists of wants in any department of Natural History

W. K. MANN, (EsTAB. 1868) Wellington Terrace, Clifton, Bristol.

The Best Boots for Travelling in all Weathers.

ABBOTT'S

120, High HolborD,W.C

ABBOTT'S

60, Legate Hill, E.C.

ABBOTT'S

434, West Strand, W.C

ABBOTT'S

183, 185, Goswen Rd,
EX.

SPECIALITE,-Sporting Boots of every Description

made to Order.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STOKES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.

Proprietor, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist.

Manufacturer of Etiiomological Apparatus and Cabinets to ike Royal
Family and Eton College.

Dealer in British and Foreign Birds' Eggs. Macro-Lepidoptera, Natural
History Books, etc.

SPECIALTY— Living Ova, Larvae and Pupae.

(No larger stock in Europe. (

A full price list is issued on the ist and 15th of each month, and may be
had on receipt of stamped envelope.

I HAVE NOW I N STOC K

Ova: Per dozen (50 as 3 dozen). Monacha (6d for 50 or less), Dispar (4d for so or less), H. Satura
(Porphyrea), i/- ; V. Oleagina, i/- ; A. Tragopogonis, 2d ; O. Suspecta, i;- ; T, Cracca;, i/- ; C. Nupta, 6d ;
Promissa, i/- ; Fraxini, gd ; C. Elinguaria, 4d ; Eug. Alniaria (Enn. Tiliaria), 8d ; Eug. Autumnaria(Enn.
Alniaria), 6d, etc. .

Puptr: per each (14 as 12), Rapae, id ; Machaon, 3d ; Ocellatus, nM ; Populi, ad ; Tilise, sjd ; Elpenor, ^d
Porcellus, yd ; Euphorbiae, 3d : Apiformis, 4d ; Chlorana, 2d ; Lubricipeda, id ; Urticae, 4d ; Lanestris, lid
Hicifolia. 2/6 ; Pavonia (Carpini), 2jd ; Vinula, 2id ; Bifida, 6d ; Falcula, 2d ; Testudo, 3d ; Biniaria, 6d
Pigra, 2|d : Bucephala, id; Anachoreta, 4d ; Crenata, 1/6; Dromedarius, 3d; Dicta:a, 3d; Derasa, 3d
Batis, 3d*; Coryli, 2Jd ; Megacephala, 2d ; Rumicis, 2d; Alchymista, 1/6; Ulmata, 2d.

A large number of Spring Ova, Larvae, and Pupae will shortly be on Sale. For i,- in }d. stamps or wrappers
every list issued for one year will be sent.

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.

(No connection with any other firm in (^rcat Britain.)

CONTENTS.

Melanism and Melanochroism in -Biitish Lepidoptera, y. IV. Tutt, F.E.S. ... ... 317

SctENTiFic Notes. — Notes on the genus Honriceosoma, J. W. Tiitt, F.E.S., 325.
American parasites of British species of Lepidoptera, T. D. A. Cockerell, 326.
Fecundation before hybernation, /. Mason, 327. Aneurism, Sydney I'Vebb, 327.
Sudden development of the wings of Lepidoptera, C. Fenit, f.E.S., 327.

Vartation. — Variation of Smerinthus tilije,y. A. Clark, F.E.S. , 327. Notes on some
Varieties of South French Lepidoptera,/. C. Warburg, 329. Variation and Food (?),
C. Fenn, F.E.S., 330 Zygasna filipendulae vars., JV. M. Richardson, B.A., 330 ;
Sydney Webb, 331 ; W, Reid, 331. LycKna agestis var. salmacis, iV. Milburn, 331.

