PERKINS LIBRARY

Uuke University

Kare Doolts

George Washington Flowers Memorial Collection

DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

ESTABLISHED BY THE FAMILY OF

COLONEL FLOWERS

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Duke University Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/confederateveter31conf

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VOL. XXXI.

JANUARY, 1923

NO. 1

SWEETHEARTS OF THE SIXTIES And sweethearts still are Capt. and Mrs. J. F. Shlpp, ol Chatta- nooga, Tenn.. who celebrated their nfty-slxth wed- ding anniversary on August 12, 1922

Confederate 1/eteran.

AN OFFERING OF OLD BOOKS.

Memoirs of Gen. R. E. Lee. By Gen. A. L. Long S5 00

Mosby's Rangers. Bv J. J. Williamson 5 00

Life and Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson. By Dr. R. L. Dabney 4 00

Life of Gen. R. E. Lee. By John Esten Cooke 6 00

Life of Stonewall Jackson. By John Esten Cooke 5 00

Short History of the Confederate States. By Jefferson Davis 5 00

Four Years in Rebel Capitals. By T. C. DeLeon 4 00

Autobiography and Narrative of the War. By Gen. J. A. Early 4 00

Narrative of Military Operations. Bv Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 4 00

Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General. By Dr. W. M. Polk 4 00

Service Afloat. By Admiral Semmes 6 00

Scharf's History of the Confederate Navy 4 00

Two Years on the Alabama. By Lieutenant Sinclair 4 50

The War between the States. Bv Alexander Stephens 8 00

Life of Forrest. Bv Dr. John A Wyeth 4 00

With Saber and Scalpel. By Dr. John A. Wyeth '. 3 00

Tennessee in the War. By Gen. M. J. Wright 2 00

Perse lal Record of the 13th Tennessee Regiment. By its old commander,

A. J. Vaughan, with complete roster 2 00

Southern Historical Society Papers. Vols. I- VI, in five volumes 10 00

Life of Jefferson Davis, with Secret History of the Southern Confederacy. By

E. A. Pollard 3 50

A Soldier's Letters to Charming Nellie. By J. B. Polley, of Hood's Texas

Brigade 3 00

The Great Parliamentary Battles and Farewell Addresses of the Southern

Senators on the Eve of the War. By T. R. Martin 4 00

Military Annals of Tennessee. By J. B. I.indsley 5 00

TO HONOR MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY.

The Matthew Fontaine Maury Association of Richmond, Va., has the following pamphlets for sale in aid of the Maury Monument Fund:

1. A Brief Sketch of Matthew Fontaine Maury During the War, 1861-1865. By his son, Richard L. Maury.

2. A Sketch of Maury. By Miss Maria Blair.

3. A Sketch of Maury. Published by the N. W. Ayer Company.

4. Matthew Fontaine Maury. By Elizabeth Buford Phillips. All four sent for $1, postpaid.

Order from Mrs. E. E. Moffitt, 1014 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, Va.

LEADING ARTICLES IN THIS NUMBER. page

Arlington. (Poem.) By Mrs. N. P. Ballard 3

Length of Days '.' 3

Free in the Truth. (Poem.) By William Cowper •.-■■•.•• 4

The Barbara Frietchie Myth Collection of Southern Books in the University

of Texas 4

The Christian Soldier. (Poem.) By Emma Frances Lee Smith 5

Lee at Lexington. By Edith Pope 5

Alabama's Secession Convention. By Col. John W. Inzer 7

omparison J. J Appraisal. By Mrs. A. A. Campbell 10

Closing Scenes of War in the Shenandoah Valley. By D. C. Gallaher 12

Fourth Louisiana Battalion at the Battle of 'iecessionville. By H. J. Lea. ... 14

Reminiscences of Indianola, Tex 16

The Grand Review. By I. G. Bradwell 16

With the Third Missouri Regiment. By Charles B. Cleveland 18

The Bravest Are the Gentlest. By Mrs. C. N. McMahon.. . 21

The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863. By John Purifoy 22

Christmas at Beauvoir. By Mrs. Thomas D. Reid 37

D partments: Last Roll 26

U. D. C 30

C. S. M. A 35

S. C. V 36

In renewing subscription, W. S. Land writes f;om Belington, W. Va.: "The Veterais is a welcome visitor to our home in oir old days. We want to help to disseminate the truths that my father gave his life for, and in this humble way we hope to revere the memory of him whose grave ii- marked in the Stonewall

Cemetery at Winchester, Va., 'Lieut. Col. David B. Lang, 62nd Virginia Regi- ment; died September 6, 1864.'"

Charles Marshall, Bay St. Louis, Miss., wants to get the names and ad- dresses of the surviving members of Woodward's 2nd Kentucky Cavalry.

MISS RUTHERFORD'S

Scrapbook

Realizing the time consumed in answering questions and giving statistics regarding the South, it is deemed wise to issue a monthly pamphlet containing such information.

There will be JO issues a year beginning with January, 1923. Price, $2 50 a year. The pamphlet will be the size of all of the pamphlets that have been published by the Historian U. D. C. and will average 20 to 30 pages.

Advanced subscriptions will be appreciated to defray the expense of first issue.

Advertisements pertaining to articles needed by Confederate organizations will be welcome.

One inch space, $2.00; 1 page, $10.00.

Miss Rutherford's Books

The South in History and Literature $1.50

American Authors 1.50

The South in the Building of the Nation ... .15

Thirteen Periods of U. S. History 15

The Wrongs of History Righted 15

The Sins of Omission and Commission. . . . .15 Four Addresses as above, bound with pic- ture. The South of Yesterday 50

The Civilization of the Old South 15

Truths of History 50

The True Story of Jamestown Colony 25

Cotton is King 25

Henry Wirz Andersonville Prison 25

Georgia: The Empire State 10

Georgia Facts 10

Memorial Day Banner 25

Measuring Rod for Textbooks 15

Historical Programs U. D. C. & C. of C 10

Address Miss M. Rutherford Athens, Ga.

A typographical error gave the ad- dress of Allen C. Redwood as Port Con- way, La., when it should have been Port Conway, Va. See November Vet- eran, page 423.

A. W. Mountcastle, Lenoir City, Tenn., offers a copy of the "Life of Gen. A. S. Johnston" in exchange for some back numbers of the Veteran as fol- lows: January to November, 1900; January to May, 1901; August to De- cember, 1906; the entire year of 1920. The book is leather bound, gilt edges, 755 pages, illustrated. Write him in ad- vance of sending numbers.

David Cornelius Porter, of Houston, Tex. (Park Place, R. F. D. Box 370), wants to establish his record as a Con- federate soldier so as to receive a pen- sion. He enlisted with the 1st and 7th Alabama Volunteers from Decatur, Ala., under Hatchel Cochran and Forrest, and after eighteen months he went with the 1st Tennessee Scouts, under Captain Shaw. He was a companion of Sam Davis, whom he had known before the war, being in the same military school. Any assistance in getting a pension will be appreciated.

TWf FtQVOSCOUiUUUN

Qopfederat^ l/eterap.

rUBLISHKD MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF CONFEDERATE ASSOCIATIONS AND KINDRED TOPICS.

Entered assecond-class matter at the post office at Nashville, Tena., under act of March 3, 1S79,

Acceptance of mailing at special rate of postage provided for In Sec- tion 1 103, act of October 3, 1917, and authorized on July 5, 1918.

Published by the Trustees of the Confederate Veteran, Nash- Mile, Tenn.

OFFICIALLT REP RE. 1ENTS: United Confederate Veterans,

United Daughters of the Confederacy, Sons of Veterans and Other Org vnj Confederated Southern M<£mori

=t

Though men deserve, they may not win, success;

The brave will honor the brave, vanquished none the less.

Pkicb $1.50 Per Year. 1 Single Copy, 15 Cents. J

Vol. XXXI. NASHVILLE, TENN., JANUARY, 1923.

No. 1.

I S. A. CUNNINGHAM Founder.

ARLINGTON— THE HOME OF LEE.

MRS. N. P. BALLARD, HANOVER, VA.

White-pillared, fair, lies Arlington,

Along the brimming river, And with its name is linked a fame

That time nor death can sever. Within its walls there lived a man

Whose name in song and story Rings down the corridors of Time

With ever gathering glory. As soldier, patriot, father, friend,

A warrior, statesman he Sprung of a noble, kingly race,

This man was Robert Lee. Success was not for him, but loss,

And every nation's frown, Rut nobly did he bear his cross

And win the world's renown. The purple hills around his home,

Look on an alien race, For those who bear his noble name

Have there no real place. The brimming river rushes on

Unhindered to the sea, And bears to many distant lands

The immortal name of Lee.

LENGTH OF DA YS.

A most remarkable showing is made in the great age which has been attained by so many of our Confederate veterans while still in mental and physical vigor. It is quite common now to read of another having passed the century mark, and, as a rule, these centenarians are still active. Veterans in the eighties arc still numerous, and many of them are men of affairs, and some still engage in physical labor on farms and elsewhere. Though many succumbed to the hardships of soldier life in the sixties, that physical training and outdoor III. For four years evidently built up many a constitution to withstand the softening effects of civil life. During the late World War the effect of the physical training of our boys in

camp was quickly apparent, and few failed to benefit in that way.

When the Confederate soldier returned to civil life he found so much to be done to rebuild his ruined country that he did not have the opportunity always to pick a job to his liking, but at once tackled what he saw needed to be done. It is said that the South made its bumper crop the year after the war, and the man behind the plow had not long laid aside a gun. And just as soon as he could prepare a little home for the girl he "left behind" and many times without waiting for that or knowing how the daily bread would come he took unto himself a bride and firmly established a home. Children came to these homes, to some of them in great numbers, and the struggle for the wherewithal to feed, clothe, and edu- cate the young brood became desperate at times; but there was no more giving way to despair in this fight than there had been in the fight for Southern independence, for there was still the courage of woman to add to his own. These brave women shared their poverty in smiling acceptance of fate, cheering them on to their best endeavor, helpmeets in every sense of the word. Many are sharing the evening of life together, still the sweethearts of long ago. The illustration on the front cover of this number shows a happy couple of the sixties, Capt. J. F. Shipp and his wife, who posed this picture fora tableau in the May Festival at Chattanooga, 1922. Their golden wedding anniversary was celebrated six years ago. Many other couples have reached and passed this golden anniver- sary, and some have been together more than sixty years.

The South is proud of the men who fought for its inde- pendence in the sixties, proud of them not only as soldiers, but as citizens after the war had closed. They built up what the invading army had torn down, and their labor has made this section to blossom and bloom again; they have been the leaders in their States as governors, members of Congress, judges, and other high officials; they prepared the way for the following generation to "carry on" in the South's interest, and no other section of this country has a more pleasing prospect for the future. All honor to them as soldiers and citizens! May their days be long yet in the land they 1 >i>t;ht to save, the evening of their lives cheered and blessed bv the love and devotion of sons and daughters and the grateful appreciation of their fellow men.

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Qopfederat^ l/eterar;.

S. A. CUNNINGHAM, Founder. Office: Methodist Publishing House Building, Nashville, Tenn.

All who approve the principles of this publication and realize its benefits as an organ for Associations throughout the South are requested to commend its patronage and to cooperate in extending its circulation. Let each one be constantly diligent.

FREE IN THE TRUTH.

He is the freeman whom the truth makes free, And all are slaves beside. There's not a chain That hellish foes, confederate for his harm, Can wind around him, but he casts it off With as much ease as Samson his green withes. He looks abroad into the varied field Of nature, and, though poor, perhaps, compared With those whose mansions glitter in his sight, Calls the delightful scenery all his own. His are the mountains, and the valleys his And the resplendent rivers. His to enjoy With a propriety that none can feel But who, with filial confidence inspired, Can lift to heaven an unpresumptuous eye, And smiling say: " My Father made them all."

William Cowper.

THE BARBARA FRIETCHIE MYTH.

Every now and then the old story of Barbara Frietchie's having waved the Union flag in the face of Stonewall Jackson and his troops as they passed through Frederick, Md., is brought into special publicity, and the general effect is to strengthen the belief in such a happening. However, the class in American Literature at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., recently made thorough research into its origin, and came to the conclusion that "she didn't do it;" that if anybody waved a flag, it wasn't Barbara; and that there is doubt that Jackson passed up Market Street. It seems too bad that the old dame should be stripped of this little honor, and especially after a monument has been placed in "Fredericktown" to perpetuate her deed of heroism which she didn't perform. Such a monument perpetuates an untruth, but those who put it up said it would attract vis- itors there, even if the old lady didn't deserve it.

There has been much controversy over this poelic incident, but the statement made by Gen. H. Kyd Douglas, of Mary- land, who was on the staff of Stonewall Jackson, not only that no such incident occurred during their progress through Fred- erick, but that Jackson did not pass by the home of Barbara Frietchie at all, should have been sufficient for all right- minded people. However, the myth persists even over the statement of the old lady's nephew, one Valerius Ebert, who had charge of her financial affairs. He stated that his aunt died in December, 1862, at the age of ninety-six years; that she was bedridden and helpless, able to move only with the help of others at the time Jackson passed through Frederick; that Jackson did not pass her residence at all, but passed up what is known as "Mill Alley," some three hundred yards above her home. And he says the facts prove that Whittier's poem is pure fiction, without even the remotest resemblance to fact. Whittier himself conceded that it might be incor- rect in some details, but said he got it from trustworthy sources.

"It is a well known fact," wrote Capt. William Gordon

McCabe in the Veteran many years ago, "that Stonewall Jackson did not pass through Frederick along with his corps, but rode rapidly through the town with a small cavalry escort about an hour before his troops marched through the streets. Neither he nor the troops passed Barbara Frietchie's house. There is not one single incident in Whittier's poem that has a historical foundation. It is poetic myth from start to finish."

There is altogether too much of this "poetic myth" in the history which has been written of the sixties, and not enough of fact. The time has come to demand fact alone. This poem should not be included in the literature of our young people, for it gives a false impression in every way; yet there is hardly a collection of "best poems" in which it does not appear, and children have it in their reading classes and thus imbibe the idea that the "rebels" were demons indeed. A movement should be started for its elimination. " It will not be missed. "

THE SOUTH'S STORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS LIBRARY.

The late Maj. George Littlefield, of Texas, by generous gifts to the University of Texas, made possible the collection of material on Southern history for that library. He donated for this purpose a fund of $25,000, and by bequest the amount of $100,000 became available in May, 1921. For twenty-five years the income from this fund is to be used to purchase books, pamphlets, newspaper files, maps, and manuscripts bearing on the subject, and at the end of that time the fund may be spent for that purpose if thought best. The administration of the fund is vested in a committee con- sisting of H. A. Wroe, of Austin, professor of American His- tory in the University; the President and the librarian of the University, and the State Librarian. E. W. Winkler, of the University library, is curator of the collection.

This collection is now considered to be one of the most com- plete in the United States, and that within the next five years it will be the largest collection in existence. Additions are being constantly made by gift and purchase. •* Major Littlefield gave to the University more than $2,000,- 000, and of this a bequest of $250,000 was for the erection of a memorial arch in honor of Confederate soldiers on the south entrance to the University campus.

In writing of this, Mrs. W. L. Kellam, of Austin, mentioned that a short while ago an effort was made by a member of the school board of San Antonio to have Lincoln's picture and the Gettsyburg address placed on the walls of the schools in that city, which effort was blocked by another member with the support of the veterans and Daughters. Yet few schools show the pictures of great men of the South, whose many Christian acts and utterances deserve to adorn our school walls. She says: "We should awake and stage a campaign in every city, town, and hamlet in the South for the vindication of our de- parted leader, Jefferson Davis, who gave up fortune, health, and eventually life itself in vindicating our cause of constitu- tional rights. If we had a government functioning as the Con- federate States of America, with a grand and noble man as President, should not his portrait adorn our school walls? That is his rightful place, we think. "

Reunion Dates. Gen. A. B. Booth, Assistant Adjutant General U. C V., writes that the dates for the reunion in New Orleans should have been given as April 10-13. The reunion will last four days.

Qopfederat^ l/eterai?.

THE CHRU (In Memory of Rev.

BY EMMA FRANCES LEE

SOLDIER.

„Neilly.)

HINGTON, D. C.

In youth he chose th^.. . iOW path

Beset with thorns and tears, To bear the banner of his King

Through all his earthly years.

It led him, its bright folds unstained,

Into the thick of fight, Where, 'mid the shrieks of battle's wrath,

He faced Death's dreadful night.

He stood the test of camp and march,

He fared as fared his "boys"; The dying soldiers through his eyes

Visioned eternal joys.

Along the blood-stained track of war,

Fearless amid the fray, He comforted the wounded, and

Prayed where the dead ones lay.

Brother and friend, the rich, the poor,

His great heart loved them all Sons of the South, who bravely thus

Answered their country's call.

I ace came at last, and o'er that land

Of ruin, wreck, and woe Spread her white wings, and through the clouds

Hope's rainbow seemed to glow.

But still his Master's banner led

This Christian soldier on, Till in the service of his King

He heard him say: "Well done!"

And all his deeds of kindness wrought,

And all his works of love, Shine brighter than the stars that light

The firmament above.

LEE A T LEXINGTON.

(Essay by Miss Edith Pope, Nashville, Term., which won the Leonora St. George Rogers Schuyler prize of $50 offered for the best paper on "Lee at Lexington'' by any member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and which was awarded at the convention in Birmingham, Ala., November, 1922.)

The world judges greatness by success and takes little thought of the supreme effort behind failure. The life of Gen. Robert E. Lee furnishes an example of failure trium- phant, for, though a leader who surrendered his army, he was acclaimed the greatest military commander of his time, and in the obscurity of his last years won even greater fame by following the simple path of duty. "To the world he has been revealed as the purest and loftiest character yet evolved by our Christian civilization."

* * *

When peace had dropped her silent benediction over the ravaged South, General Lee turned from those gory battle fields to become a private citizen for the first time in his man- hood; and it was his wish to spend the remainder of his days 1*

in the simple enjoyment of that citizenship. He wanted just a little country home in his native Virginia, with his family about him, and to work for their support. Offers of homes lands, money, and positions poured in on him after the surrender; an English nobleman even offered him a mansion and an estate "commensurate with the merit and the great- ness of an historic family. " But he declined all, replying to the offer of a home in England: "I am deeply grateful, but I can- not desert my native State in the hour of her adversity. I must abide her fortune and share her fate. "

While enjoying the quiet and rest of a temporary country home, placed at his disposal by his good friend, Mrs. Eliza- beth Randolph Cocke, of Cumberland County, he was noti- fied of his election to the presidency of Washington ' at Lexington, and, after deep consideration, he di ccpt it, yielding to the judgment of the connection with the institution "would grc: ,■ its

prosperity and advance the general interest of education." And, in accepting the position, he was influenced, his son thought, "by the great need of education in his State and the South and the opportunity this gave him for helping, by his experience and example, the youth of the country to become good and useful citizens."

He consulted with Bishop Wilmcr about this offer, which the latter thought would be a step down in his career, as "the institution was one of local interest and comparatively un- known to our people. I named others more conspicuous which would welcome him with ardor as their presiding head. I soon discovered that his mind towered above these earthly distinctions; that, in his judgment, the cause gave dignity to the institution and not the wealth of its endowment or the renown of its scholars; that this door and not another was opened to him by Providence, and he only wished to be assured of his competence to fulfill this trust, and thus to make his few remaining years a comfort and a blessing to his suffering country. I had spoken to his human feelings; he had now revealed himself to me as one 'whose life was hid with Christ in God.' "

Lexington is the capital town of Rockbridge County, which is a part of the famed Valley of Virginia, "justly celebrated as the most beautiful, picturesque, and fertile part of the State." The town is noted especially for the two great institutions of learning Washington and Lee University and the Virginia Military Institute, the latter being on the same high ridge, but somewhat farther out of town.

The institution to which General Lee was to give the best efforts of his last years had a worthy history. The origina school, founded in 1740, near the present site, was called Augusta Academy, and "it was the first concrete expression of that devotion to learning and religion which character- ized the settlers of the Valley of Virginia, and fifth in the order of founding of American colleges." In 1776, two months before the Declaration of Independence, its name was changed to Liberty Hall Academy, and in ] 7S2 the institution was chartered by the State of Virginia, "independent of either Church or State control." General Washington became inter- ested in the school, and in 1798 hi <! it with a gift of $50,000, and authorized it to bear his name as Washington Academy. This was changed in 1813, by act of the Virginia legislature, to Washington College. Another handsome bequest had come to it in 1803 from the funds of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati upon its dissolution, but at the close of the War between the States the college was almost bank- rupt— its funds exhausted, its buildings and equipment wrecked by the depredations of the Federal army under the notorious General Hunter. Other bequests of great value

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have come to it in later years, but nothing could equal that which General Lee gave to it himself. After his death the name was changed to Washington and Lee University. From its early history its graduates have been among the leading men of the country governors, senators, judges, teachers reflecting luster upon the institution, which is now recognized as "the nursery of national leade.ship. "

Entering upon his new duties, General Lee began to put into effect plans for a great institi tion. He designed an elective system of study and adopted the honor method of government. "Make no needless rules," he told his teachers; and to a student who asked for a copy of the rules upon enter- ing the college, he said: " We have no printed rules. We have but one rule here, that every student be a gentleman. " He believed thoroughly in education, and at every opportunity urged its importance "for the present and future safety, wel- fare, and prosperity of the country." He set himself to get acquainted with the students, to win their friendship. His interest in each and every one of them was keen and personal, and he spai ed no effoi t to aroi se their ambition. He won their confidence and soon had their affection; they so loved and hon- ored him that they tried to please him. His patience and for- bearance with those who were not trying to make the best of their opportunity were such that he would enter a plea for some student whom the faculty thought should be sent home. "Let us try him a little longer, " he would say; "we may do him some good. " He gave close attention to the reports on students, by which he kept up with the standing of each one in his classes. He felt responsible for their getting the most out of this oppor- tunity for an education, so he tried to inspire them with ambition to be good students and useful men and Christians. In conver- sation on the religious welfare of the students, he said with emo- tion: " If I could only know that all the young men in this college were good Christians, I should have nothing more to desire. "

General Lee had a distinct policy and plan for the upbuild- ing of the institution under his charge, which he wished to meet the highest needs of education in every department. He did not wait for the means to be provided in advance, but proceeded to create the new chairs which he thought were needed. A practical engineer himself, one of his first acts was to establish the Chair of Civil and Highway Engineering in the interest of the war-wrecked South. In the same first year the Chairs of Natural Philosophy and Modern Languages were created, followed in the second year by the Chairs of History and English Literature. His ideas culminated in a system of "schools," and in the third and fourth years he established the Schools of Law and Equity and of Practical Journalism, the latter being the first effort ever made to teach methods of molding public opinion.

