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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. LXIII. No. 1.

A SECTION IN THE TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG, NEW YORK.

By Thomas H. Clark.

With One Plate.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.:

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

May, 1919.

No. 1. — A Section in the Trenton Limestone at Marthisburg, New York.

By Thomas H. Clark.

Martinsburg is a small town situated in Lewis Co., N. Y., west of the Adirondacks and east of Lake Ontario. It lies just within the northwestern corner of the "Port Leyden quadrangle," the geology of which has been described by Prof. W. J. Miller (N. Y. state mus. Bull. 1910, 135). The village is situated upon the upper of two prominent terraces facing the Black River, and at an elevation of about 500 feet above it. The contact of the Pre-Cambrian gneiss with the sediments is along the western margin of the alluvial plain of the Black River, and the terraces are underlain by Ordovician limestone which dips gently westward.

The summit floor of the terrace upon which Martinsburg stands varies in width from one to two miles, and between it and the level land along the Black River is a steep slope broken by a narrow but pronounced shelf developed on the surface of the Black River lime- stone. In this slope Roaring Brook has cut a deep trench, which affords a fresh and almost continuous section of the Ordovician lime- stone. The exposures along this brook make up the greater part of the section here described, but as the rocks are largely concealed along its upper stretches, outcrops along the road and old quarries near the village of Martinsburg were also studied.

In the Bulletin mentioned above. Miller has given a detailed section of the strata below the Trenton, but concerning that formation he gives no information beyond the estimate of 175 feet for the total thickness.

Dr. Raymond visited this section in 1912, and has called attention (Summary report Director Geol. survey. Department of mines, Canada, for 1912, 1914, p. 345) to its importance in the correlation of the Trenton of the typical section at Trenton Falls, N. Y., with the supposedly equivalent deposits in Ontario. His work indicated the desirability of more detailed study of the section, and at his request I spent two weeks in the area in 1916, and visited it again for a short time in 1917.

THE SECTION.

For convenience, the beds of the section will be described in ascend- ing order.

The hard cherty Black River limestone has resisted erosion more

4 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

successfully than the rather thinly bedded Trenton limestone above it, so that a platform a quarter of a mile wide has been excavated upon its surface. Since the surface of this platform, even in the stream bed, is more or less masked by debris from the bluff behind it, the exact contact with the Trenton is seldom seen. Fortunately, how- ever, I found on my second visit that the spring freshets of 1917 had removed a part of the covering of detritus in the stream bed, so that the basal twelve inches of the Trenton was clearly shown. This proved to be a dark blue, fine grained dense limestone, mostly without fossils, but with here and there a thin band of small specimens. This bed was without shaly partings to divide it into subordinate layers, and showed no trace of clastic matter, so there was no evidence of a "basal conglomerate." It differed from the underlying Black River limestone in being finer grained with a more flinty fracture, and in lacking the chert. The few fossils obtained from it are species char- acteristic of the Trenton, Triplecia extans being the most important. Above this basal layer there would seem to be about five feet of strata concealed, the next outcrop being in the bank of the stream about halfway across the shelf. At this locality a few thick beds of highly fossiliferous dark blue impure limestone are exposed, with rather thick bands of shale between the beds of limestone. The following were the most common fossils, the first three being particu- larly diagnostic, and, in this section, apparently confined to the lower ten feet of the Trenton : —

Triplecia extans (Emmons), T. cuspidata (Hall), T. schucherti, sp. nov., Parastrophia hcmiplicata Hall, Rafincsquina altcrnata (Emmons), Suhulites elongahu Conrad, Honnoioma trentonensis Ulrich & Scofield, H. bellicincta (Hall), Streptelasma corniculum Hall.

The last species was particularly abundant; one slab, about thirty- six square inches in area, containing about forty specimens on its surface. From the partings between the beds of limestone, large numbers of complete specimens of Triplecia, retaining both valves, were obtained.

Above the fossiliferous basal beds there are about 280 feet of dark limestone in beds two inches to a foot in thickness, separated by partings of shale which become more numerous and thicker in the upper part of this division, but which seldom contain any great nuia- ber of fossils. Some of the beds of limestone are composed of fine grained material, while others contain a certain amount of more coarsely crystalline calcite. In the latter case the crystalHzation affects only the matrix, and does not obscure the fossils. Some of

CLARK: TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG. O

the layers are made up almost entirely of fragments of shells, a sort of coquina, while others are nearly or quite devoid of fossils.

The peculiarities of the distribution of fossils in these strata are as follows : —

At seventy feet above the base of the Trenton there is a layer, exposed on the road from Martinsburg to East Marti nsburg, which contains great numbers of Sinuites cancellatus (Hall).

One hundred feet above the base there is a layer containing, among other fossils, Dalmanclla rogata (Sardeson), Isotelus gigas DeKay, Calymene senaria Conrad, Cryptolithus tcssellatus Green.