Notes on Collecting, Ere— Collections, /. W. Tiitt, F.E.S., 331. Notes of the
Season of 1890 (Lepidoptera),/. Mason, 332; T. B. Edd^-ttp, 332;/. Williams
Vaughan,Jun., 333 ; G. A. Booth, 334 ; /. Mason, 334 ; W. Milbiirn, 334. Abund-
ance of Selina irrorella in the Isle of Wight, A.J. Hodges, 334. Sugaring in 189c,
(Rev.) G. H. Raynor, M.A., 335. Entomological Pins and Verdigris, A. Thurnall,
335. Habits of some of our Spring "loths, W. Holland, 336. Note on Hydrcecia
petasitis, /. Collins, 336, Eupithecia expallidata, Noctua sobrina, and Acherontia
atropos in Aberdeenshire, W. Reid, 337. Cloantha solidaginis, E. P. Wright, 337.
Life-history of Agro'is pyrophila, W. Reid, 337. Vanessa atalanta at sugar, [Major)
J. IV. Still, 338. Colias hyale in the Spring, R. D. Postans, 338. ■ Retarded emer-
gence of Asphalia ridens, E. Hanes, 339. Rearing Hemerophila abruptaria, Hope
Alderson, 339. Entomology in the Midlands in 1828, J. Tyrer, 339. Note on
Leucania littoralis, G. Harker, 340. Dates of appearance in 1S90, /-. G. Whittle,

340. Flowers attractive to Moths, Percy Russ, 340. Poeciliocampa populi,y. Mason,

341. Collecting sallow catkins, W. Milburn, 3/1^1. Uncertain appearance of certain
Lepidoptera, W. Reid, 341. Time of day that species emerge, A. Robinson, B.A.,
F.E.S.. 341 ; /. W. Tutt, F.E.S., 341 ; Hope Alderson, 341 ; {Miss) M. Kiinber,
F.E.S., 341 ; W. Reid, 342. Information wanted, Id., 342. Success or non-success
at Sallows, C. Fenn, F. E.S., 342. LarviK of Xanthia citrago, {Capt.) R. B. Robertson,
342 ; /. Harrison, F.E.S., 342 ; C. Fenn, F.E.S., 343. Fratricidal conduct of Hemero-
phila abruptaria, [Miss) M. Kimber, F.E.S., 343. Peronea hastiana. T. Baxter, 343.
Crambus myellus, Sydney Webb, 344 ; W. Rdd, 344. Killing Lepidoptera, H. J.
Turner, 344 ; /. E. K. Cntts, 345. Setting Lepidoptera, A. E. Hall, F.E.S., 345.
Trichiurr cratjegi, [Rev.) G. H. Raynor, M.A., 346. Apamea ophiogramma, /. E.
K. Cntts, 346. Note on Viminia myricar, W. Reid, 346. Time of appearance of
Miana strigilis and M. fasciuncula, [Rev.) W. F. Johnson, M.A., F.E.S., 346. Agrotis
ashworthii in Anglesey. T. Tiinstall, 347. Deilephila galii at Clapton, /. A. Stmes,
347. Eudorea ulmella (Scopariaconspicualis) in the Castle Eden district, T. Maddison,
347. Arctia caia emerging in December, R. Button, 347. Sirange pupation of
Dicranura vinula, G. Penn, 347. Eromea ocellea, /, B. Hodgkinson, F.E.S., 347.
Habits of the Larvre of Gonophora derasa, G. Elson, 347. The Lepidoptera of
Brocklev, H.J. Turner, 349.

^^'e.\AOG^^.vw^,T. D. A. Cockerell ... ... ... ... ... ... 350

Current Notes by The Editor ... ... ... ... ... ... 351

Societies.— The Entomological Society of London, iV. Goss, F.L.S., F.E .S., and (Rev.)
W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.E.S., 351 ; City of London Entomological Society, G. A.
Lc7vcock and A. U. Battley, 352 ; South London Entomological Society, A.J. Hodges,
354 ; Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, F. N. Pierce, 354.

This Number contains a Chromo-litho. Plate.

Communications still unavoidably stand over from a large number of contributors.

The next Number begins a new Volume, and those who do not subscribe to the office
direct are requested to notice that fresh arrangements are being made for publication
beginning with No. 13.

For Private Sale.

THE COLLECTION OF NOCTURE OF BRITAIN AND OF CONTI-
1 NENTAL EUROPE, of N. F. DobkeE, of Beverley, E. Yorkshire. It
comprises 660 out of the total of 990 authentic and doubtful species in
Staudinger's List, and numbers about 3900 Specimens, and 670 Larvae, all in the
tinest condition. With copious illustrations of the variations in Northern and
Southern Climates. Origin and Habitat attached to each specimen. A small
collection of Noctuae from Canada and Natal is included. Ornamental Cabinet,
51 Drawers. Apply to the Owner.

E. KNIGHT PRINTER, MIDDLE STREET, ALDERSGATE, E.C.
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