In all his association with Washington College, General Lee had no thought of self-advancement or material benefit. As the college began to prosper under his wise administra- tion, the board of trustees wanted to increase his salary, but he would not allow it, saying he was already receiving more than his services were worth. And just as firmly he refused to allow the college to give him a house and an annuity for his family. "I am unwilling that my family should become a tax on the college," he wrote to the board, "but desire that all of its funds should be devoted to the purpose of education. " And the noble wife was equally firm in refusing such financial settlement after his death.

His interest was not only on the inside of the college walls, for he immediately began the systematic improvement of grounds and buildings. He drew the plans for the chapel and superintended its erection, and other buildings were added from time to time. It was his nature to try to improve his

surroundings wherever placed, and at Lexington there was a splendid field for exercising his abilities in that line. The ex- ample he set in these improvements about the college and grounds was soon followed by the Virginia Military Institute, then the town authorities saw the necessity of better streets and sidewalks, and the people also began to improve and beautify their homes. "At Lexington he was creating or recreating a great nation still. His patience, his courage, his attitude toward the past, his attitude toward the future, his perfect forgiveness, his large magnanimity, above all, his hope were reflected in the eager hearts about him, and from them spread wide over the bruised and bleeding South, so sorely in need of all these things."

Under General Lee the college grew in every way in at- tendance, in financial support, in its widening influence. He inspired the teachers and pupils to put forth their highest powers, the standards of scholarship were advanced, and soon the graduates of Washington College were ranking with those from the best institutions elsewhere, and they were in demand as teachers for the highest positions in the best schools. And these results were due mainly to the personality and influence of General Lee as President of the college. Such was the opinion of those who worked with him.

During the years of so-called "reconstruction" in the South General Lee suffered with his people, and their love and devo- tion were very precious to him. He longed to help them, and did what he could by trying to make useful citizens of the youth under him; and by his example he showed his people that human fortitude could be equal to human adversity. His pleasure was in his home life; he was devoted to his fam- ily, and that association, as revealed by his letters, was very beautiful. Children were his delight, and they gave him their adoring love. His greatest recreation was in his rides on Traveller in the beautiful country about Lexington, and those rides were mostly solitary, giving abundant opportunity for quiet thought. Doubtless he thus solved many problems arising in his responsible position and drew inspiration and fortitude for the morrow's duties from the beautiful scenes of that lovely country; and perhaps he could relieve his burdened heart by communion with his dumb companion as he could not with his fellow men.

As the years passed he felt his duty grow stronger, and the while the college was growing dearer to him. " His great labors weie directed toward making Washington College the seat of science, art, and literature," and "a scholastic monument was slowly responding to his noble influence and wise admin- istration which would be as illustrious as his most brilliant military achievements. "

Five years he was spared to this work at Lexington years of ceasless labor despite physical disability and suffering and then the great heart grew still and his spirit passed into the realms of the immortals, for

"He triumphed and he did not die!

But on that day at Lexington Fame came herself to hold His stirrup while he mounted To ride down the streets of gold.'

Freedom of Choice. In case of direct and insoluble issue between sovereign State and sovereign nation, eveiy man was not only free to decide, but had to decide the question of ultimate allegiance for himself; and whichever way he de- cided he was right. Charles Francis A dams, of Massachusetts.

Qopfederat^ Ueterap.

ALABAMA'S SECESSION CONVENTION, 1861.

[Scenes and incidents of the secession convention of Ala- bama, which convened in Montgomery on January 7, 1861, as remembered by Col. John W. Inzer, of Ashville, who represented St. Clair County in that assembly. These notes were dictated to and prepared by his grandson, John Inzer Freeman, of Birmingham, Ala.]

In January, 1861, Montgomery had but three railroads entering the city. Much of the travel there was by stage- coach, steamboat, and private conveyance. There was at that time quite a number of fine steamers on the river, among them the Southern Republic, a double-decked steamer, on which many of the delegates to this convention went to Mont- gomery.

One of the first things attracting the eye of the visitor on approaching the capital of the State, was the presence of the military, something not often seen in those days, soldiers dressed in gray uniforms and encamped about the Capitol. Guard mounting was a daily occurrence at the very foot of the steps of the Capitol. It was said that the destruction of the State Capitol had been threatened, hence the presence of the military to protect the building and its inmates. This was doubted by some, who thought the main objeel of the military on Capitol Hill was for display. The soldiers wire under the command of Colonel Tennant Lomax, who afterwards lost his life in leading his regiment i n a gallant charge at the battle of Seven Pines, in front of Richmond, in 1862.

On entering the city one would readily notice the strong, quick, elastic steps of all persons, the stern and determined countenances of men. Added to this wen- an unusual num- ber of shrill whistles on trains and boats approaching and leaving the city and the soul-stirring music of the calliopes on the steamers playing "Dixie" and other Southern airs, to- gether with the field music attending the military parades on the streets, indicating that great events were near at hand.

From the very moment of the convening of the convention

COL. JOHN W. INZER.

the city was crowded to overflow with persons from all parts of Alabama and by strangers from other States. Scarcely was there a town of the State without representation, all anxiously waiting to see what could be done. Be it said to the credit of that vast gathering and the extraordinary sur- roundings, all was orderly and well behaved.

It will be remembered that on February 24, 1S60, the legislature of the State adopted certain joint resolutions providing that at the election to be held in November, 1860, for President of the United States, if a "Black Republican" should be elected the Governor of the State was directed and required forthwith to issue his proclamation calling a conven- tion of the people to convene at the capital soon thereafter to determine what action the State should take. tion was duly issued by the Governor on December 6, I860. for an election to be held on December 24 to to such convention at the State capital, January counties were allowed the same number of delegates in this convention that they had in the lower house of the legislature.

This convention of the people ol the sovereign State of Alabama did assemble in the hall of the 1 louse of Repn tives at the Capitol, in the cit v ol Montgomery, .it t he hour of 12 o'clock, on Monday January 7. 1861, and, strange to say, notwithstanding the difficulties in reaching Montgomery at that time and season of the year, on first roll call every dele- gate ol the one hundred was present in his seat and responded to such call.

The members of the convention, before proceeding to the discharge of the duties confronting them, and ,i- was usual in such cases, took no oath or obligation whatever, each being guided by the sense of right for himself and the right to

pursue.

Before the time fixed for the convening of the convention, it was conceded and believed that a majority of the delegates as would be seated favored the immediate secession of the State from the Federal Union, or compact of States, hence the convention was temporarily and permanently organized without wrangle or scramble. The only unpleasantness, if any, had its origin in the fact that the minority of the dele- gates, as seated, believed that the two delegates from Shelby County, who were really elected, win- entitled to seats, but not having certificates of election could only be seated after a successful contest. These excluded delegates were present in the lobby. Had these delegates from Shelby been seated, the convention on the question of immediate secession of the State would have been about equally divided.

However, the first real test of strength was on the election of the president of the convention. Those who were in favor of the immediate secession of the State voted for Hon. \\ M. Brooks, of Perry County, and those opposed voted for Hon. Robert Jemison, Jr., of Tuscaloosa County, Brooks receiving fifty-three votes, and Jemison forty-five, neither Brooks nor Jemison voting.

After this temporary organization of the body, on the motion of Hon. W. I.. Yancey, Dr. Baswell Manly, of Mont- gomery, was requested to open the convention with prayer. Standing just to the right of the temporary chairman on the speaker's stand, Dr. Manly, in a humble and graceful manner, delivered an earnest prayer, which was attentively listened to by all present and seemed to have a profound effect.

The delegates composing this convention might have well been classed into three groups, the complexion of the body standing about thus: Fifty-two favored the immediate seces- sion of the State, twenty-four favored cooperation with the other Southern States before seceding from the Union, and twenty-four opposed secession in any manner, preferring to

^opfederat^ l/efcerap.

remain in the Union and give Mr. Lincoln a trial, as they ex- pressed it, before taking action. There were as many as twenty-four that never signed the lithograph copy of the ordinance of secession; however, some of these who did not place their names to the ordinance pledged themselves and their people to its support, and some of these same men were found subsequently in the Confederate army doing patriotic service. Three-fourths of the delegates of the convention believed in the constitutional right of secession. This right they had been taught from childhood.

The delegates, taken as a whole, were a superior body of men and not surpassed by any body of one hundred men that ever assembled in any State. They were generally men of middle age, though there were some quite young, while others were well advanced in years. Many of them were dressed in suits of homemade gray jeans, manufactured by the fair hands of their wives and daughters, who never before knew what it was to perform such work. Yancey, Henderson, Morgan, Watts, Bragg, Timberlake, and many others who had usually worn suits of the finest quality of broadcloth, wore suits of the homemade jeans, and some of the most elegant and fashionable ladies of the State were also in attendance dressed in suits made by their own fair hands, and such ladies were greatly admired by all. It had been said that the South was without factories to clothe our people, hence these suits were made at home manufactories to show that there could be found in every home in the South cards, wheels, and looms ready for manufacturing clothing for our soldiers and people in the event war should come. This was freely verified during the war which followed, as this homemade jeans constituted the material out of which our army was clothed and uni- formed, these same noble women manufacturing such material in their homes.

The first ripple in the convention which caused feeling and angry expressions grew out of a resolution offered early after organization by Mr. Whatly, of Calhoun County. Some of the members thought this resolution tended to reflect on their loyalty to Alabama, hence the trouble was soon explained and good feeling was restored in the body.

This convention had its William L. Yancey, usually called Bill Yancey, the great spirit and leader of his party in the convention, to whom all straight-out secessionists in the body looked for leadership. The life of Yancey and his private and public career were as pure as the driven snow, and he felt that the right of secession of a State from the Federal Union was guaranteed in the Constitution of the United States, and that in the exercise of this right of secession was the only sure road to the peace and prosperity of his beloved South. Look- ing back at Yancey after a lapse of over sixty years, my preju- dices have all vanished and gone, if I ever had any. I feel, and verily believe, that Yancey was the greatest of men I ever saw, and one of the greatest that ever lived, and his greatness will be awarded him by the future historian. Like- wise, this convention had its Robert Jemison, Jr., of Tusca- loosa, a man of clear head, sound judgment, and pure motives, whose public and private life was without spot or blemish, and to whom the delegates of that body opposed to separate State action at all times looked for counsel and leadership. Jemison possessed many of the elements of greatness. Yancey was the great orator, while Jemison was the cool, clear- headed thinker. A stranger coming into the body would have had no trouble in detecting that Yancey and Jemison were the leaders of the convention, despite the fact that there were a number of others there who might have been classed with these men.

This convention had its Watts, one of the noblest, purest, and best of men. It also had its great lawyers and judges in the persons of Dargan, Bragg, Morgan, Herndon, Webb, Stone, Gibbons, and many others. This convention was not without its great orators, among whom was Baker, of Bar- bour. It also had its poets, one of whom was W. H. Smith, of Tuscaloosa, who wrote, in part, the debates of the convention and to whom the historian of Alabama owes and will ever owe much for this report of the acts, and sayings of the con- vention.

In the convention was to be found able statesmen and profound scholars, among them being Cochran, of Barbour; its great advocates at the bar, such men as Barnes, of Cham- bers; Clements, of Madison. Also such great men as Brooks, Boiling, Dowdell, Clarke, Bulger, Coleman, Jewett, Jones, and others whose known ability and love of the State were not questioned. Besides these were to be found delegates of unusual ability, many of whom, in token of their sincerity, gave up their lives on the field of battle for the cause they knew to be right. " Is not one sincere in a cause for which he will sacrifice his life?"

The greater part of the time before the passage of the ordinance of secession, the body was in executive session, sitting behind closed doors. During this time many exciting scenes occurred, most of which have been lost to history. It is difficult to remember all that occurred there, after a lapse of sixty years.

On the evening of January 10, 1861, and after all matters in connection with the ordinance of secession had been com- pleted and all preliminary votes had been taken, by mutual consent it was understood that, at some period on the coming day, a final vote should be taken, and before the adjournment on that evening, Mr. Watts, of the convention, invited the body to dine with him at his palatial home in the city. At this dining there were, in addition to the members of the con- vention, hundreds, or perhaps thousands, of others present, the largest gathering at any private residence that I ever saw in my life.

On the morning of January 11, 1861, the day which had been designated by the convention for the final vote on the adoption of the ordinance of secession, long before the time appointed for taking the vote, the Capitol building was filled from top to bottom with people anxiously awaiting the re- sult. It was impossible to obtain standing room. The ven- dors of refreshments and the peanut dealers in the rotunda were forced to beat a hasty retreat for the safety of themselves and their valuables. The grounds around the Capitol were crowded by people anxiously awaiting the announcement that Alabama was a free sovereign State. The excitement was intense.

During the time the ordinance was being considered by the convention and just before its adoption, another secession convention was being held by citizens in the Senate chamber, presided over by the good and great man, Judge John D. Pelham, and by which an ordinance dissolving the bonds that subsisted between the State of Alabama and the United States was unanimously adopted. During all this time the convention sat with closed doors and the most perfect order prevailed. Members of the body, in short talks favoring and opposing the adoption of the measure, treated each other with the greatest courtesy and respect and with expressions of brotherly love. Notwithstanding there was intense feeling permeating the whole body and the passions of men ran high, such feeling did not manifest itself in an unseemly manner in the convention. Members spoke in great earnestness and were, in the main, guarded in their expressions.

^oi>federat<£ Ueterag.

Those favoring secession argued earnestly and contended that the right of a State to secede from the Federal Union was so clear under the Constitution of the United States that, without doubt, Alabama would be allowed to secede in peace and good feeling on the part of the general government; and some went so far as to insist that the difference existing between the Northern and Southern divisions of the United States was of such nature, and so great, and the interests of the two sections so different, that the only way to prevent war and bloodshed was in the exercise of this constitutional right of secession. And the delegates who opposed the secession of the State, while they generally conceded the right of the State to secede at pleasure, were of the opinion that such action on the part of Alabama would necessarily result in war and blood- shed. There were some delegates in the convention who denied the right of a State to secede under the Federal Con- stitution, and to do so, in their judgment, would constitute treason. While this earnest discussion was in progress, others seemed to take pleasure in the thought that, before the ad- journment of the body, Alabama would be a free and inde- pendent State, free from the rule and domineering control of a "black republican" administration (as it was called), headed by Abraham Lincoln. Other members, in sorrow and regret, did not like to part company with the good old Union of their fathers, as they expressed it, rather preferring to live and die in the Union. One elderly delegate from North Alabama, Judge Posey, said that on the evening before he walked out on the hill near the cemetery with a friend and there beheld the sun, setting the last time on Alabama as a member or a part of the Federal Union. This he said with (ears in his eyes, and it was evident that his feelings were stronger than he was able to express. The many short talks were earnest and sincere and very impressive and never to be forgotten. Those participating in these talks seemed to give no heed to the great excitement then going on outside the convention hall. Love for the old Union was great indeed, and the scene was pathetic. However, the love of State rights and for independ- ence and the thought of a Southern republic was greater than that for the old government and prevailed in the body, as shown by the votes of the members, sixty-one voting for and thirty-nine against the adoption of the ordinance.

It is a great loss to the people of the South that those speeches could not have been preserved completely, and the spirit in which they were uttered. They would have made a line impression on the minds of our brethren in the North as to the honesty and sincere manner in which our people seceded from the Federal Union. They would have been con- vinced that Alabama was not carried out of the Union by a few hot-headed secessionists, and that if war should come the people of the State would stand together in making the seces- sion of the State a success and a government free from North- ern control. Had our Northern opponents occupied seats in the gallery of the convention while it was getting ready to make its final vote on the adoption of the ordinance, they would have been thoroughly convinced that a large majority of those present were ready and willing to offer their hearts' blood in the defense of Alabama.

At last, on the evening of that memorable day, never to be forgotten in the history of the State, the time came for the taking of the final vote on the adoption of the ordinance, and at such time no one was present except the delegates and offi- cers, though possibly a favored few were permitted to remain. Notwithstanding the wild confusion and enthusiasm in and

around the Capitol, everything was as still as death in that hall. This was one of the most solemn scenes my eyes ever beheld. The faces of strong men were pale and almost like death in appearance while the names of the delegates were being called and the final vote registered. This was not be- cause of personal cowardice or fear, but because of the grave responsibility resting upon them.

On the announcement of the president that the ordinance of secession had passed and that Alabama was a free sovereign State, the doors of the hall were at once thrown open to the public, and men, women, and children rushed into the hall amid scenes of the wildest excitement. It had been so ar- ranged that when the president of the convention declared the ordinance adopted, an officer of the body stood at the third window from the southwest corner of the Capitol, in the hall, and on the side fronting the city, with a handkerchief in his hand to signal Mrs. A. G. Walker, the wife of the Chiel Justice of t In- Supreme Court, announein -ion of the

St.it.-. Mis. Walker was standing on tin- pavement just out- side of the gate leading up to the Capitol, and on the left coming down from the Capitol, with the lanyard of "I ittle Texas" in her hand, and at the particular moment the gun was discharged amid terrific excitement. The first gun was in honor of the independence of the State, and then a salute was fired for each State that had seceded, Mrs. Walker firing only for Alabama, which was the fourth State that seceded. "Little Texas" was a small piece of artillery, mounted on low wheels, and used on public occasions bv the people of Montgomery. Amid all this excitement, everything was carried out systematically as arranged.

Immediately after the opening of the doors of the conven- tion hall, Mr. Yancey moved some two or three steps down the aisle toward the president's stand, having in his hand a beautiful flag, which, in the name of and in behalf of the ladies of Montgomery, in one of his eloquent and beautiful speeches, he presented to the convention. On one side of this flag was a large cotton stalk, and on the other a large rattlesnake in coil, with appropriate emblems. One men- tioned cotton as king, and the other forbade anyone to tread on him.

At the close of Yancey's address, Mr. Brooks, the president of the convention, turned to Alpheus Baker, a delegate from Barbour, who was standing just to his left and on the speaker's stand, and requested him to accept the flag in behalf of the convention. This Mr. Baker did with great eloquence. Some one asked Hon. Alexandria Meek, of Mobile, what bethought of Baker's speech, and he said "it was a perfect Niagara of eloquence."

At the close of Mr. Baker's address, the convention ad- journed for the day amidst great excitement and enthn That evening was spent by the crowd about the Capitol in making short addresses, many of the leading men of this and other States participating. Many of the addresses were by men who had opposed the secession of the State, and on this occasion they fully committed themselves to secession.

The enthusiasm continued throughout the evening and until daybreak on the morning of the twelfth. Stands were erected all along Dexter Avenue at street crossings and in the public square and on down Commerce Street to the river bank, and speakings were held at other places in the city, the whole city being beautifully illuminated.

The convention met again on the morning of January 1J, and commenced work in good earnest to make the action of the State a success.

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COMPARISON AND APPRAISAL.

HISTORICAL EVENING ADDRESS AT BIRMINGHAM CONVENTION U. D. C, BY MRS. A. A. CAMPBELL, HISTORIAN GENERAL.

It is a high privilege to hold the third and last of my His- torical Evenings in this beautiful city of Birmingham in the noble commonwealth of Alabama, which gave to the Con- federacy its first capital, the great Admiral Raphael Semmes, the dashing cavalier, Gen. Joseph Wheeler, and a host of illus- trious soldiers, among them the gallant Pelham, who, like so many sons of Dixie, died in her defense. Alabama fittingly represents the Old South with its lofty traditions, and Bir- mingham symbolizes the new era which dawned when the old had drawn to its somber close. Let us, therefore, make this hour, dedicated to retrospects, a time for comparison and appraisal, realizing that whatever is best and worthiest in our newer South is due to the teaching and example of the men who marched under the Bonnie Blue Flag and made it im- mortal.

The leisure of the Old South was one of its salient charms. It was practically immune from the minor pests which provide subjects for our experiment stations and have made the word insecticide so common in our vocabulary. Fancy a potato without a bug, a tomato without a blight, a rose without a slug, an orchard without a scale, a boll without a weevil! What was planted grew without spraying, and died of old age without the assistance of the gipsy moth and its associate as- sassins. No wonder there was leisure for the development of a group of statesmen whose vision made this republic a mighty nation instead of a narrow strip along the Atlantic seaboard. From the conquest of the Northwest territory through the Louisiana Purchase, the Gadsden Purchase, the Mexican War, and the capture of California by Fremont, all our vast area was expanded by Southern men. As you have doubtless observed, these facts are not emphasized at Pilgrim dinners and May- flower celebrations, and I may say to you, confidentially, that the ingenuity of our good friends, the Plymouth Rockers, is undoubtedly apparent in a discreet silence concerning the things they have left undone in the building of the nation.