This layer is foimd near the base of the upper of the three falls which have been developed by Roaring Brook in the lower part of the Trenton, and five feet above the broad flat platform which extends from the top of the middle fall to the base of the upper one. The layer containing Crj^tolithus is only a few inches thick, and is a fairly pure, nearly black limestone. Cryptolithus is quite abundant and its discovery here is of considerable interest as it has not previously been reported in the Trenton north of Trenton Falls in the region west of the Adirondacks.

In the strata 100 feet above the base Platystrophia first becomes abundant, and the fifteen feet above the 165 foot level contain espe- cially well-preserved specimens. Associated with the Platystrophias are the other common fossils of the Trenton, such as Calymene senaria, Dalmanella rogata, Pledambonites sericeus, etc.

Between the 200 and 300 foot levels the limestone is composed of httle else than fragments of shells, and at 280 feet is the lowest layer of coarsely crystalUne limestone. Large specimens of an undescribed Dalmanella are found in this stratum, and as usual, only the matrix and not the fossils is affected by the crystallization. At 290 feet there is a layer showing the so-called "giant ripple mark," the crests being several feet apart, and their^ direction about N. 45° E. The rock is composed of columnals of crinoids and fragments of brachio- pods. In the hundred feet of beds just described there are no very remarkable fossils, but it is the zone of the greatest development of Prasopora simulatrix, which is there very common indeed.

Between 300 and 390 feet above the base the rocks are a rather coarsely crystalhne limestone which is neither very well exposed nor, apparently, very fossiliferous. In the basal layer I found a Carneyella, the first representative of the Agelacrinitidae to be reported from the Trenton of New York; and this layer is also the lowest bed in which Rafinesquina deltoidea is found.

6

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

The remaining eighty-five feet of the Trenton, (390-475 ft.) is a dark, thickly bedded, impure Umestone with little shale, which on weathering breaks down into a rubbly mass. Fossils are rather common in places, but only on weathered surfaces. Strophomena trilobata, Rafincsquina camerata, and R. deltoidea are the most common and characteristic fossils, while Hormotoma trentonensls, Trochonema umbilicatuni, and Streptelasma corniculum are other abundant species, these latter forms being "recurrent" from the lower twenty feet of the formation.

The accompanying table shows the species found, and their vertical distribution.

Si CO a a

lO

1—1

o CO 1 o IM

o

o o 1— I

CD I— I

o

o 00 <N 1

o

o

o o

o

§ ■*

o

a o a o u H U a

Plantae Buthotrenis caesoetosa Hall

X

Anthozoa Streptelasma corniculum Hall ECHINODERMATA Cheirocrinus anatiformis(Hall)

X

X X

X

X X

X

X

Camevella ravmondi Clark

X

Bryozoa Prasopora simulatrix var. occidentalis Ulrich

X X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Escharopora confluens Ulrich . Rhindictya neglecta Ulrich. . OSTRACODA T/pnerditia sn. ind

X X

X X

X

X

Tkilobita Cryptolithus tessellatus Green Tsotelus ffiffas DeKav

X

X

X

X

X X

X

V

Tllfleniis americanus Billinss

Calymene senaria Conrad .... Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green .

X X X

X

X

X

X X X

X

X

Bkachiopoda Pseudolingula rectilateralis . . . ^Emmons)

X

V

CLARK: TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG.

1 P3

>o

1— 1

1

o

o o I— (

o 00 »-l 1 lO CD I— t

o IN

o §5

o

o o CO

g

o

o

o

§ g H a

Trematis terminalis (Emmons) . .

X

X

Schizocrania filosa Hall

X

X

X

X

Plectorthis sp

V

Platystrophia sp. nov

X

"biforata"

?

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

colbyensis Foerste

Dalmanella rogata (Sardeson) . . sp. nov

X

X

X

X

X

X X X X

X

X

X

X

Dinorthis pectinella (Emmons)

X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X

Plectambonites sericeus (Sow- erbv)

X

X

X X

X

V

Rafinesquina alternata (Emmons)

X

X

V

deltoidea (Conrad)

V

camerata (Conrad)

X

X

V

minnesotensis (N. H. Winchell)

X X

Strophomena filitexta Hall

trilobata (Owen)

X

X

X

X

V

Triplecia cuspidata (Hall)

X X X X X

X

schucherti Clark

Parastrophia hemiplicata Hall . .

X

X

X

rotunda (Winchell & Schu-

Rhynchotrema increbescens (Hall)

X

Zygospira recurvirostris (Hall) . .

X

X

X

X X

Gastropoda Sinuites cancellatus (Hall) . . .

X

X

X X

X

V. corrugatus (Hall)

Phragmolites compressus Con. Tetranota bidorsata (Hall) . . .

X

X X

X

Pleurotomaria (Trochonema?) ambigua Hall

X

X

Lophospira serrulata (Salter) . Hormotoma trentonensis Ul- rich & Scofield

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

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bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

a

in

in i-H

s o

g

8

I-H J: to

o I-t

in IM

1 g

i

i

g

o

o

s ■*

s ■*

1 g H c

Hormotoma bellicincta (Hall)

X

gracilis (Hall)

?