There was another factor which made home life different and less fluctuating. The servant gal problem had not left the incubator of domestic trouble. There was no listen- ing on cold mornings for a footstep which failed to register. As was said of Federal officeholders, the cook seldom died and never resigned, and those old cooks were the high priest- esses of the culinary art. Their minds were not distracted by the conflicting claims of culture and the kitchen. Let me illustrate. The Old Dominion has acquired some little local celebrity as the Mother of Presidents, the first lady member of Parliment, and the Old Virginia ham. Some think the last is the best.

Once upon a time a ham was baking in my range, a distant relative of the ferocious pigs which sometimes attacked the Stonewall Brigade and were killed and eaten in self-defense by those intrepid warriors. Presiding over this aristocrat of the cuisine was the sweet girl graduate of an industrial school. The odor of burning meat warned me that a catas- trophe had occurred. Rushing into the kitchen, I was greeted with the question: "Mrs. Campbell, do you think the mad- ness of Hamlet was real or feigned? I am preparing an essay on the fair Ophelia and the Melancholy Dane. " As I snatched the charred and smoking remnants of the F. F. V. from the oven, I fear my manner in replying lacked that repose which marks the stamp of Vere de Vere and did not encourage Shakespearian research during cooking hours.

If hospitality is less universal than of yore, let us comfort

ourselves with the reflection that in the average home it now entails infinitely more effort than in the placid, abundant days when a pound of butter, a dozen eggs, and a glass of brandy were the usual accessories to the simplest dessert and the announcement that Lucullus dines with Lucullus was the assurance of a feast fit for an epicure.

Our happy people, whose God was Jehovah, dwelt under a government which derived its fundamentals from Magna Charta and habeas corpus, but its motto, E Pluribus Ununt, signified a new conception, one nation composed of many States. The men who framed the Federal Constitution were not copyists; they were originators. It was chiefly evolved by James Madison, and was declared by Gladstone to be the greatest instrument struck off at a given time by the human intellect.

If you wish to know by what small majorities and by what devious means the Constitution was adopted by the thirteen original States, read the life of John Marshall, by ex-Senator Beveridge. Naturally, you will find no eulogies of Thomas Jefferson. You do not expect them any more than you expect something flippant and frivolous from the Prophet Jeremiah. But you do find the lucid and convincing proof that the right of withdrawal from the Union, commonly called secession, was recognized to secure the ratification of the Con- stitution. You find also which States first threatened seces- sion, and why they desired to form a Northern Confederacy. If we exclude this book from our libraries because we entertain a different opinion of Jefferson, and other sections exclude it because it tells the truth about State rights, both sides are in danger of becoming narrow-minded bigots, incapable of ap- preciating the viewpoint of the other. Our entire history may be interpreted by the amendments to that Constitution. From 1804 to 1865 we did not modify it by the stroke of a pen, and then come the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments, which differ so radically with all that precedes that it is evident some mighty cataclysm has swept over our people, and the victors are recording the verdict.

One phase of that conflict must not be overlooked. It may have been inevitable, but the blame for its precipitation rests upon the Democratic convention which met at Charleston in 1860 and failed to agree upon a presidential candidate. The Northern Democrats chose Stephen A. Douglas; the Southern Democrats chose John C. Breckinridge. They defeated each other, put in power the Republican party, which was hostile to both, and many of the misfortunes which ensued must be traced to this colossal folly.

What is done is done. Let us not look into the past to dis- cover its subtle treacheries, its brutal cruelties, its needless anguish. Rather let us revere in disaster a heroism unsur- passed by any race, and let us listen to the ancient cry of Faith which rose like incense from a bleeding land: "Though he slay me, yet will I trust him. "

The eternal stars, Orion and the glittering Pleiades, which witnessed the desolation and also the triump of Job, still shine in benediction upon all who make human fortitude equal to human adversity.

The person who seeks to perpetuate sectional hatred is a friend to no one, but we would be traitors to our highest trust and recreant to our holiest duty if we failed to teach future generations that the South fought for its constitutional rights, and, as President Davis said, the fact that secession was im- practical did not prove that it was wrong. We can stress principles without attacking personalities.

Let us glance for a moment at Southern literature, crowned with the unique name of Edgar Allen Poe, the prince of poets, also the founder of the modern detective story, and none of the

Qoofederat^ l/eterai).

11

adventures of Sherlock Holmes have excelled "The Gold Bug" or "The Murders of the Rue Morgue." Another poet of the first rank was a Confederate soldier, Sidney Lanier, a master singer, whose music will echo down the ages.

A few days ago a distinguished man of letters entered the life eternal, one who depicted with rare fidelity the romance and the tragedy of the land where we were dreaming, Thomas Nelson Page, late Ambassador to Italy, perpetual Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary from the Old South to the boundless realm of Futurity.

The renaissance of the eighties surpassed in productivity and value the prose writings of any previous era, and, while it has ebbed, there are a number of authors with best sellers to their credit.

It must, however, be conceded that the Southern Literary Messenger has had no successor. Southern magazines expire of infantile paralysis, not of senile decay, and, so far as I am informed, the Confederate Veteran, of Nashville, is the only one continuously published for thirty years and still extensively circulated. Southern writers must now compete in the literary markets of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago for a place in their big publications. This is an unwelcome thought, but it is my solemn conviction that the first step toward remedying a condition is to admit its exist- ence. We are baffled to fight better, fall to rise, sleep to wake.

In 1865 two great armies were disbanded in the reunited States. The blue and the gray went back to the fields and raised bumper crops. Our splendid men in khaki, after mak- ing Armistice Day next to the Fourth of July the most glori- ous in our annuals, complained for many weary months of unemployment, because few of them desired work on the (arms. This is not a tide which will again flow landward; it is a deep and powerful current which continually enriches the cities, impoverishes rural conditions, and causes one of our serious problems.

After forty-three years, 1870 to 1913, we began a series of four amendments which show how far we have progressed since the paramount issue of State rights was defeated at Appomattox, for three of them attack some cherished right of sovereign commonwealth never before challenged. The Supreme Court of the United States is now the sole bulwark against Federal aggression, and we owe a debt of gratitude to Chief Justice Taft for the decision that a law, although bene- ficial, should not be made operative through the invasion of the rights of a State.

Now for the appraisal of our present assets. The blow which struck the shackles from the slave emancipated our economic system. In material wealth the South is incalcu- lably richer than ever before. Its natural resources in timber, minerals, land, and water power are absolutely unrivalled, and have barely crossed the threshold of development.

I have spoken of the great part played by ante-bellum statesmen. We may recall with pride that just four years ago the outstanding statesman of the entire world was a Southern man. After long exile, in 1013 a son of Virginia again sat in the White House, Woodrow Wilson. His form is still too near to estimate its full magnitude, but it will emerge from these' temporary shadows as the greatest since Washington, for he attempted to gain for the whole world through the League of Nations that freedom which Washington secured for his own country.

Destiny did not call an amiable mediocrity to that high place in a tremendous crisis; it called a leader, and he ever- more led. Sometimes he drove. It was not his nature to coax, but can you match the eight years of Woodrow Wilson

with any other period in American history and find equal achievement? For the first time the United States sat at the council table of nations, a victorious partner in the World War, and was accorded the leadership in the reconstruction of a devastated continent. We were not deposed. Weabdicated, ingloriously, ignominiously, at the mandate of those whose vindictive hatred was aroused by the preeminence of Presi- dent Wilson. In the misery of these unsettled times perhaps they have learned that there is nothing so disappointing as a satisfied vengeance.

Meanwhile, except in self-respect, we are the richest and most favored nation on the globe, but we are not the first, nor shall we be the last on that proud pinnacle. Go with me across the seas and the centuries to the palace in Babylon where Alexander lies dying. Silently the Macedonians salute him in a last farewell. His empire crumbles, and in the wake of his returning armies the luxury of the East, and its many races, come to Greece. Soon that gifted people is polluted by inferior strains, the very language of Homer, Plato, and Aristotle is forgotten, and a hybrid dialect takes its place which has not produced one single masterpiece in two thou- sand years.

Rome succeeded to the empire of Alexander, and added to it vast regions. A horde of slaves and aliens graced the triumphs of its conquering Caesars, remained to minister to decadent Romans, and debased the blood that ruled the world. Soon the imperial city became the Niobc of nations, its language dead, and not a vestige left of the far-flung sway over provinces subjugated by the invincible legions. These are solemn lessons for us to ponder, for the United States is fast ceasing to be the home of a purely Anglo-Saxon civilization. For the first time since they quit work on the Tower of Babel Shem, Ham, and Japheth all dwell under one flag, and it is our Star-Spangled Banner, of whose meaning they are ignor- ant if they construe liberty to mean license and if they use our benign laws as a shield under whose protection they may safely teach the heresies and fallacies which have afflicted Europe and which menace the happiness of mankind.

Underlying and complicating these perils is one which knows nor creed nor color the fatal spirit of greed, which is the source of lawlessness, the corrupter of virtue, the forger of those chains which hold in ultimate bondage the prisoners of that dire abode above whose portal is inscribed: "All hope abandon ye who enter here. "

Against these dark forebodings there are two remedies, a patriotism which is proof against the allurements of pleasure or the appeal of unworthy ambition and an individual pur- pose to love mercy, to do justly, and to walk humbly with our God.

As Daughters of the Confederacy we find our hope and inspiration in the story of the Confederacy. We sec its chief Executive, President Davis, bearing with patience and sub- lime resignation the vicarious burden of a people's woe; we see Stonewall Jackson, sword forever sheathed, looking across the river to the rest which awaits those who fight the good fight; we see Robert E. Lee standing in ever-growing splen- dor, the high exemplar of military genius and Christian man- hood.

We may not know in what great agony these men have been the cup of strength to others, in what temptation they have nerved a human soul to victory, or in what struggle they have pointed the way to a supreme renunciation, but their lives, their memory, and the great, accumulated, intangible treasure of the lives and deeds of those who loved and followed them constitute our priceless heritage.

We believe if we enshrine in our heart of hearts the faith in

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which they trusted, the principles for which they sacrificed, the South will continue to give to this nation its leaders in peace, in war, in high ideals, and unselfish service.

CLOSING SCENES OF WAR IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY.

BY D. C. GALLAHER, CHARLESTON, W. VA.

Perhaps no other such limited section as the Shenandoah Valley was the scene of such continuous fighting from the beginning to the end of the War between the States. Here Stonewall Jackson won immortal fame in his strategy and many victories, and here Sheridan won some fame and much infamy.

The situation in Virginia north of the James River and early in 1865 was temptingly ripe for just such events as actually occurred. Grant was tightening his strangle hold around Lee's depleted and half-starved army at Petersburg. Man and beast everywhere were suffering for subsistence. Even the Shenandoah Valley, justly called the "granary of the Confederacy," had been stripped bare by both armies, and in the preceding fall Sheridan had burned many homes, all of the mills, and every barn, and had carried off every foot of stock to be found by his soldiers, a prototype of the Huns in Belgium. Sheridan had boasted in a report to Grant that he had so devastated that section "that a crow even would have to carry his rations with him." One small mill is still pointed out as the only one left by Sheridan. The farmers too old for military service and their families throughout Virginia had been keeping body and soul together with the scant remnants left by the agents of the Confederacy, who had "impressed" or commandeered everything possible for the army even before Sheridan came and destroyed these scant remnants in the "Valley" and wherever he went. The only reliable main channels of supply to Lee's depleted and half-starved army were the two railroads running into Richmond, the Virginia Central (now the Cincinnati and Ohio Railroad) from west of Staunton, and the Richmond and Danville (now the Southern Railroad) via Lynchburg, and the small and slow boats of the canal, also from Lynchburg and Buchanan.

Grant early designed to cut off and absolutely destroy even these feeble arteries of supply from Lee's army near Richmond, and directed Sheridan, then in command at Winchester, to do so. Sheridan quietly spent several weeks in getting together some nine thousand or more picked cav- alry, artillery, wagons, etc. The official reports show there were then within his reach and control over twenty-three thousand cavalry alone in and near the lower Valley, as far as Harper's Ferry, guarding the railroads, etc., and attached to his main army at Winchester. Mosby's ever-vigilant and daring command, liable to strike at any hour or place, necessi- tated the presence there of this unusual number of the enemy's cavalry. Every man, horse, wagon, and equipment was carefully selected for Sheridan's ride through Virginia to join Grant at or near Richmond, and on one of the last days of February, 1865, there rode out of Winchester, on their mission of ruin and destruction, the best equipped large body of horsemen ever seen on this continent. There was but little to oppose them. They were headed for Richmond and ex- pected to, as they did in fact, sweep the Valley clean of Confederates and to destroy as they went, and their besom of destruction was indeed visible for years after.

Early's command had dwindled by fatalities and deser- tions and by most of it being sent to hard-pressed Lee, except

some of Wharton's Division, which was then away in the rear in winter quarters near Fishersville, six miles east of Staunton; and even from it daily desertions of half-starved and ragged soldiers were occurring. There was no sub- sistence for the cavalry down the Valley, hence they were scattered, some at Swope's (of Rosser's command), west of Staunton, and some near Lexington (of Lomax's command); but very many were at home on furlough or elsewhere feeding and saving their horses for the expected spring campaign. Sheridan's spies and "Jessie Scouts" (spies in Confederate uniforms) swarmed over the Valley and inside our lines, making daily reports, astonishingly accurate, for Sheridan's reports show he knew details of the situation far better than Early, who had only about one hundred and fifty cavalry between him and Winchester, picketing and scouting around Harrisonburg, thirty miles away from his small infantry in winter quarters. All during the winter Sheridan had kept pretty close to Winchester and Early near Staunton, with occasional forays of cavalry, mainly by Mosby's and Mc- Neill's commands, and a notable raid in December by Gen. Thomas L. Rosser, who, by an all-night ride and daring sur- prise at daylight, captured at New Creek, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (now Keyser, W. Va.), the fort and seven hundred of the garrison and five hundred cattle for Lee's starving army. At Moorefield the night before, Gen. Nathan Goff, later United States Judge and United States Senator and Secretary of the Navy, was captured. Save an occa- sional scout, Sheridan, now on his raid, encountered no Confederates until at the Mt. Crawford bridge over the North River, about sixteen miles from Staunton, he found guarding it, on the afternoon of March 1, a picket and reserve of about one hundred and fifty cavalry, which he flanked by some of his troopers swimming the swollen stream above the bridge, and nearly succeeded in capturing every one of them. It was then a keen run from there to Staunton, some sixteen miles away, the majority escaping by running into the woods and byroads. That night, unopposed, Sheridan entered Staunton, destroying as he went all supplies except those needed for his own forces. Straggling cavalry and couriers during the night brought the news to General Early, who, before daylight of March 2 hastily moved Wharton's skeleton division of only two slim brigades of about sixteen hundred men in all, and his few artillery from Fishersville, then winter quarters, down to Waynesboro, five miles eastward. He hurriedly formed his thin line of defense upon a moderate ridge east of the town, his line of battle practically, but not quite, as the sequel showed, spanning a crescent winding of South River, then swollen to a flood stage and way out of its banks, and with but one narrow bridge crossing available for retreat, if necessary. He failed, however, to entirely connect his extreme left with the river, leaving a body of woods on his flank unprotected.

The merest novice then and now wonders why he did not fall back promptly two or three miles farther into the narrow and easily defended Rockfish Gap of the Blue Ridge Moun- tains, only three miles away, where he might have held Sheridan at bay or compelled him to abandon that route, as General Hunter was compelled on his raid to Lynchburg, Va., under similar conditions the year before. It is said that Early declared he placed his men in that trap with no chance to retreat "to compel them to fight!" Compel the men of Monocacy, Winchester, and of Cedar Creek to fight! General Custer, Sheridan's best commander, in his published and official report, says that "There were four (?) brigades and one battery of artillery posted behind entrenchments," etc. There were, as a matter of fact, no entrenchments and only

Qopfederat^ l/eteraij.

13

two skeletons of brigades, perhaps sixteen hundred men in all. A rail fence torn down and piled up for a couple of hun- dred yards on a line of battle three-fourths of a mile in length made the only "entrenchments." Two boys, deserters from that vicinity (whose names were well known and which I withhold), and who for some months had been with Sheridan, guided Custer, concealed by the woods on Early's left flank above referred to, to a sunken lane leading from the Green- ville road to the South River ford, and wholly unprotected by Early on his extreme left flank. Sheridan, with his usual plan of fighting, made a feint in front and flanked his enemy. Within a short half hour Custer had two brigades of about four thousand men galloping, a half mile in Early's rear, into Waynesboro between our men and the swollen river, cutting off all possible escape, and not losing one man killed, while the Confederates lost the gallant Col. William H. Harman, who was shot dead in the streets of Waynesboro near Galla- her's Mill when trying to escape, and practically all of the command and every piece of artillery and wagons were cap- tured.

There was but little firing or fighting in this wretchedly managed affair, and General Early was later rebuked by Lee by an order, as shown below. The Yankee artillery on the hill near the "Punch Bowl," a mile away, and used as a feint to cover the flank movement, exchanged a few shots with Early's artillery. Sheridan reported that he "captured nine pieces of artillery, thirteen battle flags, eleven hundred and sixty-five men, seventy-eight officers, and one hundred and fifty wagons," and that "the enemy consisted of two of Wharton's infantry brigades and Rosscr's cavalry" and nearly the entire force of the enemy captured"; and this was about correct, only some of those who had horses escaping in the mad stampede of cavalry and civilians all mixed up together over the mountain road through Rockfish Gap. The rout was complete. Custer added, in his rather self-laudatory report, that he "captured a portion of Early's staff (who, in fact, was Dr. Hunter McGuire, formerly Stonewall Jackson's Medical Director), and I am in hopes of capturing Early. 1 am pushing him through the (Rockfish) Gap." But Early, just as soon as the stampede set in and it was seen to be a hopeless rout, avoiding the main pike, turned into a byroad and escaped, with several of his faithful staff, through Turk's Gap of the Blue Ridge some six miles below, on the eastern side of which he spent the night. And after wander- ing and avoiding Sheridan, General Early reported to General Leer at Petersburg, nearly two weeks afterwards, at 2:30 a.m., March 15, according to his brief official report to Gen. John C. Breckinridge, then just made Secretary of War. On March 29, two weeks later to the day, according to official records, General Lee summarily relieved him of all command by an order, saying: " I will address you a letter at your home in Franklin County, to which you can return and await further orders."

Less than two weeks later came Appomattox. Here was a sad closing chapter to the career of one of Lee's bravest, most trusted, and efficient lieutenants, and to the brilliant victories which Early shared with Jackson and Breckinridge and that gave the Valley a historic glory unequaled by any since Marathon and Thcrmopyla?. Except a running fight at Mt. Crawford, as stated, with about one hundred of our cavalry, Sheridan had had no opposition whatever on his way toward Waynesboro. Gen. Thomas L. Rosscr, with a half dozen men selected by him, left the pike on the hill above Fishersville as the enemy came in view from Staunton and rode around Sheridan's forces to ascertain if the latter, as the infamous General Hunter did in June, 1864, when he 1**

burned the Virginia Military Institute and hanged innocent citizens, was going to Lexington and Lynchburg via Green- ville, and was only making a feint toward Rockfish Cap. General Rosser sent back from near Greenville to Early a courier, who, after running into the enemy in Waynesboro that night, escaped, and some years after met General Early for the first time and delivered Rosser's belated dispatch (oral) that the enemy was not on the Lexington road, etc.

Sheridan rode rapidly unopposed thereafter, crossing Rock- fish Gap to Charlottesville and thence to Columbia, destroy- ing the Virginia Central Railroad (now the Cincinnati and Ohio Railroad) and the Canal. Finding the James River too swollen to cross and destroy the Richmond and Danville Road, he, March 16, joined Grant at the White House, being followed by some five or six hundred cavalry which General Rosser had hastily gathered up, but who never overtook Sheridan, the roads being in deep mud and terribly cut up by Sheridan and well-nigh impassable. After continuous and heavy rains, so cut up were they by Sheridan that the deep ruts of his tracks remained for years after. To some people amusing, but an instance of impudence, was the fact that while in Charlottesville some of Sheridan's troopers actually got out and distributed free an edition of the Chronicle, a Charlottesville weekly, in which they ridiculed General Early and Confederates generally! I have a copy of that edition.

Early in the morning of March 7, at Mt. Jackson, before daylight, the heavy convoy of prisoners, artillery, wagons, etc., sent to Winchester by Sheridan was fruitlessly attacked by a small body of Confederate cavalry attempting rescue, and here the last shot by a body of Confederates was fired in that Valley, rendered immortal by four years of almost daily battle or skirmishing in the most remarkable war of the then modern history. It is but just to say that perhaps none of Lee's lieutenants, whether directly under him or with a separate army, ever fought harder or with more honor against overwhelming odds than General Early, who, it will be recalled, won the battle of Monocacy against great odds and drove the enemy clear to within sight of panic- stricken Washington itself, where the timely arrival of large reenforcements, hastily sent from Virginia by Grant, con- vinced Early that he was a day too late. After this Early retired to the Valley, the enemy not opposing or even pursuing, such a fright had he given them. This movement added to Early's great luster and glory as a general, which in a weak moment or by a hasty error at Waynesboro were unhappily dimmed.

Gen. George A. Custer and Gen. Thomas L. Rosser.

Among the cadets at West Point when the War between the States began were George A. Custer and Thomas L. Rosser, classmates, and both very young and very warm friends. Custer left there for the Union army and Rosser for the Confederacy, after a fond farewell to one another. Each, a beau sabre, became a famous cavalry general, and their commands, one of the Army of the Potomac, the other of the Army of Northern Virginia, and most often in the Shenandoah Valley, were frequently pitted against each other and almost personally at times. In the Shenandoah Valley campaign this was particularly so. Often in the furious clash of charges we could easily recognize Custer in the thickest of the fight, for he was recklessly brave, and with his long yellow hair, which he, perhaps from pardonable vanity, wore with an always brilliant uniform, was easily recognized. Many messages were sent by these school friends to one another through the lines, as each often retired before the other. It

14

^dijrederat^ Vetera*?.

was the keenest ambition of each to capture the other, and often this came very near being realized. A noticeable in- stance was in the fall of 1864, when Grant was encircling Richmond. Rosser, an unusually handsome man and the beau ideal of the dashing cavalier, had lately married a belle and beauty whose ancestral home, "Courtland," was in Hanover County, near Richmond. Grant's right flank and Lee's left alternately occupied this section, the cavalry having almost daily fights and with varying occupation.

Upon one occasion Rosser's command was at Hanover Courthouse, and he was spending the night at "Courtland," Custer's pickets, not very far away, were informed by some runaway negroes of Rosser's location. Just before daylight a faithful old slave of the family rushed into the mansion and waking Rosser up told him the Federal cavalry were coming. Rosser, hastily dressing, sprang upon his horse, saddled and the stirrup held by the old servant, and, dashing down a bypath, eluded the enemy coming up the avenue of trees in front, and escaped. Custer, entering the house, introduced himself to the family, Mrs. Rosser almost welcoming him, as she well knew the old-time fondness of her husband for Custer. Virginia hospitality overcame enmity and a warm breakfast was enjoyed by Custer. However, he was soon run out by Rosser by a sudden return and attack, but, before leaving, Custer left a note for Rosser saying he had "learned that he (Rosser) was in the neighborhood and had called to pay his respects and was sorry not to find him at home," etc. The next day Custer again drove Rosser out and found a note from him saying that as soon as he learned Custer was at his home he had returned and was sorry he had left in such a hurry, etc.

After the war Rosser and Custer met in Washington. The one was enjoying a victor's happiness and a brilliant fame; the other had lost everything but honor and an equally splendid record as a cavalry leader. Custer was then leaving for the Northwest to protect the building of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and offered to secure Rosser an important position on the engineering corps of that railroad. Rosser accepted and, with his usual good sense and foresight, in a few years became a wealthy man from investments along that railroad, with some of his brothers-in-law, one of whom, the brave Capt. Phil Winston of his staff during the war, became an honored mayor and a wealthy citizen of St. Paul or Minneapolis. It is said that Rosser, in some of Custer's fights with the Indians who attacked the railroad builders, displayed his usual bravery in leading the soldiers. After Custer's Massacre, Rosser met Major Reno in Washington, where a personal encounter ensued over Reno's alleged failure to rescue or aid Rosser's friend, Custer, when massacred. Rosser later was residing in Charlottesville, Va., and at the time of his death was postmaster and much loved and hon- ored by everybody.

Mark him who stands on Texas soil,

And knows the Texas story; His soul will thrill, his blood will boil

Responsive to her glory. The "cannon shot" by Travis hurled

Commanded to surrender Reechoes ever through the world

With undiminished splendor.

/. Alleine Brown.

THE FOURTH LOUISIANA BATTALION AT THE BATTLE OF SECESSIONVILLE, S. C.

BY H. J. LEA, WINNSBORO, LA,

I have been a constant reader of the Confederate Vet- eran for many years, and would not be without it, for I find in each issue something worth more to me than the price paid for the entire year. In the October number, page 368, is an interesting account of the battle of Secessionville, S. C.f by R. de T. Lawrence, of Marietta, Ga., which I recognize as true in the main, but with a slight variation as to the part taken therein by the 4th Louisiana Battalion; and the pur- pose of this article is to correct the report in that respect, so I will give an account of this affair according to my knowledge of it, having participated therein.

I was a member of Capt. J. W. Walker's company, which enlisted and went out from Monroe, La., March 2, 1862. We went to Savannah, Ga., and there were attached to and made part of the 4th Louisiana Battalion, commanded by Col. John McEnry, also of Monroe, which became a part of Harrison's Brigade, commanded by Col. George P. Harrison of the 32nd Georgia Regiment, which brigade was composed of the 32nd Georgia and, I believe, the 47th Georgia and the 4th Louisiana Battalion. In the early part of June, 1862, this brigade was ordered to Charleston, S. C. On our arrival there we were ordered to cross over to James Island, just in front of Charleston, a few days later, the Yankees having landed a force on the east or southeast side of the Island. On June 10 our brigade crowded them back through the thick jungle to their vessels, where they took refuge. Night came on, and we were ordered to fall back to open ground, a short distance away, where we remained during the night, with orders to be quiet to prevent the Yankees from getting our range or location, as they were throwing shells from the mortars constantly, which exploded high in the air above us; and occasionally a shell would come down, strike the ground, and then explode, the fragments scattering everywhere with the usual whistling noise familiar to veterans but not to boys just merged into service. Needless to say that no one there was sleepy that night. But there was not much to this affair, and the enemy made no further attempt to land at this place. We retired to the rear of our fortified line a little farther up near the fort, where we remained in camp till the morning of the 16th. I refer to our battalion only, as I do not recall the location of the Georgia regiments composing our brigade at this time.

At the break of day on the morning of the 16th, firing wa» heard up in front of the fort, the alarm given, and the long roll beat, and the line was quickly formed with orders to march in double-quick time. The distance was as much as three-quarters of a mile or more to the fort. We went up the road along the west side of the line to the bridge, which was about two hundred yards long, crossed over, and turned to the east about four hundred yards to the fort. Just before the head of our line reached the fort, the Yankee regiment, hav- ing formed on the opposite side of Lighthouse Creek, at this point about one hundred yards distant, opened fire on us. We were ordered to halt, face to the right, and fire. This continued but a short time; the storming party in front was crowding in, and we were ordered to face to the left and rush to the fort, where the Yankees were scrambling for the top of the parapets, crowding forward in great numbers with a desperate determination to capture the fort. We arrived just at the critical moment; a few minutes later would have been too late. They were repulsed, routed, and fled in the

^opfederat^ l/eterai).

15

same quick time that they came, with the rifles and artillery playing on them to the extreme range.

It seemed that every man there in defense of the fort felt as though the whole responsibility of holding the fort rested on him, for it would have been impossible for any force of the same size to have done more. As soon as the storming party in front gave way and fled, the flanking party across the creek also fled hurriedly, for had they remained, even for a short time, they would have been cut off and captured or killed. Our Captain Walker was shot through the body and dangerously wounded by the party across the creek just be- fore reaching the fort, and others were killed and wounded by them. Lieut. Ike Doyle and private John Reagan of Company C were killed at the fort. I notice there was no mention made in the report of the casualties of officers of Lieutenant Doyle's having been killed, and no mention of t lie 4th Louisiana Battalion having rushed to the assist .nice of the fort. The citizens and newspapers of Charleston had much to say at the time about the conduct of the brave Colonel McEnry and his 4th Louisiana Battalion in action at that time. The report says that the 4th Louisiana came up in a run, fell upon the regiment across the creek, and routed them. The facts are as above stal ed.

Had the flanking party across the creek been a little stronger so as to maintain their position there while four or five hun- dred more continued down the creek, crossed the bridge be- hind us, and made their attack in front, Hank, and rear, they might have succeeded, though it would have been a bold movement. It looks like they might have had a good chance, as we hail no infantry in the trenches in the vicinity of the bridge; in fact, there was not a very strong Confederate force on the Island.

Comrade Lawrence says the regiment across the creek was sheltered by jungle about the marsh and the bank of the creek. My recollection is that the marsh and jungle referred to were farther up the creek to the cast of the fort, and that the body of water and the land on both sides were open as far up as the fort; and as t he land was only four or five feet above high tide level, there could not have been anj banks to shelter them. They were in plain open view of us. lie says the north end of the fort was on Big Folly Creek. I do not know the name of the two bodies of water between which the fort was situated, my only information being derived from his article. He calls the one on the south side Lighthouse Creek and the One on the north side Big Folly Creek. The north end of the fort was on a body of water which must h.ivc been as much as a mile wide, and which I understood to lie between James Island and Morris Island. A few days after the battle I saw a vessel steam up from the east or northeast through this water, near enough as I thought for our batteries to fire on her, but they did not, and 1 presume the distance may have been too great. She stood there ,i few minutes then retired. I remember a tower which stood at the south end of tin- fort, two or three hundred feet high, on which a guard was con- stantly on duty to observe the movements of the enemy, I was permitted to go up on one occasion, and the sentry kindly let me have the use of his glasses for a short time.

Comrade Lawrence says a fatigue party of one hundred picked men started about one o'clock to cross the bridge to go to the fort to assist in the work of mounting a gun, and that they arrived about daylight, just in time to render as- sistance in the battle. He does not say where thej started from, and I cannot think he means to Bay it would take them all that time, from one o'clock to daylight, to cross the bridge and reach the fort, when the distance was only four hundred yards. I am inclined to think the arrival of the working

party may have been confused with that of the 4th Louisiana, as we arrived on the scene about the time they arc reported to have been there; but I would not at all detract from the bravery of this party or any others who may have been there in action. He says the 4th Louisiana was ordered there by Colonel Haygood, but I do not know why Colonel Haygood should be giving orders to Colonel McEnry, since we were in Harrison's Brigade and subject to his orders. There may be some way to explain that, as we maj have been temporarily detached from the brigade at this time.

This battle was one of great importance, considering the effect it may have had on the Confederacy had we failed, for. as I remember it, this point was in reach of Charleston and the enemy, if successful, might have reversed our own guns and brought them to bear on that city.

Captain Walker was discharged from the service on account

of his dangerous wound, and I did not see him again, but was informed that he died it his home in one of the hill Parishes of Louisiana, west of Monroe, several years after the close of the war. When we went to James Island, we crossed overjust

south of the city. On our departure we boarded a steamer at the point of the peninsula and steamed around by Fort Sum- ter to Charleston, then went back to Savannah and remained there till November. Vessels having been sighted off the coast of Wilmington. X. ('..our brigade was sent up t here, and we remained on the coast just above Wilmington till Mart h, 1863, then returned to Savannah, where we rem. lined till May, when the 1th Louisiana was ordered to Jackson, Miss., and there attached to Gen, W. 11. T. Walker's Brigade. He was promoted to major general soon after, and Colonel Wilson was placed in command of the brigade. We were in all of the Mississippi campaign under Gen, Joseph E. Johns- ton, then went to North Georgia and joined Bragg's army just before the battle of Chickamauga. We were then in Wilson's Brigade, Walker's Division, Polk's Corps, and oc- cupied the right wing of General Bragg's army, in which battle our losses were very great. We lost every commissioned officer, either killed or wounded, except one lieutenant, and titty percent of the men. Our battallion was then transferred to Gen. R. L. Gibson's Louisiana Brigade, where it remained to the close, Colonel McEnry receiving a serious wound through the shoulder. After being transferred to Gibson's Brigade, General Gibson assigned Capt. John McGrath (now president of Louisiana Pension Board), of the l.Uh Louisiana Regiment, to take charge of the 4th Louisiana Battalion till some of its officers wen- able to return for duty.

After the battle of Missionary Ridge, we were in winter quarters at Mill Creek Gap, Rocky Face Mountain, near Dalton, Ga., till the spring of 1864. We were then under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in all of the Georgia campaign from Dalton to Atlanta. Colonel McEnry was again seriously wounded in the battle of Resaca, and our Maj. Duncan Buie was wounded in the battle of Ezra, just west of Atlanta, on July 28, 1864. Neither of them was ever able to return for duty. Our General Polk was killed at Pine Mountain and Gen. W. II. T. Walker, in the battle of Atlanta, on July 22, then under General Hood, General Johnston having been relieved just before the battles ol Atlanta. The battle of Jonesboro, just south of Atlanta, was the last before the evacuation of Atlanta, then General Hood made his bold move around and went up into Tennessee. French's Division fought the battle of Atlanta, Ga., which, 1 believe, was the last of the Georgia campaign, Our brigade crossed the Ten- nessee River at Florence, Ala., in pontoon boats. The enemy occupied the town on the opposite side; the army was crossed over and remained there till all preparations were made,

16

Qogfederat^ l/eterai).

then proceeded on up by way of Columbia, where we were stopped to guard the crossing of Duck River while the army went on to Franklin and Nashville, where terrible battles were fought. Quite a lot of prisoners were sent back to us with instructions to deliver them at Corinth, Miss., which was accordingly done. Our brigade was then ordered to Mobile, being so greatly reduced in number on account of hard service and casualties. An order came to General Maury, command- ing the post of Mobile, to grant a furlough to one of every seven for sixty days, which was accordingly done on February 28, 1865, and the writer was so fortunate as to draw a fur- lough. In company with Maj. Ned Austin, of Austin's Battalion, Capt. John Clayton, of the 25th Louisiana Regi- ment, and two or three others, I left Mobile by train on March 1. We left the noble Major Austin at Jackson, his home being in New Orleans, and the other members of our party walked to the river and were taken over by a negro man in a skiff. Landing on Louisiana soil, we proceeded to our respective homes. Our furloughs would have expired April 28. General Lee's army surrendered April 9, and General Johnston's a few days later, and, other organizations rapidly following, the Confederate government merged into history. I have not been back since, but remain an unrecon- structed Confederate.

REMINISCENCES OF INDIANOLA, TEX.

BY EUDORA I. MOORE, BUDA, TEX.

It does not seem to be generally known, even by Texans, that during the War between the States the Federals occupied the coast town of Indianola for nearly three months; yet such was the case.

In 1862 there were a few men stationed at Fort Esperanza, near Pass Caballo, the entrance from the Gulf of Mexico into Matagorda Bay. In the early fall of that year yellow fever broke out among them. - Elijah Stapp, a dear school friend of mine, died, and his body was brought to Indianola for burial. Quite a number of people in the town also died of that dread disease.

The next year, 1863, a company of men belonging to Hobby's Regiment was stationed at Indianola for eight months; in the fall they were sent to Fort Esperanza. In the latter part of November the Federals made an attack on the fort, and the Confederates were obliged to retreat. In the words of Mr. Joe Lorn, of Seguin, "The Federal fleet was oi_t- side of the pass with a number of gunboats, and for several days bombarded the fort. They landed a large force of men and were about to surround and cut us off from the main- land, which forced us to vacate the foit. Being infantry, we could not bring anything away, so all supplies, guns, ammuni- tion, etc., were blown up and destroyed. We left the fort about midnight, and passed through Indianola early the next morning, not stopping until we arrived at Port Lavaca."

We expected the Federals to follow immediately on the footsteps of the retreating Confederates, but it was a day or two before their gunboats appeared. In the meantime the wharves, bridges, and a large pile of railroad timber were burned.

When the gunboats arrived, the town was surrendered to to them by the mayor. They then went on to Port Lavaca, about twelve miles up the bay, and bombarded the place for sometime. As their firing was not returned, they drew off and did not molest it further.

The latter part of December the Federals occupied Indian- ola in force. It was a part of the 13th Army Corps, com- manded by Gen. Fits Henry Warren.

One regiment was camped immediately east of our house, in command of Col. Oran Perry, of Indianapolis, Ind., and he gave his men orders not to molest anything on the place. The following information I received from him only a few years ago:

"The time we spent at Indianola passed very pleasantly, a season of perfect rest after long campaigns in other parts. Our force then consisted of a division of three brigades of five regiments each. Our object in coming to Indianola was to march across the country to Tyler, Tex., where we were expected to meet General Banks's army, which was to invade Texas via Red River, but Banks was defeated by General Dick Taylor at Mansfield, and our division was recalled from Indianola back to New Orleans and thence up Red River to Alexandria, La., where we arrived in time to defeat Taylor and rescue Banks's demoralized army."

The Federals tore down a number of houses with which to build barracks and for firewood. They picked on those belonging to Confederate soldiers, my brother, Joseph L. Moore, losing two. A great many cattle were killed; they would drive up a pen full and shoot them down. We had to get a permit to obtain a piece of our own beef, which went mightily against the grain. Entrenchments were thrown up and forts build on the south side of town. One day a company of Home Guard boys rode up near the place. Two regiments of infantry and some cannon were ordered out to meet them, a number of shots were fired, but no harm was done on either side. After the regiment near us broke camp, they had to wait a few days for transportation. A young captain was taken ill, and they got permission from mother to let him stay at our house. He seemed very thank- ful, got the names of my two brothers in the army, and told mother that if fate ever threw them in his way he would act the part of a friend to them.

The Federals evacuated Indianola on March 13, 1864, but gunboats occasionally came into the bay and would land a squad of men to search the houses for Confederates.

THE GRA ND RE VIE W.

BY I. G. BRADWELL, BRANTLEY, ALA.

I wonder if any Confederate soldier who took part in this review will see this article. If so, I am sure he will remember this event, and I would be glad to hear from him. But, alas, how few of those heroes of a hundred battles who stepped so proudly before their grand old chief that day survived the campaign of the following spring and summer!

"On Fame's eternal camping ground Their silent tents are spread."

In the winter of 1863-64, after the Gettysburg campaign and that in which we had driven Meade's army back to the defenses around Washington, D. C, General Lee's army was strung out for many miles along the south side of the Rapidan River in winter quarters. To the north of our (Gordon's) camp, about two or three miles, was a large field one and a half miles or more square, on the east side of which was quite an elevation, affording a splendid view of the whole field. There was not a tree or shrub anywhere to obstruct the land- scape. Nature seemed to have designed the place for the occasion, and the quick eye of our general caught the inspira- tion and ordered a review of our (the old Stonewall) corps, I suppose for his own pleasure and to cultivate the martial spirit of his men; for all of the army who chose to attend were free to do so. The weather was perfect, and all the brigades

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constituting the three divisions marched to the appointed place on time and took their position in line. Our division, then commanded by "Old Jube" Early, occupied the front. Gen. R. E. Rodes's division stood to our rear about two hundred yards, and General Johnson's (the old Stonewall) division, the same distance to the rear of Rodes's. The lines were perfectly straight and parallel, extending each a mile or more east and west. To the right of each brigade stood the military band or other musicians belonging to that command. When the lines were all formed, General Lee, mounted on his fine dappled iron gray horse, rode to the brow of the hill above mentioned and sat motionless, while his staff officers, all mounted, took positions on his right and left. In rear of these, his mounted bodyguard formed a line, while a large company of observers, consisting of soldiers, women, and citizens, occupied the space farther to the right and left.

At the proper moment, General Lee rode down the hill toward the right of the front division, with his adjutant gen- eral by his side, while his numerous staff and bodyguard fol- lowed. At the head of the column he was joined by General Early, and all set out in a gallop down the line to the extreme left and then back again in our rear, where he was joined by General Rodes in a ride down in front and up in rear of his division, and then again by General Johnson, where the same thing was repented back to the grand stand on the hill, having completed a ride of six miles without a single misstep or break in gait.

I think I never saw a horse perform his part so beauti- fully as did old Traveller on this occasion, or a rider sit more gracefully in the saddle. But to see General Lee at his best he must be seen on horseback, where he appeared to be per- fectly at home. The same can be said of Gens. Joseph E. Johnston and Beauregard. They looked like kings when mounted.

And then the various regiments broke up into platoons and marched around the field by oui old commander, sitting bare headed and motionless, except to acknowledge the salute of each officer as he led his command in front of him. This all consumed a great part of the day, and at the close we returned to our camps.

A little circumstance in this connection, which afforded the men in ranks much amusement, must be mentioned: The Fingal, a British blockade runner, came into Savannah just before the Yankee fleet bombarded and captured Fort Pu- laski at the mouth of the harbor. The vessel could not escape to the ocean any more to continue in the business of blockade running, and General Lee, who was in command at that time of the forces at Savannah, commissioned two of the officers of the ship in the Confederate service. Lieutenant Burns was assigned as a sort of supernumerary officer in our 31st Georgia regiment. He had no special duties to perform, and was a kind of "free lance, " to go and come when he pleased, and to fight or not as he liked. But there was no truer or braver soldier in the army than Lieutenant Burns, for he was always with us when the fighting was thickest, with a gun in his hand doing his duty as a private soldier, until shot down in battle at Second Manassas: when he fell with his knee shattered by a ball, the litter bearers placed him on a stretcher to remove him out of any further danger. As they were tak- ing him away, he asked the men how the battle was going, and when told that we were holding our line against the pow- erful assaults of Pope's army, for Longstreet had not as yet come to our help, he lit his pipe and replied: "I don't care a farthing if I lose my leg if we win the day." When he was well and discharged from the hospital, he got a cork leg and returned to General Lee for further service as on" ...' his staff.

The quartermaster of our regiment furnished him with a beautiful and spirited young mount for this occasion, but Lieutenant Burns was more expert at climbing ropes on board of a ship than riding a horse in a grand parade. Doubt- ing his ability to ride with the other staff officers, he chose to take his place in the rear of the bodyguard. For a while he followed the flying horsemen and stuck to the saddle very well, but before he got to the extreme left, he was far behind, as his cork leg became detached and began to fly about in the air in such an ungovernable way as to excite every one to laughter, and, since he could not control his horse and his false member at the same time, he was compelled to halt at the left of the division until the review was over. Poor, brave Lieutenant Burns! I wonder what became of him. Some years after the war I saw frequent mention of him in the papers, but this generation has forgotten his heroic, unself- ish sacrifice in our behalf, as well as that of many others who sleep somewhere in unknown graves. But the Righteous Judge will requite them at the last day.

A few days later General Lee, on the same ground, reviewed General Stuart's cavalry corps, consisting of three divisions, whose ranks were very much depleted by constant contact with the enemy and hard service. This was very evident from the appearance of the men and their horses. The won- der is that their general, with so poor a force and equipment, could perform such achievements against such overwhelm- ing odds. Surely Stuart and his men were little less than superhuman. But how proudly rode "The Knight of the Black Plume" that day before his chief!

All who followed him exhibited the same martial spirit that characterized their leader. What they had lacked in number and equipment they made good by their rapid movements, watchfulness, and bravery; for Stuart's men were always everywhere to head off any attempt of the enemy and to return blow for blow, or even to assume the offensive when expedient. They were the eyes of the army; the sun was never too hot nor the air too cold to check their activities, and they and their horses seemed immune to hunger and fatigue. The nights were never too dark nor the roads too bad to delay their excursions, and they always managed to get there on time, or ahead of time, to checkmate any movement on the part of the enemy. Their leader, as well as his men, seemed born for the saddle and at his best when fighting sword and pistol in hand in a "mix-up" with the enemy, or flying across ditches or over fences pursued by the foe. Even after the subsequent exhausting campaign in which Stuart was killed, these decimated battalions, under the wise leadership of the noble Hampton, were able utterly to rout a select force many times larger than their own under Sheridan at Trevillian Station, when the latter and a few of his men barely escaped into Grant's lines below Richmond, after losing their entire equipment. (See Note.) They were true to the cause of the South to the last, and to the indomitable spirit of the Anglo- Saxon race. Surprised and surrounded as they sometimes were, they seldom failed to break through the ranks of the enemy and make good their escape, to renew the contest on more favorable terms somewhere else.

After this General Lee reviewed A. P. Hill's corps at the same place, but we did not think they made so fine a show as ours (Ewcll's.) I cannot say whether General Lee reviewed Longstreet 's corps, as they were more distant from us toward Culpcper.

Perhaps in this connection it would not be out of order to relate another little incident to illustrate the daring heroism of the Confederate cavalry. When our army was passing through Loudon County, Va., in 1864, in returning from our

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expedition to Washington, D. C, we stopped to take a few minutes' rest on the roadside near a barn, which was sur- rounded by a high, close fence, with a big gate opening out on the highway. We had just thrown ourselves down when the old gentleman, owner of the place, came out of his house near by and approached us, smiling, and told us this story: " Right here," said he, "at my barn not long ago, old Mosby got into a trap, and I was certain the Yankees had him; but he and every one of his men escaped. They came here late one evening in a gallop and went into my lot and shut the big gate to spend the night. They dismounted and unsaddled their tired horses immediately, and were fixing to feed, when the place was suddenly surrounded by a regiment of Yankees that had been riding in pursuit of them all day. I said to myself, 'They've got old Mosby this time sure;' but not a bit of it, for they all mounted their horses bareback, threw open the big gate, and rode out through the ranks of the enemy without the loss of a man. "

At this time the Yankees were killing all Confederate scouts, and especially Mosby's men, claiming that they were guerillas.

[Note. Will some veteran who participated in this, one of the greatest cavalry battles of the war write it up for the readers of the Veteran? I cannot do so myself, as I did not take part in it and would have to depend on "hearsay," though I passed through that part of the ground where the fighting was hottest two days afterwards with my regiment and saw dead horses and other evidences everywhere over a great extent of country.]

WITH THE THIRD MISSOURI REGIMENT.

REMINISCENCES OF CHARLES BOARMAN CLEVELAND, LATE OF MIAMI, FLA.

My first battle, or fight, was at Boonsville, Mo., but we had many skirmishes, and at Lexington, Mo., we made our first big capture, taking General Mulligan and four thousand of his men, after which we fought at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, Mo., where we routed the Yanks, killing the com- manding officer, General Lyon, and many of his men. Gen- eral Sigel and his Germans (whom we called "Dutchmen") took to the woods in flight.

We then started through Arkansas to join General Bragg in Mississippi at or near Corinth. We encountered an immense army at Elkhorn Tavern, and lost our gallant Colonel Reeves of the 3rd Missouri Infantry. Col. Ben McCulloch was also killed, as were General Mcintosh, who commanded the In- dians, and Captain Clark, a West Pointer, who commanded a battery. Our company did nobly, stood square to the enemy, and lost many killed and wounded. My brother Ben was with me, a very gallant soldier. We had quite a number of boys of his age who were raised with us on the farms near Huntsville, Mo.

From Elkhorn we went to Memphis, crossing the Mis- sissippi River there, and were in the largest city in which we had yet been. This was April 7, 1862. From there we were rushed toward Shiloh to reenforce Gen. Albert Sidney Johns- ton. We encountered the Yankees at Farmington and fought a skirmish line driving them back, but did not get to take part at Shiloh.

Our command was in the first and second battles of Corinth and did some gallant fighting, making quite a name. We went from Corinth to Grenada, and there my brother, Benjamin F. Cleveland, was taken ill and died, and was buried in the cemetery at Oxford. My mother was then in deep distress.

My oldest brother, John D. Cleveland, was taken prisoner and sent to Gratiot Street Prison, St. Louis, and kept three months, and then to Alton Prison in Illinois and kept there a long time. His health was so impaired that he never rallied, but died soon after the war. My oldest sister, the wife of Franklin C. Edwards, lived near Bunker Hill, 111., and escaped all the hardships of the war; by other sister was a red hot Rebel, and in 1863 was banished from Missouri.

The army returned toward Corinth, where we fought a big battle, and then we went to Iuka and fought a battle there, losing quite a number of good men.

We marched and countermarched over Mississippi. Upon the reorganization of our command in May, 1862, I was elected a lieutenant in Company K, 3rd Missouri Infantry. Our ranks were reduced and, our companies being smal , we consolidated our regiments as follows: The 1st Missouri, Colonel Riley's, with the 4th, Colonel McFarland; The 2nd Missouri, Colonel Cockrell, with the 6th, Colonel Flourney; The 3rd Missouri (ours), Colonel Gauze, with the 5th, Col- onel McGowan; The 1st Missouri Cavalry, Colonel Gates, with the 3rd Missouri.

We went into winter quarters at Meridian, and I was selected by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston to go with a train of fifty- two wagons into Alabama for supplies. Down in Choctaw County, near Pushmataha, I got the fifty-two wagons loaded with edibles, mostly sweet potatoes, without one cent of cost to the government. General Johnston complimented my success.

We had a nice camp during the winter in Meridian, every soldier having a reed bed, made of canes, or fishing poles, and moss, covered with blankets, to lie on; we were comfortable, well fed, and passed a very pleasant time. After the winter we took the cars and went into Louisiana and camped on some of those beautiful grounds under the most magnificent oak trees I ever saw; the bayous were lovely streams of water.

CHARLES B. CLEVELAND IN LATE YEARS.

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Later we moved down the river and^ crossed back into Mis- sissippi and camped near Port Gibson and Grand Gulf. At this time the Yankee gunboats were coming up the river. They stopped at Grand Gulf and bombarded the place. I was on picket duty. All the big shells went over our heads, so every time they fired, we poured such a fearful volley into their portholes that they had to back out.

Captain Wade was the only man killed by their fire. He was a gallant Missourian and commanded a battery bearing his name, which the battery retained until the end of the war. Two days later the Yankees began to land at Bruinsburg and inarch out into the country. Our brigade, under General Bowen, marched through Port Gibson and met them a few miles out of town, where we had a fearful battle and, being out- numbered, we fell back through Port Gibson. Instead of following us, the Yankees moved out in large force toward Raymond, while we moved up the river toward Vicksburg. May 12, 1863, we fought them at Baker's Creek and drove them back all day, but at night, reenforcements coming on, we fell back to Vicksburg and, on the way, had quite a battle at Big Black Bridge, where Colonel Gates and a number of his men were captured.

On May 13, my birthday, we were still fighting, and on May IS we fell back to Vicksburg, on which place Grant and Sherman were gradually advancing. The siege of Vicksburg began in earnest on May 16, and we were kept busy in keep- ing the Yanks away from our works. In my immediate com- mand we had many encounters with them, some at very close quarters, and, if I do say so, they never one time in the long siege ran over us; whereas we filled the ground and ditch in front of our breastworks with their dead and wounded. There were almost daily skirmishes. We often marched from our works into town and were called upon to go to the assist- ance of those hard pressed. Our rations, very good and bountiful at first, became very short toward the last, and our crippled and broken-down mule was killed, cooked, and en- joyed. Other rations were small quantities of peas, pea meal, and an occasional piece of bacon.

Things continued to grow worse until July 3, and General Pemberton surrendered the entire army. On the4th, we were marched out and paroled. I cut through the country and landed in Demopolis, then went out to Prairievilleto Mr. James Manning's, where my sister M.iry was, and spent my lime with those good people until I was exchanged. I had to go into ramp in Demopolis every week and report. At Macon Station, now Gallion, in Marengo County, on the Southern Railroad (then called the Selma and Meridian) lived the Tayloes, formerly of Virginia, who were loyal to the very last and never could do too much for the Missouri soldiers who were in camp at Demopolis. Capt. Henry Tayloe ("Cousin Henry") was depot agent, postmaster, and a large farmer or planter, and was fond of horses and fine stock. Capt. Tayloe had but one son, William Henry Tayloe, in after years our friend as well as kinsman. His six daughters were all fine and lovely

girls.

My sister and I spent our time with the Mannings. Their children wore all girls. I had a glorious time with these peo- ple, as did many other soldiers.

Our command was exchanged in September, and in Octo- ber we repotted for duty and were ordered into camp across the Tombigbee River. I was put on detached duty and assigned as adjutant of Colonel Gates's regiment. We did a good deal of drilling, had several reviews, and finally pulled out for Tuscaloosa and North Alabama. While in Tuscaloosa our crack company, Company A, 1st Missouri Infantry, drilled on the University campus, and drilled so well that the

cadets challenged them for a competitive skirmish drill. The challenge was accepted, and, after a most exciting contest, witnessed by all the students and nearly every citizen of the town, our old soldiers were declared the winners, by unan- imous vote of the judges, in manual of arms, regular com- pany, and skirmish drilling. I was sorry when we had to leave.

We went into Winston and Walker Counties to hunt deserters, and were up there a couple of days in the woods, capturing quite a number and racing the rest of them out of the State. About midnight of the drive on the last day I was sent out to bring in two companies of ours. Getting beyond our men in the dark I rode right into the camp of sixty or more deserters under command of a Captain Smith. I put on a bold front and asked them if they had seen anything of two companies of infantry around there. They searched me, looked at my papers, saw I was the adjutant of my regiment, and such a waking up, scrambling around, saddling horses, and loading wagons I never saw before. In less than an hour I was alone in the camp, well over my fright, and my horse rested. I found the soldiers soon after and reached camp at six o'clock in time for breakfast.

Colonel Gates then gave orders for our march to join the army of General Johnston, advancing on Rome, Ga. We went through old Elyton to Jacksonville, Ala., and then to Cave Springs, Ga., and on to Rome, where we had a slight brush with the Yanks under "Gen. Jeff Davis." We pushed them out of town, and then withdrew with twenty-five boxes of tobacco and other spoils, which we divided with Johnston's army at Cassville.

We then went off the cars into line of battle about a mile out of town, but later were ordered to New Hope Church. General Polk, our Bishop General, was killed while making an observation on Flat Top Mountain. I saw him fall. His death cast a gloom over all of us. At New Hope we also lost Colonel Riley. A stray bullet hit a limb on the tree under which he was sleeping, which fell and struck him in the head, killing one of our best-drilled and most distinguished officers.

We then went to Marietta and had a fearful battle, losing a number killed and wounded, but we beat Sherman's troops back and really won the day.

We then moved out on the Chattahoochee River and had se\ el al engagements, and finally fell back to Atlanta, whei e we fought a fierce battle, losing one of the bravest officers tliat we had left, Col. James K. McDowell. After quite a stay in Atlanta, we took up our line of march to I ovejoy Station, where we hail a big battle with the Yankees; and then a tight at Jonesboro that did not amount to much.

We were in a fierce battle at Allatoona, where we fought the Yankees hand to hand and captured their breastworks and many prisoners. In November, 1S64, the twenty-first day, we were in Tennessee at Franklin. General Hood had a large army and our brigade was to be held in reserve; about four o'clock our brigade was ordered forward and came on the Yankees at a ginhouse with strong breastworks, well built of head logs and with portholes. Our men made a gallant charge, led by Colonel Gates and Major Parker, right up to the breastworks. Colonel Gates was on his horse riding up and down the line and cheering his men on when he was shot in one arm, and in a few minutes he was shot in the other arm. As he was unable to guide his horse, being his adjutant I went to his assistance and led his horse olf the field to a place of safety, and helped Colonel Gates to dismount, with t he- assistance of General Forrest, the great cavalry commander, who happened to pass by, and after an appeal to soldiers who were there for help, with only one response, and that from a poor wounded private who was too badly hurt to do any good.

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I then went for an ambulance, but the bullets were flying so thick the drivers refused to go. I finally persuaded one to let me have his team and started back, but before going fifty yards one of the horses was killed. I took Colonel Gates's horse and, with the help of the driver, who got ashamed of himself, got the harness off the dead horse and on to the Colonel's horse. Then we got Colonel Gates into the am- bulance and took him to the hospital, where he his left arm was amputated.

I left Colonel Gates, on his request, to go back to the lines and look after the men. I found this a difficult and dangerous undertaking, as the fire of the enemy was very heavy. My horse had been killed under me and I was afoot. I found our command terribly cut up, eleven officers killed, seven wounded, and only three able for duty; the men reduced to less than a hundred, one hundred and seventeen being killed and wounded.

After getting straightened up, we went to Nashville, stayed a day and night and were ordered back to watch the Tennessee River to keep our communication open and pro- tect our pontoons, thus missing the terrible battle at Nash- ville, where our army was worsted. After that we fell back and our brigade was ordered into winter quarters and crossed the river to Spanish Fort and Blakely. At Blakely we were greatly outnumbered and were compelled to surrender. Capt. Niel was commanding the regiment, Colonel Gates the brigade, General Cockrell the division, and General Liddell the corps, or all the troops.

After we had surrendered, the Yankees ran up in our front and began firing on us, killing Captain Niel and four of our men. I had been placed in command of Company C, the color company, and, seeing that our chances for life were small, ordered the men to grab their guns and go at them. This we did, killing all who had come over. Our flag was still ours and I took it from the staff and gave it to one of the men, who afterwards gave it to Colonel Gates. We then sur- rendered to the 154th New York Regiment.

It was then dark and I got permission to bury our dead comrades, and at twelve o'clock I was turned over to General Granger's command. The General told me we would be sent to Ship Island in the Gulf of Mexico. We left the next morn- ing on a cattle boat; General Granger asked me where I was from. I asked him if he wanted the whole thing, and he said: "Yes." I then said: "I was born in Missouri, reared in Virginia, educated im Maryland, and and am now traveling down South for my health."

We were guarded at Ship Island by negro soldiers, command- ed and officered by German officers who just could talk English. We were on Ship Island when the news of Lincoln's death came to us. Many of us thought his death was a great misfortune to our country and to us old soldiers. We did not dare to mention Lincoln's name, as the negroes said they had orders to shoot anyone who did so, but after a short time they quieted down. We stayed on this island three weeks and then went to New Orleans, and were kept in the Picayune Cotton Press and guarded by New York negroes.

About May 10, we took boats for Vicksburg, where we arrived May 12, and May 13, my birthday, we were paroled at Jackson, Miss. I then went to old Marengo County, Ala., and after seeing our friends, I started for Pickens County right behind the Yankees (General Grierson's cavalry), who were on the way to Columbus, Miss. My sister had taught in the family of a Mrs. McCaa, and I wanted to get to her house and see how she had fared. I found that General Grierson's men had taken her horses, mules, and provisions and gone on. I put out on foot and reached Columbus about

dark. The next day I called on General Grierson, who gave me six horses, a mule, saddle and bridle, and sent one of his officers to aid me in finding some of the negroes. We found two of Mrs. McCaa's who wanted to go home, and I hurried out with a permit for self and stock, and I tell you they were glad to see me. Mrs. McCaa broke down and cried and wanted me to take the best horse, saddle and bridle, but I refused any pay.

After resting up a day or two I returned to Marengo. Mr. Harvey Johnson, who had two sons whose education had been neglected, desired to secure the services of a tutor. My comrade, Lieut. Tip Manser, applied for the place. I did my best for Tip. The old man said for us to spend the night and he would talk to his wife and give us an answer the fol- lowing morning. Next morning he called us in and said his wife wanted me and no one else, so I stayed. The first month I received $50 in gold, board, washing, and the use of a buggy and horse; the second month, $75 in gold; third month, $100 in gold, and then told him to send his boys to Greensboro, six- teen miles away, to the Southern University, and explained to him that it was to his interest to get them away from the influence of the negroes, with whom they had grown up. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson begged me to stay another month, and they would then send the boys to Greensboro, and would give me $125. I think I made good, as they were ever after devoted friends.

I then got a position in the Internal Revenue office and remained until Maj. A. J. Banks, a large planter, offered to employ me as paymaster and purchasing agent for his plantation in Mississippi and Alabama, and my time was pleasantly spent with these gooe people.

Charles Boarman Cleveland.

Charles Boarman Cleveland was born in Randolph County, Mo., on May 13, 1840, the first child of his parents to be born in that State, where the family had moved from Charles- town, Va. (now West Virginia). He was the son of William Cleveland, of Maryland, and Jane Elizabeth Abell, of Charles- ton. His father and oldest brother went from Missouri to California in 1849, where his father shortly died, and the family then went back to Virginia for a number of years. Charles was educated in both States, and was attending the Mt. Pleasant Academy at Huntsville, Mo., when he received an appointment to the Naval Academy at Annapolis. Upon the breaking out of War between the States,'- he joined the Missouri troops, which were later merged with the Confeder- ate army. His first battle was at Boonsville, Mo., and the last at Blakely, Ala. The official records show that Charles B. Cleveland served as first sergeant and later as first lieutenant pf Company K, 3rd Missouri Infantry. He enlisted Decem- ber 5, 1861, in St. Clair County, Mo., and was captured and paroled at Vicksburg, Miss., July 4-8, 1863. He was engaged in the battles of Elkhorn, Farmington, Iuka, Corinth, Hatcher's Bridge, Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Baker's Creek, Big Black, Vicksburg, the Georgia campaign, Allatoona, Franklin, and the whole of the Tennessee campaign. The records also show that he served as first lieutenant and as adjutant of the 1st Missouri Cavalry. He was ordered to the 1st and 3rd Regiments of Missouri Cavalry by General Cockrell, and was assigned to duty by Colonel Gates, who said that "no better, braver soldier ever fought to maintain the rights of the Confederacy. " He was captured at Blakely, Ala., and transferred to Ship Island, then exchanged May 1, 1865, paroled at Jackson, Miss., on May 15, 1865.

His fortune swept away by the war, Comrade Cleveland taught school for awhile, then for more than a third of a

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century served as Clerk of the Circuit Court of Marengo County, Ala. Upon retirement from office, he made his home at Birmingham, Ala., and spent the winters in Florida. He died at Miami, Fla., on May 11, 1916. The outstanding trait of his life was his pleasure in serving others, particularly needy Confederate veterans, their widows, and orphans. He was a devout Christian, having been a member of the Epis- copal Church from youth, and was active in the work of all the Churches of the community. He was a Mason, a member

CHARLES B. CLEVELAND IN THE SIXTIES.

of the Knights of Pythias, and for several years was Adjutant of Camp Archibald Gracie U. C. V., of Marengo County, Ala. He was married in 1872 to Miss Lizzie Houston Woolf, who survived him with three sons and two daughters. He rests in Elmwood Cemetery, at Birmingham, Ala.

Like all true soldiers, Charles Cleveland harbored no ill feeling for the Union soldiers of the fighting line, but he con- tributed in every proper way toward the riddance of the carpetbaggers who swooped down upon the stricken South. He was arrested for intimidating the negroes on election day and was taken to Mobile for trial, but they were forced to release him, as their own negro witnesses testified that he was the best friend the race had in the whole country.

THE BRAVEST ARE THE GENTLEST.

BY MRS. C. N. M'MAHON, LIVINGSTON, ALA.

The article on "A Mississippi Soldier of the Confederacy," by Capt. R. N. Rea, in the Veteran for August was very much enjoyed by me, especially as he referred to my father, Captain Winston. But I would like to correct a mistake made by Captain Rea (a very natural mistake through the similarity of names) in speaking of Captain Winston as the son of Gov. John Anthony Winston, of Alabama. My father, Capt. James M. Winston was the son of Anthony Winston, who was an officer in the Mexican War, and grandson of Capt. Anthony Winston of Revolutionary fame. Governor John Anthony Winston was also a grandson of Anthony Winston, Revolu- tionary soldier, and was first cousin to my father. Governor Winston left no sons. He had an only child, a daughter, Mrs. Agnes Winston Goldsby, of Mobile, Ala., and Judge Joel Goldsby, also of Mobile, is his only only living grandson.

I have in my possession a letter from Captain Rea to my father, thanking him for sending a horse to take him off the battle field, where he had been left wounded, and having him carried to the Confederate lines, thus saving him from death or a Federal prison. In Captain Rea's letter to the Confeder- ate Veteran he alluded to this circumstance. My father's body servant, Lewis (not Jim), who went for Captain Rea, helped him on the horse, and went with him to a place of safety, encouraging him as they rode for their lives, lived and died, when an old man, on my father's plantation, a loyal, faithful servant to the last.

This incident of my father sending help to a wounded man was one of many instances showing his kind, sympathetic heart. At one time he captured a squad of Federal soldiers, and noticing that one of them was limping badly, evidently from a sprained ankle, he told one of his men to walk and put the crippled man on his horse, and the soldier said: "Why, Captain, he is a Yankee; make him walk." My father's reply was: "Dismount, sir, and put that crippled man on your horse. Never strike a man when he is down, even if he is a foe."

At another time he captured some Union soldiers, and the captain of the company came up to him and handed him his watch and a large roll of greenbacks. My father said: "Put your watch and money back in your pocket. I am a soldier, not a robber." But though kind and tender hearted, just, and upright, he was a strict disciplinarian. One morning he received an order to build a bridge across, a river. Going to his colonel, he told him that he was not an engineer and had never built a bridge in his life. The colonel replied: "We have a splendid civil engineer, but the men will not obey him. Take charge and ask the engineer to give you his orders, and you give them to the men, and see that they are carried out." When my father asked the engineer for directions, he said: "The men will have to go in the water, and they all refuse to do it." My father gave the order for every third man to swim to the middle of the stream, and the man stand- ing nearest to him said sullenly: "The water is cold; we won't go in." Whereupon my father seized the rebellious soldier and pitched him headforemost into the river. Instantly every man ordered jumped into the water without assistance. That was the last act of disobedience, and the bridge was built on schedule time.

My father's men would recall with enthusiasm how, when going into battle or making a charge, he would call in a clear, ringing voice, "Boys, follow me!" and would never send his men where he was not willing to go. But he told us that once he ran from the Yankees, thus verifying the old adage that discretion is the better part of valor," and acted on Falstaff's policy "that he who fights and runs away, lives to fight another day."

He received orders from his colonel to ascertain the posi- tion of the enemy, and with a body of picked men he went skirmishing. Riding up to a supposedly vacant house, they were about to dismount when suddenly the doors were thrown open and, with yells and curses, the bluecoats swarmed out, greatly outnumbering his men. My father gave the order to fire, then to make for the Confederate lines, every man for himself. The Federals returned the fire and mounted their horses, which were concealed in the bushes near by, and gave hot pursuit. They got so close that my father heard them say: "Catch the fellow on the big black horse." Father was riding a very handsome large black horse. Lying flat on the horse's body, he put spurs to him and whispered, "Go it, Bill," and Bill rose to the occasion and went as if on wings, (Continued on page 38.)

22

Qo!)federat{ l/efcerai).

THE BA TTLE OF GETTYSB URG, JUL Y 1, IS f3.

BY JOHN PURIFOY, MONTGOMERY, ALA.

When but a small fraction of the Confederate army re- mained confronting the Federal army, in command of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, on the north bank of the Rappahannock River opposite Fredericksburg, Va., in June, 1863, Hooker, on June 13, withdrew his army from Stafford Heights and the bank of the river, and slowly maneuvered toward the upper waters of the Rappahannock and Potomac. He had no other purpose except to "keep in view always the impor- tance of covering Washington and Harper's Ferry, either directly or by so operating as to be able to punish any force of the enemy sent against them." On June 24, Hooker laid a bridge at Edwards's Ferry, near Leesburg, Va., east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, where his army crossed the Potomac River into Maryland. His rear guard crossed that bridge on June 26.

Harper's Ferry held a garrison of ten thousand or twelve thousand troops, and Hooker wished to abandon that place and utilize the garrison in the prospective field work which confronted his army. He was overruled by his superiors, and, on June 27, requested to be relieved of his command. His request was immediately accepted. Maj. Gen. George Gor- don Meade was promptly made his successor, and took com- mand of the army on June 28, 1863. Meade immediately set to work to familiarize himself with conditions, and, if neces- sary, to advance against his adversary. He soon possessed himself of the fact that the Confederate forces had abandoned the project of advancing upon Harrisburg and were moving south from the Susquehanna River.

He soon selected the ridges east of Pipe Creek as a suitable position to form his line of battle and that Westminster should be his base of operations. These were within the State of Maryland. This selection was, no doubt, a precautionary measure and intended to meet immediate needs. But fortune and the advance troops of both armies decreed that Gettys- burg and its vicinity should be made famous, hence Pipe Creek and Westminister must be content to remain in ob- scurity until Dame Fortune decided to scatter her favors in their direction.

General Lee had received no report that the Federal army had crossed the Potomac River, and the absence of the cavalry rendered it impossible to obtain accurate information. But on the night of June 28 a Confederate scout reached the Confederate camp in the vicinity of Chambersburg, and re- ported that the Federal army had crossed the Potomac River and was advancing northward. The orders to Ewell to ad- vance upon Harrisburg were immediately countermanded, and, instead, he was ordered to proceed to Cashtown or Get- tysburg, and similar orders were given Longstreet and Hill.

On June 29, Lieut. Gen, Ambrose Powell Hill ordered Maj. Gen. Henry Heth to move his division to Cashtown, situated east of and at the base of South Mountain, on the road from Chambersburg, via Fayetteville, to Gettysburg. On the morning of June 30, Heth's Division having reached Cash- town, he ordered Pettigrew to take his brigade to Gettysburg, nine miles distant, and search the town for army supplies (especially shoes), and return the same day. On reaching the •suburbs of Gettysburg, Pettigrew encountered Brig. Gen. John Buford, of the Federal army, with two brigades of cavalry and a battery of horse artillery. Buford had just arrived at Gettysburg. Not knowing the strength of the force confronting him, Pettigrew returned to Cashtown as directed.

Pettigrew's discovery was reported to Hill, who reached Cashtown that evening with Pender's division. Hill com-

municated the information to General Lee, and requested that Maj. Gen. Richard Herron Anderson be ordered forward immediately. He also notified Ewell, who was marching from Carlisle, of his purpose "to advance next morning to see what was in his front." At 5 A.M., July 1, Heth moved toward Gettysburg, followed by Pegram's Battalion of artillery, and Pender followed Heth with Mcintosh's Battalion of artillery.

Archer's Brigade, leading Heth's column, came in contact with Buford's videttes after marching about three miles from his camp. These were pressed back slowly for about three miles, which brought Archer to the vicinity of Willoughby Run, which crosses the Cashtwon and Gettysburg road two or three miles northwest of Gettysburg. Heth was ignorant of the character and magnitude of the force in his front. Arch- er's Brigade, numbering about eight hundred effectives, was deployed on the right of the Cashtown road, and Davis's Brigade was deployed on the left of the same road. Davis had but three of his four regiments with him, the fourth having been left as a guard for the division wagon train. The two brigades, Archer's and Davis's, numbered less than two thousand effectives when they entered the battle.

Maj. Gen. John Fulton Reynolds, of the Federal army, had been invested by Meade with the command of the First, Third, and Eleventh Corps, constituting the left wing of the Federal army, on the evening of June 30. When Buford discovered the advance of Heth's D vision, he sent notice to Reynolds at his bivouac a few miles southwest from Gettysburg. At about 8 A.M., Wadsworth's Division, of the First Corps, marched under the immediate direction of Reynolds. When within about a mile of Gettysburg, information reached Reynolds that the Confederates were approaching from the direction of Cashtown. He deflected the head of his column to the left, and approached the Cashtown road about three- quarters of a mile from Gettysburg at about 10 a.m. Cutler's Brigade, leading the column, was deployed in line of battle north of the Cashtown road, and Hall's Battery was placed in position near the road.

Meredith's Brigade, which followed Cutler, was deployed and placed in line of battle south of the Cashtown road. Both brigades held position on the east side of Willoughby Run and near McPherson's farm house and barn. As they assumed position previously held by Buford's cavalry, the latter moved away, Gamble to the Federal left and Devin eastward to look out for Ewell, reported to be approaching from the north. Cutler became sharply engaged before his line was formed, and while supervising the formation of Cutler's line, Reynolds was mortally wounded, and died soon after, by the bullet of a Confederate sharpshooter. Cutler's Brigade met Davis's Brigade and was forced to retire to Seminary Ridge. Hall's Second Maine Battery fell into the hands of Davis's Brigade. As Cutler fell back, pursued by Davis, Doubleday, commanding the First Corps, hurried his reserves to the relief of Cutler's retreating forces. These new troops made a charge on Davis's men and renewed the fight. The sudden onslaught caused some of Davis's men to seek shelter in a railroad cut, and when the brigade retreated they were entrapped and forced to surrender.

Meredith confronted Archer's Brigade and during the desperate fighting which followed, it charged across the run, forcing Archer back and capturing sixty or seventy members of his command, including Brigader General Archer. The dead of both sides, which were thickly strewn on this hotly contested field, attests the resolute character of the battle was waged by the contestants. After the stubborn and bloody contest between the Confederate and Federal brigades, which

Qoijfederat^ l/eterag.

23

began soon after 10 a.m., there is ample evidence that a lull occurred in the fighting, which continued for at least an hour and a half or two hours, and was not actively resumed until after 1 p.m., and after the arrival of Rowley's and Robinson's divisions of Doubleday's Corps. Desultory cannonading was engaged in by both sides. It was during this lull that Rodes's force reached the field. The roar of Hill's and Reynolds's guns was the stimulating force which urged Rodes's men to quicken their pace.

Heth now decided that the enemy had "been felt and found in heavy force in and around Gettysburg." He pro- ceeded to form his line of battle between the Cashtown and Fairfield roads. Archer's Brigade (Col. B. D. Fry, 13th Ala- bama Regiment, commanding), on the right, Pettigrew in the center, and Brockenbrough on the left. Davis's Brigade was allowed to remain on the left of the road to gather its strag- glers. After resting an hour or more (one witness says two or three hours), Heth received orders to attack the enemy in his front, advised that Pender's Division would support him. The divisions of Rowley and Robinson, of the First Federal Corps, reached the vicinity of the battlefield between 12 M., and 1 P.M. Rowley's Division formed between the Cashtown and Fairfield roads in Heth's front, with Cooper's Battery of four 3-inch rillcs, and Robinson's Division was held in reserve near the Lutheran Seminary. (Sec page 464, Confederate Veteran, December, 1922.)

At first Iverson's Brigade only was deployed by Rodes, but as the conditions were of such character as to admit of cover for a larger opposing force, two other brigades were deployed, Iverson on the right, O'Neal in the center, and Doles on the left. The artillery and two other brigades were moved up closely to the line of battle. The force had to move nearly a mile before coming in view of the enemy, when it finally reached the highest point on Oak Ridge, and the whole of the Federal force engaged with Hill's troops were presented to view. Rodes discovered that to get at the enemy properly more than a half mile off, it was necessary to move his whole division by the right flank, and to change direction to the right.

During the delay following these maneuvers, Carter's Battalion of artillery was ordered forwaid, and the two leading batteries, Carter's and Fry's, were placed in position on an elevated point near the Cashtown road, and fired, with de- cided effect, an enfilading Sre, which compelled the Federal infantry to take shelter in the railroad cut and change front on their right. The Federal force here was evidently sur- prised, as no troops were formerly fronting Rodes's formation. Before Rodes could get his dispositions made, the Eleventh Federal Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard, after a hurried march of ten or twelve miles, reached the vicinity of Gettysburg, As Reynolds had been killed earlier in the day, Howard, being the ranking officer present after his arrival; assumed chief command and relinquished the command of the corps to Maj. Gen, Carl Schurz, and Schurz transferred the command nf his division to Schimmelfennig, When Howard had made a survey of the surrounding condi- tions from a high building in the town, he directed Schurz to place Steinwer's Division in position on Cemetery Hill, and proceed with the other two divisions and seize Oak Ridge, which he quickly saw was the key to the situation as it then existed. The divisions were each followed by a battery oi artillery.

As Schimmelfennig moved toward Oak Ridge, he was met by a forcible protest from Rodes in the form of a storm of shot, shell, and schrapnel, which was warmly responded toby the accompanying Federal batteries. Barlow's Division

moved northeast from the town, along the Heidlersburg road, and seized an elevation near the bank of Rock Creek, when his battery opened fire on the Confederate forces in its front. As Barlow's Division moved to its position, Doles's Brigade and Rees's Battery made a corresponding movement to meet it, and it was these troops that the Federal battery opened on. Almost simultaneously with the movement, the Eleventh Corps, Robinson's Division of the First Federal Corps, con- sisting of the brigades of Baxter and Paul, previously held in reserve near the Lutheran Seminary, moved to the Federal right and formed near the Mummasburg road. When the Eleventh Corps formed its line made a right angle with the line of Wadsworth's and Heth's divisions, and the move of Robinson to the Mammasburg road connected Schimmelfen- nig's left with Wadsworth's right, though considerable gaps occurred in the line.

As the line now existed, it began at the Fairfield road, more than a mile west of Gettysburg, extended thence north to the Cashtown road, thence northeasterly across the Mummasburg and Middletown roads to the west bank of Rock Creek. Its length was perhaps two and one half or three miles between extremities. It was the extension of the Federal line by Bar- low's Division that presented the apparently dangerous con- dition previously mentioned, when the long train of covered wagons appeared still farther toward the Confederate left and intensified the already apparent serious condition on that flank.

When Rodes saw the formation of Robinson's Division, and the advance of the two divisions of the Eleventh Corps toward his center and left, he considered the movements as a threat to attack him, and he promptly determined to attack with his center and right, holding at bay Barlow's Division with Doles's Brigade and Reese's Battery. The latter troops occupied t he open plain at the foot of Oak Ridge extending to Rock Creek. O'Neal's Brigade, with a wide gap bet we. n it and Dole's, guarded by the 5th Alabama Regiment, extended from the plain up the slope of the ridge; Daniel's Brigade Bup- porteil Iverson's, and extended some distance to the right of it; Ramseuer's Brigade was in reserve. All of Rodes's troops were in the woods of Oak Ridge, except a part of O'Neal's and all of Doles's Brigade and Reese's Battery, but all were Subject to loss or annoyance from the Federal artillery.

Rodes ordned 1 vei son to attack, and Daniel was ordered to advance to support Iverson, if necessary, or to attack on O'Neal's right as soon as possible. Carter's entire battalion of artillery was now engaged. Page's Battery opened on Schimmelfennig's Division and its accompanying federal batteries; Reese's Battery opened on Barlow's Division and ts accompanying battery, and Carter's Battery was changed so as to direct its tire against the threatening conditions presented by the Eleventh Corps. Reese's Battery occupied position in a wheat field where the grain was nearly as tall as the men. The shot of the Federal batteries directed toward it caused the stocks of grain to part as the missiles speeded through it.

The Federal batteries which met the fire of Carter's bat- teries were Lieut. Bayard Wilkinson's six 12-pounders; Dilger's six 12-pounders; Wheeler's four 3-inch rifles; and later lleekman's four 12-pounders. These were supplemented b\ Weidrick's six 3-inch rifles from Cem< tery Hill; total twen- ty-six guns. Carter had but sixteen guns, part of which were engaging the batteries of the First Corps on Rodes's right. Fry's Battery of Carter's Battalion devoted its whole attention in an opposite direction.

Iverson's Brigade attacked in fine style, but suffered heavily from the musketry of Paul's Brigade located behind a stone

24

Confederate l/eteran.

fence. Three regiments of O'Neal's Brigade, the 6th, 12th, and 26th Alabama, attacked Baxter's brigade. In the confused condition in which these regiments went into action, they were quickly repulsed and gave Baxter an opportunity to assault Iverson, and Cutler, of Wadsworth's Division, attacked Iver- son's left flank. This unequal contest cost Iverson five hundred men, killed and wounded, besides a considerable number captured. Iverson's " men fought and died like heroes. His dead lay in a distinctly marked line of battle. His left was overpowered and many of his men, being surrounded, were captured."

Daniel made a most desperate, gallant, and successful charge on Stone's Pennyslvania Brigade, located slightly northwest of the Lutheran Seminary, along the Cashtown road. Two commanders of Stone's Brigade were wounded and had to retire. This caused its command to fall upon Col. Edmund L. Dana, who was in command when the brigade was forced to retreat. When Daniel's last effort was made, Ram- seuer's Brigade was hurled forward with skill, gallantry, and irresistible force against Baxter's, Paul's, and Cutler's brig- ades, the troops which had repulsed O'Neal's brigade. In addition to his own regiments, Ramseuer was joined by the remnant of Iverson's Brigade and the 3rd Alabama Regiment of O'Neal's Brigade.

Until 3:30 P.M. Doles's Brigade and Reese's and Page's batteries had held Barlow's Division and Krzyzanowski's Brigade, of Schimmelfennig's Division, at bay, After Rodes's attack by his right and center, the sound of artillery on Doles's left, and the familiar "rebel yell" which broke forth with great enthusiasm, satisfied this writer that the extensive train of army wagons, which came in sight in that direction, was not an attachment of a column of Federal troops. So on after that familiar yell, and a salvo of artillery which followed, almost immediately there appeared from the Confederate left, from behind the elevation opposite Doles's front, a mass of broken and fleecing Federal soldiers, pursued by cheering Confederates, who fired an occasional shot at the fleeing mass. The entire line formed of the two divisions of the Eleventh Corps immediately crumbled into a broken and ungovernable mass.

As the fugitives passed across the front of Reese's Battery in their wild flight toward the town, rapid shots, accompanied by such cheers as only Confederate soldiers could give, were fired at them. To shoot at a flying foe gives an artilleryman more ecstatic pleasure than any other duty connected with his gruesome business, especially if that foeman has shown stubborn tenacty in his effort to retain his position. This fire was continued until the pursuers were endangered by its continuance. The battery, with the other batteries of Carter's Battalion, was limbered up; the cannoneers mounted the limber chests (something not often permitted), and galloped into the town of Gettysburg, distant slightly less than a mile from the position just vacated. As it moved toward the re- treating Federals, who had shown more determination on the Confederate right and were right inclined to move away, the guns were again unlimbered and fired at the pugnacious rem- nant who would defy the victorious Confederates, and a shot or two invariably moved them off.

The troops which approached on Rodes's left, and were followed by the supposed frightful train of army wagons, were Early's Divison. The artillery which fired the welcome shots were twelve guns of Lieut. Col. Hilary P. Jones, com- manding the battalion which was attached to that division. The position held by Jones enabled him to enfilade both the Federal infantry and Wilkinson's Battery, operating with that force. Gordon's Brigade of Early's Division joined

Doles's Brigade, and while the latter assailed the Federal troops in the front and flank, the brigades of Hoke and Hays, also of Early's Division, were preparing to strike the line in the rear. When the Federal troops were hit by such an over- powering force, they crumbled and sought safety in flight. These troops made a gallant fight, but were not able to stand the whirlwind of Confederate fighters that threw themselves against that line. Barlow was seriously wounded and Wilkin- son was killed, and both fell into the hands of the Confeder- ates.

When Schurz found that his two advance divisions were crumbling he ordered forward Colonel Coster, commanding a brigade in Steinwer's Division in reserve, and Heckman's Battery of four 12-pounder guns. These troops went into position slightly northeast of the limits of the town. Heckman fought his guns valiantly and stood his ground until exulting Confederates were actually among his guns, shooting down his men and horses. Coster's Brigade of infantry soon abandoned their line and returned to Ceme- tery Hill before the advancing Confederates. Many of them either hid in the residences of the town or were captured. So insignificant a force as a single brigade of infantry could be but little more obstruction to the force that was driving the fugitives than a feather to a tornado.

Heth, of Hill's Corps, attacked the brigades of Biddle, Meredith, and Dana. These troops made a stubborn stand, but were gradually forced back, both sides sustaining heavy losses. Gamble's brigade of cavalry was discovered hover- ing around Heth's right flank, when Col. B. D. Fry, of the 13th Alabama Regiment, commanding Archer's Brigade, changed front on his right to meet the menace. After breaking through several lines confronting it, and several of Heth's re- giments were out of ammunition, Pender, about 4 p.m., ordered an advance of three of his brigades, with instructions to pass Heth if found at a halt, and charge the Federal position on Seminary Ridge. Pender's forward movement was also men- aced on his right flank by Gamble's cavalry brigade, causing a delay of Brigadier General Lane, who slowed up to meet it. Though Pender's Division met with a warm reception and suffered considerable loss, it drove the commands of Biddle, Meredith, and Dana, and perhaps other troops, from their position, when they were forced to retreat through the town to Cemetery Hill, south of the town, in a more or less broken condition, notwithstanding the several statements of Federal officers that such retreat was made in an orderly and compact condition.

When Reese's Battery reached the public square of Gettys- burg, the Confederate skirmishers were having occasional conflicts with the same class of Federal troops, as was shown by the frequent spasmodic outbursts of musketry. An occasional cannon shot was heard from Cemetery Hill, seem- ingly directed toward Seminary Ridge. Thousands of Federal prisoners were captured in the town of Gettysburg. Rodes reported that his "division captured about two thousand five hundred so many as to embarrass its movements mate- rially." Many prisoners were captured in the houses in which they had taken refuge. Wash Traweek, Gus Acker, and W. J. ("Big Zeke") Melton (there was a "Little Zeke" Melton in the company too), members of Reese's Battery, all noted for their extra qualities for prying into the surroundings when the battery reached a new location, peeped into the cellar of a neighboring residence and discovered Federal soldiers therein. When called out, they found they had five com- missioned officers and four private soldiers, who were turned / over to the guards.

Schimmelfennig, commanding Schurz's Division in the

Qopfederat^ l/eterap,

25

fight, fell into the hands of the Confederate skirmishers, but succeeded in escaping and hiding in a woodpile, where he remained until the Confederate forces evacuated the town on the night of July 3. This unauthorized seizure of the pos- sessions to which the swarthy Ethiopian is supposed to hold a fee-simple title can be excused only by the "necessities of war." H. M. M. Richards's, Company A, 26th Pennsylvania Militia, says: "On the first day of the battle hundreds of the unfortunate men of Reynolds's gallant corps were secreted, sheltered, fed, and aided in every way by the men and women of the town." So it seems the doughty general "in the wood- pile" was not the only concealed Federal soldierin Gettysburg after the First and Eleventh Corps were shattered on July 1, 1863.

Early does not give the number of prisoners captured by his division, but says the number was so great as to embarrass it. Ewell states that the number captured by the two divisions exceeded four thousand. No other Confederate troops entered the town that night except Early's and Rodes's divisions.

In reading the reports of this battle by our friends on the other side, and articles written since, I have been forcibly im- pressed with the great exaggeration and erroneous state- ments made as to the number of Confederates engaged, the captures of prisoners, and deaths inflicted on the Confederate forces. If all the statements were true, the entire Confederate infantry and its accompanying artillery were engaged, whereas but four of the nine divisions constituting the army were engaged, and an equal number of battalions of artillery. These divisions would hardly average seven thousand effectives engaged. The artillery battalions would hardly average two hundred and seventy-five effectives. Hence both arms would not exceed thirty thousand, including Jenkins's cavalry brigade.

Nearly all the troops engaged on the Confederate side had been in active service nearly two years and had suffered many casualties in battle, besides deaths from sickness. Many brigades numbered less than a thousand effectives. Archer's and Davis's brigades, of Heth's Division, Hill's Corps, bore the brunt of the fighting for at least three or four hours. Both of these were diminutive brigades. Pender's Division did no fighting until about 4 p.m. Why it was permitted to remain idle, simply supportung Heth, for four or five hours, is not shown. When the division did advance, its gallantry was unexcelled. Did Hill hesitate because he felt he was only authorized to make a reconnoissance in force?

After remaining in column in the streets of Gettysburg for several hours, listening to the desultory firing of cannon and the fitful rattle of musketry from the opposing pickets, ex- pecting at any moment to be ordered forward to drive the shattered Federal troops from Cemetery Hill, where they had effected a lodgment, and night coming on, the batteries of Carter's Battalion were ordered back to Seminary Ridge and placed in position north of the Lutheran Seminary near the railroad cut in the ridge. Though all the batteries wire held in readiness to advance at a moment's notice if required to do so, they never left that position until the night of July 4, when the army began its retrograde movement. The long- range guns of the battalion fired during the great bombard- ment on July 3.

Our friends (?) who opposed us in the battle on July 1, 1863, do not hesitate to magnify the number of Confederate troops engaged. As a sample of their estimates, I quote the command- er of the First Corps: "It must be remembered that A. P. Hill's Corps alone, which fought us on the west, was estimated at thirty-five thousand men, of whom twenty-five thousand, under Heth and Pender, were in line opposed to us, andtliat

Ewell's Corps, which attacked us on the north, was said to amount to thirty thousand more. Its two divisions, with which we contended under Rodes and Early, contained about twenty thousand men. Reserves amounting to twenty thousand additional men, belonging to the two corps, and backed by the whole rebel army, were within a few hours march. When that part of the Eleventh Corps adjacent to us fell back, a force of thirty thousand men was thrown upon the First Corps, which in the beginning contained only about eight thousand two hundred men."

On June 30, 1863, the day before the battle, the number "present for duty" in the First Federal Corps is shown to have been ten thousand three hundred and fifty-five, a shrinkage of more than two thousand. The combined strength of the First and Eleventh Federal Corps is shown to be, "present for duty," including the artillery, twenty-one thousand nine hundred and forty, plus two thousand seven hundred and forty-two for two brigades, Buford's cavalry: total twenty-four thousand seven hundred and eighty-two. Our friend above estimates the Confederate forces present and engaged at forty-five thousand. This number is within twenty-five thousand of the entire Confederate force, includ- ing infantry, artillery, and cavalry, constituting the Army of Northern Virginia at Gettysburg. Though the Confederate force engaged on July 1, was greater than that of the Federal force, it did not number as much as thirty thousand in all.

I reached the battle field of Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, soon after the fighting began between Hill's Confederate troops and Reynolds's Federal troops, and was a participant in the battle and witnessed the break up of the Eleventh Corps and the final crumbling of the First Corps, which showed itself more tenacious than the Eleventh. I was in the pursuing party which followed the shattered Federals into the town of Gettysburg while the sun was high in the western heavens. It was then my deliberate conclusion, and I have never seen any reason to change it, that the first great mistake in the conduct of that battle was made when the Confederates failed to drive the demoralized Federal troops from their lodgment on Cemetery Hill and Ridge. There was but one brigade of Federal troops, Col. Orlando Smith's Brigade of Steinwer's Division, Eleventh Corps, in the vicinity of Gettysburg, which had not been engaged and shattered during the en- gagement. Though all the Confederates had been engaged, and many of the commands had suffered greatly, they had all just experienced the exhilarating feeling which follows victory. Early's division had not suffered greatly. I am sure the men who followed the broken troops into the town were ready to follow, or move forward, in any effort to dislodge the enemy from his newly acquired position. Not that Cemetery Hill was of any particular value to the Confederate army, but the victory just won was incomplete without the evacuation of the hill by the Federal remnants and its occupation by the Confederate troops.

The battle that had just been fought was an accident, as the commanders of both armies cautioned their advanced troops that if they found their enemy in force not to bring on a general engagement until the remaining commands of the army could be concentrated.

George Washington. Washington stands alone and un- approachable, like a snow peak rising above its fellows into the clear air of morning, with a dignity, constancy, and purity which have made him the ideal type of civic virtue to succeeding generations. James Bryce.

26

Qoofederat? l/eterai).

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8ketches in this department are given a half column of •pace without charge; extra space will be charged for at 20 cents per line. Engravings. $3.00 each.

"Of little faith we are that we should weep When God, the Father, calls his children hence With love unanswered by our mortal sense, For so he giveth his beloved sleep."

Dr. John J. Terrell.

On November 7, 1922, at his home in Campbell County, Va., in his ninety-fourth >ear, Dr. John J. Terrell passed from this life to the reward of the faithful. He had been intimately connected with the city of Lynchburg and surrounding country as physician throughout the greater part of his long life, and was endeared to thousands for his gentle ministrations.

John Jay Terrell was born on August 8, 1829, in Patrick County, Va., the son of Dr. Christopher J. and Susan Kennedy Ter- rell. His parents removed to Missouri, where his father died in 1833. At the age of fourteen he returned to Virginia, and the remainder of his life was spent at the ancestral dr. J. J. TERRELL,

home, Rock Castle, in

Campbell County, His early religious training was with the Quakers, of whom were his grandmother and aunts, but while at college he united with the Methodist Church and was a consistent member to the end.

He was a student at Emory and Henry College at the time of the Mexican War, for which he enlisted at the age of seven- teen. At the end of the war he returned home and began to study medicine, then went to Richmond College for a univer- sity course. He graduated there in 1852, then completed his medical education at the Jefferson College of Philadelphia, from which he graduated at the head of his class in 1853. He was practicing his profession in the country about his home when the War between the States came on, and he was as- signed to Lynchburg as assistant to Dr. W. O. Owen, chief of staff, and served in charge of hospitals there to the close of the war.

In 1857, Dr. Terrell was married to Miss Susan Helen Wade, who was his loving companion for sixty-two years. To them were born nine children, of whom five survive him, three sons and two daughters.

Dr. Terrell was a man of most gentle and genial disposition

the typical old Virginia gentleman, and throughout his life he held the respect, admiration, and love of all associated with him. He was the oldest member of Marshall Lodge A. F. and A. M. of Lynchburg, and Surgeon General of the Virginia Division U. C. V. His comrades of Garland Rodes Camp, at Lynchburg, laid him to rest in the Spring Hill Cemetery.

Hon. Frank S. White.

Frank S. White was born near Macon, Miss., in 1847, and died on August 1, 1922, at Birmingham, Ala.

He was a private in the 1st Mississippi Cavalry during the War between the States; was captured at the battle of Selma, Ala., but escaped and returned to his command.

After the war, with only a meager education, but possessing indomitable will, he studied law and began his career as a lawyer at West Point, Miss. He was elected to the legislature of that State when only twenty-three years of age, and was made chairman of the committee appointed to investigate the conduct of the carpetbag lieutenant governor, and helped to procure his impeachment and removal from office. He aided also in the prosecution of Governor Ames and other officials of the carpetbag regime. He again served in the legislature of that State in 1882-1883.

Removing to Birmingham, Ala., in 1886, he quickly made his impress there as a citizen and lawyer, rising to the heights in his profession. But his activities were not confined to law, for the people of the State, recognizing his courage and ability, called him to many places of honor, the last being in 1914, when he was elected to the United States Senate to fill out the unexpired term of Senator Johnston, and he was the first United States Senator to be elected in Alabama by a direct vote of the people.

As a citizen also in the private walks of life, he stood for all those things which make for the betterment of society. He had a gracious personality, with a keen, lively sense of humor, which made him a charming companion, and so he drew men to him by those graces of mind and manner as well as by reason of those sterner qualities of determination and courage.

Comrade White had always taken a prominent interest in the Confederate Veteran Association, and was Commander of Forrest Cavalry, Alabama Division, with the rank of General, at the time of his death.

William A. Rucker.

William Ambrose Rucker, who died recently in Richmond, Va., after an illness of five weeks, was one of the oldest Masons in Virginia and a veteran of the War between the States.

He was born in 1840 in Amherst County, Va. During the war he married Miss Annie Chapplelear, of Delaplane, Va., where he made his home. The last ten years of his life were spent in Warrenton, Va., where he was in the seed business.

He was an active member of the Warrenton Baptist Church and took special pride in his record of always being in his seat in Bible class when the was in town.

As soon as hostilities began in 1861 he became member of the 2nd Virginia Cavalry under Col. Tom Mumford, serving as orderly sergeant, and was with the army until the close of the war.

His company, E, was at the First Battle of Manassass, sup- porting artillery, and he had the good fortune to be the courier who carried the good tidings of victory from the battle field to President Jefferson Davis.

He served through the Valley campaign with Stonewall Jackson, and during, this campaign was cited for bravery shown in obtaining information in his capacity as scout.

Qoi?federat^ l/efcerar>,

27

Mat. M. A. Spurr.

A prominent citizen and Christian gentleman was lost to his community in the passing of Maj. M. A. Spurr on July 18, 1922, at his home near Nashville, Tenn., after an extended illness. He was a Kentuckian by birth, but his mature years had been spent in Nashville. Resolutions passed by the Frank Cheatham Bivouac and Camp, on August 26, state that in his death "has been lost one of its most valuable mem- bers, his Church an earnest and devout Christian, his fa mil} a devoted husband and loving father."

Born in Fayette County, Ky., in March, 1844, he enlisted in the Confederate service in September, 1862, becoming a member of Troop A, Sth Kentucky Cavalry, and with that command won his rank by the excellence of his service. He was with Morgan, and on that famous raid in Ohio, in 1863, was captured at Buffington Island, and imprisoned at Camp Chase with Morgan and others of the command. However, he had the good fortune to be one of those who escaped with Morgan, and he and the late Bennett H. Young made their way to Canada, where they joined the Confederate contingent there and continued their arduous and dangerous service for the Confederacy until the war closed.

It was while in Canada that Major Spurr met Miss Susie Porterfield, member of a prominent Nashville family, who afterwards became his wife. After the war he located in Nashville, where he had been prominently connected with various business interests. He is survived by his wife, a son, Lieut. Col. John P. Spurr, of the United States Coast Artillery, and two daughters.

A brave and gallant soldier, a Christian gentleman, Major Spurr left an impress on his community for courage and forti- tude that should be an example to those coming after him. Misfortune could not cow or discourage him, and his helpful interest extended outside of his own business. He was a representative Southern gentleman, courtly in manner, kind and charitable always.

Jesse B. Minor.

Jesse B. Minor, born in Fluvanna County, V'a., died at his home in New York City on August 6, 1922, at the age of eighty-two years. His mother dying when he was six years old, he was reared by his uncle, Dr. William S. Morton, of Cumberland County. He was a student at Hampden-Sidney College when the War between the States came on, and he enlisted with the college boys under the estimable gentleman, Dr. M. P. Atkinson, captain of the company. He was cap- tured with the entire company at Cheat Mountain, W. Va., and upon the exchange of prisoners enlisted with the Rich- mond Howitzers, with which command he served to the sur- render at Appomattox.

After the war Comrade Minor went to New York City, where he held a position with a large dry goods house, and was held in high esteem. He was for more than forty years a member of the Church of the Stranger, and always donated a tenth of his income for the poor and needy. His three brothers were true to the Stars and Bars. Only one is now left, Ray- mond R. Minor, of New York City.

Comrades at Vernon, Tex.

The following deaths in Camp Cabell No. 125 U. C. V., at Vernon, Tex., are reported by Adjutant L. H. Stalcup: A. H. Castleberry, died February 24, 1922. B. F. Simmons, died September, 1922. C. A. Richie, died November 1, 1922. All were substantial and valuable citizens. C. A. Richie had served as Commander of the Camp for six years, and had been renominated for another term.

\ ! -. MARME1 STEIN

Capt. A. F. Marmelstein.

On the night of November 21, 1922, the spirit of our friend and brother, Adolphus Frederick (Ardie) Marmelstein,

passed over the river to join the hosts gone before, to be one of that valiant army in gray now resting in the shade of the trees. As the members of our Camp, with whom he had mingled so long, gathered around his flower-be- decked grave to pay the last sad rites to his mem- ory, we were reminded of the friendship he bore for us all and the many pleasant days we had spent together. With the ending of the simple burial service, we left him sleep- ing there in the hope of meeting again in the home bej ond the skies.

Captain Marmelstein entered the Confederate service by joining the Republican Blues, of Savannah, Ga., but within a very short time, early in 1861, he was transferred to the naval service, becoming one of the crew of the Alabama in the Confederate navy. He was made master's mate of this ship, and witnessed the fight between the U. S. St. Kearsarge and the Alabama, olT Cherbourg Harbor on the coast of France. He did a valiant service for his countr\ on the high seas. While running the blockade, he was captured off Wilmington, N. C, and sent to New York a prisoner, where he suffered great indignities at the hands of his captors in Ludlow Street jail. On being released, he returned to Liver- pool, England, reporting to the Confederate authorities there, doing shore duty, and was there at the time of the surrender. Returning to Savannah, he made his home there, operating as a master's pilot between the different outlets, doing active work in bringing in and taking out some of the largest vessi Is entering here. Though he was born in Baltimore and came to Savannah as a boy of nine years, Captain Marmelstein had spent the most of his long life of eighty-five years here. In addition to being a Confederate veteran, he was thought to be the oldest Odd Fellow in the State of Georgia. Surviving him are his wife and one son, Charles E. Marmelstein. (B. D. Morgan, Secretary. )

B. J. Smith.

B. J. Smith, of Upson County, Ga., died on November 23, 1922, at the Confederate Home in Atlanta, Ga.; he was buried in the cemetery of the Fellowship Church in Upson County.

In his youth Comrade Smith enlisted, July, 1864, at Atlan- ta, in Company E, 9th Georgia Regiment, Volunteer Infantry, Anderson's Brigade, and served until the close of the war. He was a patriot, a good citizen, and a brave soldier who has entered into eternal peace as one who

"Calmly lays him down to sleep When friendly night has come And leaves to God the rest."

He was on the pension roll of Georgia, first in Muscogee County, and transferred to Upson County. (J. E. F. Matthews, Thoniaston, Ga.)

28

Qopfederat^ l/eterao.

Maj. Mason Morfit.

Died, at the home of his son in Webster Groves, Mo., on February 22, 1921, Maj. Mason Morfit, of the Maryland Line, C. S. A., in his eighty-fifth year. Major Morfit joined the Confederate forces at the beginning of hostilities as a private, leaving a lucrative legal practice at his home in Baltimore. Poor health, from camp exposure, removed him from the field after a year's service, but he was made quarter- master at Richmond, Va., with rank as captain, which was soon advanced to that of major. Toward the close of the war he was placed in command of prisons at Salisbury, N. C, where he rendered faithful service to the close.

After the war, Major Morfit was a successful broker in canned goods for many years, not being able to take up his legal practice, refusing to take the "ironclad" oath pledging never to take up arms against the North, another sacrifice to the cause he loved.

Major Morfit was an honored member of the Confederate Society of Baltimore, Md., to the time of his death. He was survived by his wife and four sons, all residing in St. Louis, except one son, who is a member of the bar in Baltimore.

[This is a belated tribute to a devoted son of the Confed- eracy, to which he gave his young manhood.]

Amos T. Hess.

Amos Thomas Hess, a lifelong resident of Martinsburg, W. Va., member of one of the oldest families of the section, died there on September 3, 1922. He was born in Martins- burg, then Virginia, on September 6, 1840. and was the son of David and Mary Hess. As a young man he joined Company B, Wise Artillery, at the time it was organized, November, 1859. The company was named for Governor Henry A. Wise, of Virginia. On April 10, 1861, young Hess entered the Confederate army, serving at Harper's Ferry under the im- mortal Jackson; and his service for the Confederacy was con- tinuous until he was captured in Amelia County, Va., on April 6, 1865. He was held as prisoner until June 13, of the same year. During the war, at various times, he was attached to Gen. "Tige" Anderson's Georgia Brigade of Infantry, Alexander's Battalion of Artillery, Longstreet's corps.

After his release, Comrade Hess returned to Martinsburg and had been in business there until his retirement some nine years ago. So far as can be learned, he was the last survivor of the Wise Artillery. He was a member of Washington Lodge No. 1, Knights of Pythias, and of St. John's Lutheran Church. Surviving him are his wife, who was Miss Elizabeth Staub, two sons, and four daughters. He was laid to rest in the Green Hill Cemetery.

William A. Hanger.

William A. Hanger, born in Augusta County, Va., on December 23, 1840, died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Laura Roy, in South Elkins, W. Va., May 4, 1922, being in his eighty-second year. He was the son of Robinson Hanger and Sarah Ann Patterson, of Staunton, Va. When war broke out in 1861, he immediately volunteered in the Confederate army, and was enlisted in Company I, 14th Virginia Regi- ment, Churchville Cavalry, in which he served throughout the war.

On January 28, 1864, he was married to Miss Margaret J. Schutterle, also of Augusta County, Va., who died in 1907.

In 1867, he removed his family to Randolph County, W. Va., where he spent the remainder of his life.

Mr. Hanger was an intelligent man of unblemished char- acter, highly respected by all who knew him. He left four

sons and three daughters, also a sister, Mrs. Sarah J. Smith, and a host of friends to mourn their loss. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church. He was laid to rest beside his wife in the old Brick Church Cemetery near Huttonsville. (W. C. Hart, Elkins, W. Va.)

George W. Foster.

George W. Foster, born and reared in Marshall County, Tenn., died at Fayetteville, Tenn., on September 6, 1922, and was laid to rest in the cemetery at Belfast, where he was born seventy-nine years ago. He was married twice, and is sur- vived by his wife and thirteen of the fifteen children which blessed his home.

Enlisting in 1861 in the Sth Tennessee Regiment, George W. Foster served with this regiment until he was severely wounded. A Minie ball passed through his neck, and came near making a fatal wound; in fact, he never fully recovered from it. When partially recovered, he was offered a discharge on account of the disability, but he refused it and asked for a transfer to Forrest's Escort, with which command he served until the surrender at Gainesville, Ala., in May, 1865. He was one of the bravest of Forrest's men. Always interested in what pertained to our Confederate organizations, he was President of the Shackleford Fulton Bivouac, of Fayetteville, at the time of his death.

Comrade Foster was an honest upright citizen, a brave soldier, a true, loyal, and devoted husband, father, and friend, a faithful member of the Christian Church.

It is sorrowful to see our comrades dropping out of the ranks so fast, yet it is sweet to know that when the roll is called up yonder, they'll be there.

(T. C. Little.)

Capt. John C. Appler.

With the passing of Capt. John C. Appier, aged eighty, at the home of his son, in Hot Springs, Ark., on November 27, 1922, one of the most prominent and faithful citizens among the Confederate veterans is lost.

Captain Appier was born in Uniontown, Md., November 16, 1842. He later moved to Missouri, and at the outbreak of the War between the States he enlisted in the Confederate ranks, Company H, 1st Regiment, First Brigade, French's division, Missouri Confederate Volunteers. He participated in the battlesof Corinth, Farmington, and Iuka, Miss. He was wounded and made prisoner at the second battle of Corinth, October 2 and 4, 1862. He escaped from a prison boat at Memphis, October 12, 1862, ran through Union pickets with a valuable package of quinine. Later he participated in the battles connected with the Vicksburg campaign, taking part in the battles of Hard Times Landing, La., Grand Gulf, Miss., and Port Gibson in 1863. He was badly wounded in the battle of Champion Hill, Miss., May 16, 1863, and left on the field for dead. Captain Appier was the founder of the Con- federate Cemetery at Springfield, Mo., in 1870.

For the past six years Captain Appier resided Hot Springs, and assisted materially in building up the local camp of United Confederate Veterans. He was the principal figure at a local benefit performance at the Auditorium about a year ago for the Confederate Monument fund, appearing in the same uniform that he wore in the War between the States. Captain Appier attended most of the Confederate reunions, and was always a conspicious figure in his original uniform.

Captain Appier is survived by his wife, one son, and a daughter. He is also survived by a brother and two sisters. Captain Appier was loved by every one as the embodiment of the type of the true Southern gentleman.

^opfederat^ l/eterag.

29

:

K. M. JONES.

Richard Montgomery Jones.

In the early morning of July 21, 1922, Richard Montgomery Jones answered the last roll call. He was born in Stafford County, Va., July 30, 1844, his early life being spent on his father's farm, "Lud- low," in Stafford County. He was of a quiet, gentle nature, but when the War between the States came on, he answered the call of his native State and, at the early age of sixteen years, enlisted as a private soldier and served with honor throughout the war. His war record, of which he was justly proud, shows that he enlisted from Stafford County, Va., in February, 1862, and was mustered into the Confederate States service at Stafford Court- house, Va., February, 1862, as a private soldier of Company A., 9th Regiment,

Virginia Volunteer Cavalry, under Capt. Thomas Waller and Col. W. H. F. Lee to serve during the war. The regiment was assigned to Fitz Lee's brigade, Stuart's division, afterwards Stuart's Corps, A. N. V., and participated in the following engagements: Seven Days' Battle around Richmond, Manas- sas, Brandy Station, Barnesville, Boonesborough, Sharpes- burg, Wilson's Race, Hatcher's Run, Belleficld, Dinwiddie Courthouse, Five Forks, Sailor's Creek, Seven Pines, North Anna, Rapidan, Middlcburg, Spottsylvania Courthouse, Wilderness, Hanover Courthouse, and Morton's Ford. Re- ceived final discharge on May 4, 1S65 at Fredericksburg, Va., on account of close of t he war.

Mr. Jones was a son of Amos and Eliza Botts Jones. In 1871 he married Miss Mary Ellen French, who died in Feb- ruary, 1917, and he later made his home with his daughter, at Manassas, Va.

Comrade Jones was laid to rest in Manassas Cemetery, wearing the Confederate uniform he loved so well. He is survived by four sons Garland F. Jones and 1.. Hugh Jones, of California; J. Amos Jones, of Texas; Charles R. Jones, of Arizona and one daughter, Mis. II. Y. Meetzc, of Manassas.

A. R. Dean.

After a long illness, A. R. Dean died at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Marvin Wilson, at C.recnwood, S. C. Born June 20, 1947, he was one of the young soldiers of the Confed- eracy, and made a worthy record as a member of Company G, 7th Carolina Infantry, surrendering with Johnston at Greensboro, N. C. He was a member of Camp D. Wyatt Aiken, U. C. V., and was always interested in the activities of the organization. A comrade's tribute is that he was "a valiant, faithful soldier, a quiet, agreeable, and lovcable man, and a true friend."

Surviving Comrade Dean are his wife, who was Miss Belle Thompson, four sons, and three daughters; also two sisters and a brother, Capt. L. Y. Dean, of Eufaula, Ala. Confederate comrades served as his honorary pallbearers, and he was laid to rest in Magnolia Cemetery.

Capt. James M. Dale.

Pursuant to a call from the mayor of the city, a mass meet- ing of the citizens of Russellville, Ky., was held at the court- house on November 20 to draft fitting resolutions on the death of Capt. James M. Dale, a resident of that city for more than half a century and a most honored and exemplary citizen. From those memorial resolutions the following on his life is taken:

James M. Dale was born in Liberty, Smith County, Tenn., eighty-nine years ago. While he was yet a lad, his parents unioved to Gallatin, thence at a later date to Nashville, where young Dale was employed for awhile in the steamboat si i \ ire. A few years before the outbreak of the War between the States he settled in Russellville, Ky., where he passed to his reward on November 15, 1922.

While engaged in business in Russellville, Captain Dale, always interested in military matters, joined a company of militia and soon became expert in the manual of arms. His proficiency caused him to be called to Springfield, Tenn., to act as drillmaster of a newly formed organization, in which he rose to be first lieutenant. In a camp near Clarksville, Tenn., this company became one of those composing the 14th Regiment, Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, C. S. A., with Colonel Forbes commanding; and not long afterwards the regiment was ordered to Virginia to become a part of Hatton's Brigade, later Archer's Brigade, under the immortal Stonewall Jackson. His courage, skill, fidelity, and other soldierly qualities soon won promotion for James M. Dale, and he became a captain of sharpshooters and achieved an enviable reputation for efficiency in his difficult duties. He partici- pated in all of the battles fought by his brigade down to Appomattox, surrendering under the incomparable Lee.

Captain Dale was buried with Masonic honors in Maple I rrove Cemetery at Russellville, with his comrades of Camp Caldwell U. C. V. as honorary pallbearers, and with the Confederate colors draping his casket. The monument which stands in Central Park at Russellville, erected by the Caldwell Camp of Confederate Veterans, is due, in part, to his devotion to the cause to which he consecrated his life in the sixties.

Judge Albert M. Ayres.

Albert M. Ayres, born October 23, 1843, was the son of Asher and Mary Cutter Ayres. His father was a nati Woodbridge County, N. J., and moved to Georgia and estab- lished hims.li there as a merchant, llis grandparents were Asher and Fannie Ayres, of Woodbridge County, N. J., and Henry S. and Annie Herb Cutter, natives respectively of Massachusetts and Georgia. He was educated in private schools and colleges at Yonkers and Cornell, N.Y., from which latter place he was graduated in civil engineering just before the outbreak of the War between the States. He entered the Confederate army, joining the 1st Regiment Engineer Corps of the Army of Virginia, and served throughout the war. At the close of the war he farmed and engaged in the profi of civil engineering for twenty years in Marshall County. He was elected Judge of the Probate Court of Marshall County in 1S9S, and represented the Seventh District as member of the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College at All" rt- ville. He was a Democrat in politics.

In 1877 he was married to Miss Nannie C. Foster, of Mar- shall County, and to them were born three sons. He died at his home on Georgia Mountain, near Guntersville, Ala., on October 17, 1922, survived by his wife and sons.

(This sketch was taken in part from the " History of Ala- bama," by the late Thomas M. Owen. Mrs. John A. Lusk, i untersvillc, Ala.)

30

Confederate Ueterar;.

IHniteb ^Daughters of tbe Confederacy

Mrs. Livingston Rowe Schuyler, President General

520 W. 114th St., New York City

Mrs. Frank Harrold, Americus, Ga First J'ice President General

Mrs. Frank Elmer Ross, Riverside, Cal Second Vice President General

Mrs. V\*. E. Massey, Hot Springs, Ark Third Vice President General

Mrs. \V. E. R. Byrne, Charleston, W. Va Recording Secretary General

Miss Allie Garner, Ozark, Ala Corresponding Secretary General

Mrs. J. P. Higgins, St. Louis, Mo Treasurer General

Mrs. St. John Allison Lawton, Charleston, S. C Historian General

Miss Ida Powell, Chicago, III Registrar General

Mrs. W. II. Estabrook, Dayton, Ohio Custodian of Crosses

Mrs. J. II. Crenshaw, Montgomery, Ala. . . Custodian of Flags and Pennants

All communications for this Department should be sent direct to Mrs. R. D. Wright, Official Editor, Newberry, S. C.

FROM THE PRESIDENT GENERAL.

To the United Daughters of the Confederacy: After the con- vention held in Birmingham I sent a hurried note to the Veteran conveying ray deep gratitude for the confidence that my reelection to the office of President General had expressed. Let me assure you of my appreciation and pledge you my un- divided service in carrying on the work of our great organiza- tion.

You will learn of the many details of the convention from the report which will appear in this issue of the Veteran, but as we are entering now upon a new year I beg that you will focus your attention upon those objects to which we have specifically given our pledges in order that we may meet in Washington with a record which will be worthy of our organ- ization.

" Women of the South in War Times. " I am proud to relate that New York (my own Division) has made possible a new edition of "The Women of the South in War Times" through the generous donation of $100 (for new plates) of Mrs. James Henry Parker, President of the New York Chapter, who came to the assistance of the managing editor when it was moved to substitute "War between the Sates" for "War of Secession" and to make other changes which will be necessary in the reprint. You have pledged through your delegates to place this book in the libraries, colleges, and universities of your State, either by donation or by procuring it through your directors. This in no way relieves us of our pledge, made at the convention in St. Louis, to sell ten thousand copies. The U. D. C. has never failed to redeem its word, and this book is an obligation resting upon us. Surely we will meet it ! With the changes that will be made in the new edition it should be one of the best sources of spreading the truth that we have.

Jefferson Davis Highway. Again Mrs. Parker added a large donation of §200 to the splendid contribution of Mrs. Peter Youree of $500, when subscriptions were taken for markers along the Jefferson Davis Highway. And here let me ask that every Division send in its pledge at once, for unless the highway, designated by the different States is marked, we will lose the privilege of having it named for President Davis. This work has progressed with such marvelous rapidity, under the able leadership of Miss West, that we do not wish to lose, by our neglect, any of the advantages that she has gained. If the Divisions through which this highway passes will bend every energy to the influencing of its Legislature this greatest of all memorials will become an accomplished fact.

Prizes. It was with a feeling of personal pleasure that I learned of the award of the Leonora St. George Rogers Schuy- ler Prize, offered by Mrs. G. Tracy Rogers in honor of your President General, to Miss E. D. Pope, the woman who is so ably carrying on the work of Mr. Cunningham in the Veteran, and for whom we all feel so deep an admiration.

Prize for Membership, Offered by Mrs. Hunt, Missouri Division. This prize was offered too late last year to be listed in the minutes, but the generous donor, Mrs. Hunt, gave it wide circulation, and it was won by the Georgia Division, which recorded the greatest number of new members during the year.

Pledges for the Coming Year. For those members who were not present at the convention, let me say that you made pledges through your representatives for the following work:

Cunningham Memorial Scholarship to be completed as a fellowship at $5,000, and the full amount was pledged at Birmingham.

To The Jefferson Davis Monument was pledged the sum of $30,000, which I beg you to redeem as soon as possible. It is most important that we should continue this work without interruption, in order to prevent the removal of the machinery which would afterwards have to be replaced.

Lee Memorial Chapel at Lexington Va. Your representa- tives at Birmingham reaffirmed the action of the St. Louis convention to reconstruct and fireproof the chapel; there- fore you have pledged yourself to this once more, and it will will be necessary to raise the sum of $150,000 to meet this obligation. This could be easily done within the year if every member would contribute not iess than two dollars toward this work. Just think how little this really is for each one, and yet what a splendid result it would bring in placing the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the South in a fitting light before the thousands of strangers who annually visit the recumbent statue of General Lee.

Chairmen of Committees. Acceptances have been received from the following chairmen who have been reappointed:

Education. Mrs. W. C. N. Merchant, Chatham, Va.,

Award of University Prize for Confederate Essays. Miss Armida Moses, Sumter, S. C.

Official Stationery. Mrs. W. S. Coleman, Apartment 16, Juniper Terrace, Atlanta, Ga.

State Constitution and By-Laws. Mrs. Lizzie George Hen- derson, Greenwood, Miss.

Your convention has ordered a revision of the By-Laws, and Mrs. Henderson will serve as Chairman of the Special Committee. In order to secure all changes that will improve the working of the organization you are requested to send any suggestions to her at your earliest convenience.

May the Christmas season bring you joy and happiness, and may the new year be full of success and prosperity is the sincere wish of your frienf.

Faithfully and fraternally,

Leonora St. George Rogers Schuyler.

Qopfederat^ tfeterai).

31

THE CONVENTION A T BIRMINGHA M.

BY DECCA LAMAR WEST, WACO TEX.

From the first arrival of general officers and committee chairmen on November 12 to the final departure on the 20th, the visiting Daughters found themselves the honored guests of the local Chapter and their splendidly organized committees, with Mrs. Chapell Cory as General Chairman.

Two days, the 13th and 14th, were devoted to executive and committee meetings, with a conference of State Presi- dents, presided over by the President General, which was pre- ceded by a State Presidents' dinner, which becomes a delight- ful precedent. The evening of the 14th was a brilliant open- ing with addresses of welcome from State and local U. D. C. organizations, presided over by Mrs. Lcdbetter. Addresses of welcome were made by Mcsdames Cory and Echols, of Birmingham, and Mrs. Huey, State President, and response for the U. D. C by Miss Decca Lamar West, of Texas. A forceful address by Hon. John Tilley, of Montgomery, was the chief feature of the evening and struck a responsive chord in every heart, for he gave practical illustration of how the South had been placed and kept at a disadvantage and was yet criticised, instead of being commended for the wonder- ful strides she made after the war of devastation. It was a thoughtful, scholarly address, and one which we wish could be delivered in every college of the United States to counteract many of the false teachings that have obtained.

A pleasing ceremony was the introduction of the ex-Pn si- dents General by Mrs. C. N. Merchant, of Virginia. To the First Vice President General fell the pleasing duty of intro- ducing the Honorary Presidents, among whom were the brilliant Miss Rutherford, of Georgia, and our beloved Mrs. Cornelia Branch Stone, who is, I truly believe, the most honored woman of the entire membership of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Despite her eighty-three years, she maintains a clearness of thought and expression that renders her the adviser of main- and an advocate to be desired when important matters are up for discussion.

One of the pleasing incidents of this "opening night" was the presentation of a portrait of President Davis to the United Daughters of the Confederacy by Mrs. J. A. Perdue, of Georgia. Another Georgia woman who won new encomiums by the brilliancy of her diction was Mrs. Walter D. Lamar, of Macon, who had the happy privilege of introduc ng to the audience the daughter of Gen. Joseph Wheeler, Miss Annie Wheeler, who was known during the Spanish-American War as the "Florence Nightingale" of the American forces.

The splendid Annual Report of our President General was delivered on the next morning, and there were many oppor- tunities during the four days' session for her to make brief addresses, which she always did with consummate skill. As an inspirational speaker, she has few equals. Her annual address, which was printed and distributed to the delegates that they might fol'ow every detail, showed the painstaking work throughout the year that has characterized the adminis- tration, the time, labor, and means that have been so freely and generally given by our leader.

The roll call found a remarkably full attendance of State Presidents, who led, in most instances, large delegations, the exceptions being from the distant States of Washington, Minnesota, and Massachusetts. Even the cross-continent State of California boasted several delegates in attendance. The Chapter in Paris, France, sent its report by a proxy, who presented the tri-color of France when each State President proudly bore the emblem of her State, to remain as a gift for the local entertaining Chapter a ceremony always inspiring

and but an added symbol of our vows, not only to our organ- ization, but to the Constitution of the United States, which still (in theory, at least) recognizes the sovereignty of the States for which our fathers fought.

All General Officers Present.

Every general officer, like a faithful soldier, answered "Here," the report of each showing how conscientiously she had "carried on." During the four days one by one were added the reports of the general chairmen of committees, making of the administration a complete whole of wonderful achievements. An entire evening devoted to the reports of State Presidents further enlightened the delegations and visitors how the results had been accomplished. Comparisons seem invidious when all show painstaking effort, neverthe- less, as the records of special awards for various forms of en- deaver were made, three States lead all the real North Caro- lina, South Carolina, and Georgia winning most of the prizes. Cases of individuals merit were scattered throughout the land, showing that the historical and educational work arc of para- mount importance. For the benefit of those who could not attend, the reports of the Historian General and the Chairman of education will be published later, as they are really neces- sary for information.

In a wonderful record by States, the Chairman of Educa- tion, Mrs. Merchant, gives statistics. Briefly stated, the United Daughters of the Confederacy control nearly one hundred thousand dollars worth of scholarships annually. These are awarded after most complete investigation through chairmen from each State. This committee and the His- torical Department would alone constitute a reason for our being, and yet, when you add to this the remarkable work of the various enterprises, it constitutes a splendid result, almost inestimable in its educational value. The Historian's address and a large part of her report will be printed in the Veteran by request of the convention. Many hoped for the publication of the address in pamphlet form, so greatly are the scholarly attainments of Mrs. Campbell appreciated. Another report printed for distribution, and which only an expert auditor can fully appreciate, is that of the Treasurer General, Mrs. Amos Norris. Such method, such skill in in- vestment, such careful handling of both large and infinitesimal sums, was little short of a miracle to most of us but few women claim mathematics as their long suit. Strange to say, it goes hand in hand with high idealism and great interest in educational, historical, and literary matters with Mrs. Norris, just as it does in her successor, Mrs. Higgins, of Missouri.

In parting with Mrs. Norris, Treasurer, Mrs. Campbell, Historian, Mrs. Wright as Recording Secretary, and Mrs. Williams as Registrar, it was with a feeling that we could ill afford to lose such workers; yet in each case their successors come with records to show we are again fortunate in finding women of such splendid ability and unselfishness to serve us, for these four offices are undoubtedly the most difficult to fill. (See roster of officers.)

President's Recommendations. In closing her report, the President General made six recommendations, all of which were unanimously adopted by the convention.

1. It is recommended that the voluntary contributions of one dollar per Chapter for the Confederate Woman's Relief Work be made a provision of the By-Laws at the next annual convention.

2. It is recommended that one thousand dollars be trans-

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^o^federaC^ Ueteran.

ferred from the general fund to the Hector W. Church Schol- arship Fund annually, subject to the Finance Committee, until such time as the twelve thousand dollars necessary to complete the fund is obtained.

3. It is recommended that the definition of the term "War between the States" be reprinted annually among the notices in our Minutes.

4. It is recommended that a portrait of Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury be painted and presented to the Naval Academy at Annapolis.

5. It is recommended that an offer be made to the British \\ ar School to present to it a bust of Gen. Robert E. Lee.

6. It is recommended that a portrait of Admiral Raphael Semmes be presented to the LaSalle de l'Alabama," at Gen- eva, Switzerland.

Of these recommendations, No. 2 became void, as later the Executive Board brought in a recommendation that four thousand dollars be appropriated from the Treasury to im- mediately complete the four scholarships inaugurated by the Hector W. Church bequest, which it had been previously voted (1920) should be invested until it should have multiplied itself into a sufficient fund for the four scholarships. This action was never rescinded, and while agreeing with the gen- eral sentiment that it was good to have more scholarships available, and to honor the Union soldier who generously left us the bequest, many felt the original plan of in vest ment wisest The four thousand dollars would have been a wonderful gift for the completion of the Jefferson Davis Monumen. or for the promotion of the Jefferson Davis Highway.

It is the-ardent wish of the veterans that the former, which the committee reported lacked thirty thousand dollars of the sum required, be completed by June. The refusal of the Board to recognize the necessity for any appropriation for the pro- motion of the Jefferson Davis Highway would have prevented any further effort, but chiefly through the generous contri- butions of two members of the Committee Mesdames Youree, of Louisiana, and Parker, of New York the work will continue. The Board, at the urgent request of the com- mittee, agreed that a bowlder should be placed at Point Isabel, Tex., in commemoration of the landing of Mississippi troops under command of Jefferson Davis (colonel in the United States army) in 1846, from which point they went into Mexico to reenforce the troops of Gen. Zachary Taylor, and Jefferson Davis was proclaimed "the rescuer of the United States army" and "Hero of Buena Vista and Monterrey."

Jefferson Davis Monument.

After a report of the Jefferson Davis Monument Committee by Mrs. Jacksie Thrash Morrison, Chairman, and the read- ing of a letter from General Haldeman, a stirring appeal was made for it. Mr. Eustace Williams, Jr., Secretary- Treasurer of the Jefferson Davis Home Association, following some discussion and particularly eloquent talks by Mrs. Lizzie George Henderson and Mrs. Walter Lamar, nearly eight thousand dollars was subscribed from the floor, including one thousand dollars from the treasury, said to be the largest subscription ever made at one session of a U. D. C. convention. A vigorous drive is to be inaugurated in a few weeks, in the hope of having the remainder of the sum in hand by March 1, so that the monument may be completed by June and unveiled on June 3.

All Chapters which subscribed are requested to have their 'pledges in by February, if possible.

The Maury Monument. The convention at St. Louis pledged to raise five thousand

dollars toward the Maury Monument, which is to be erected in Richmond, Va., by the Maury Monument Association. Nearly three thousand dollars of this sum has already been raised. Mrs. Frank Antony Walke, of Norfolk, Va., gave an interesting report and presided at a Maury Monument Directors' dinner in promotion of this great enterprise.

Library Building in Richmond.

On recommendation of Mrs. Norman V. Randolph, Chair- man, the convention rescinded the action of the convention at Tampa, Fla., in regard to such building until such time as a proper building site should be offered.

Faithful Slaves Memorial.

Under the skillful leadership of Mrs. Mary Dowling Bond, the work of the committee to place a bowlder at