X

X

X

X

Liospira americana (Billings) .

X

y

Raphistoma rotuloides (Hall) .

X

X

Trochonema iimbilicatum (Hall)

X

X

Gyronema percariDatum(Hall)

X X X

Holopea obKqiia Hall

X X

Subulites elongatus Conrad . . .

X

V

Pelecypoda Ctenodonta nasuta (Hall) ....

X

levata (Hall)

X

Whitella subtruncata (Hall) . .

X

Ambonychia amygdalina Hall

X

CORRELATION

Obviously this section should first be compared with that at Trenton Falls, which is about sixty miles south of Martinsburg. Compar- ing it with the composite Trenton Falls-Rathbone Brook section, pubHshed by Ra;^Tnond, (Bull. M. C. Z., 1916, 56, p. 253), it appears that the Trenton at Martinsburg is 129 feet thicker than at Trenton Falls. The discovery of Cryptolithus at Martinsburg gives a much better basis for comparison of the two sections than was previously to be had. In the typical section, the highest layer with Cryptolithus is seventy-three feet above the base, while at Martinsburg it is 100 feet above. At Trenton Falls, Rafinesquina deltoidea appears 228 feet above the base of the Trenton; at Martinsburg the lowest layer containing this species is 300 feet above the base. In both sections the strata between those characterized by these "guide fossils" are layers of thinly bedded dark limestone alternating with beds of shale one or two inches in thickness, the fauna in both cases being composed of large numbers of the more common Trenton fossils, particularly Prasopora simulatrix, Dalmanella, Plectambonites, Platystrophia, Calymene, Ceraurus, and Isotelus. The similarity of the strata and

CLARK: TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG. 9

the occurrence of these three zones in the same order are, I beheve, sufficient to indicate the correctness of the correlation of the portions of the sections occupied by these faunas, even though the zones of the two localities are not of the same thickness. The lower 390 feet of the section at Martinsburg are therefore probabl}^ the equivalent of the total 346 feet of the combined Trenton Falls-Rathbone Brook section, and the upper eighty-five feet of the section at Martins- burg have no equivalent in the limestone of the more southern section, but form a younger deposit. This is the view already advanced by Raymond, but supported by less evidence.

While the general correlation between these two sections is obvious, detailed correlation is attended with difficulties, and probably should not be attempted until the intervening region can be studied. While Cryptoliihus tessellatus occupies a zone about forty feet thick in which it is abundant over a stretch of more than a thousand miles from east of Quebec down past Montreal, the Champlain Valley, Saratoga, and the Mohawk Valley to Rathbone Brook, at Martinsburg it is found in only a single layer, and that twenty to thirty feet higher in the section than it is normally found. Its western migration was evidently delayed, and finally stopped by something other than a physical barrier, but just what it was is not evident. At Martinsburg the lowest beds are characterized especially by three species of Triple- cia. At Trenton Falls one of these species, T. cxtans, is quite common in one layer, but that layer is about seventy-five feet above the base, and above tlie range of Cryptolithus, and not below it. The meaning of this interchange of position is likewise not yet understood.

The occurrence of Triplecia in the lowest zone at Martinsburg is of value in making a correlation with the Trenton of Ontario. In the section at Ottawa and vicinity (Raymond, Guide book 3, Excurs. 12th Internat. geol. cong. 1913) one finds at the base thirty- five feet of limestone with T. extans, Phragmolites compressus, and other fossils; in the middle a thick zone with numerous fossils in- cluding an abundance of Prasopora simulatrix. Then come two zones characterized by Rafinesquina deltoidea and Strophomena tri- lobata respectively, the general sequence being that at Martinsbiu-g but with a different development of the zone between that of Triplecia and that of Prasopora.

These notes should suffice to show the great importance of the Martinsburg section, since by combining in itself elements of the faunas of the Trenton to the north and the Trenton to the south, it permits a correlation which has formerly been in doubt. Perhaps

10

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

the most significant feature is the demonstration of the fact that the strata at Martinsburg, containing the fauna with Strophomena trilo- bata, gastropods, and Streptelasma, the so-called "Fusispira beds," are younger than any of the limestone in the section at Trenton Falls. This has a far-reaching effect, for the Fusispira beds extend across Ontario and appear as the upper part of the Prosser limestone in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.

description of new or interesting SPECIES.i

COELENTERATA.

Streptelasma corniculum Hall. Streptoplasma corniculmn Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 69, pi. 25, fig. la-le.

This species is one of the commonest in the lowest beds, but does not appear again until horizon 390 is reached. Here, and again at 400, 410, and 440 feet above the base it is fairly abundant. Although the specimens from the upper part of the Trenton are generally larger than those from the basal beds, I cannot determine any specific dift'erence between them. By making transverse and longitudinal sections of large individuals I satisfied myself that these show in their younger stages the characteristics of Hall's species (now abandoned) <S. parvula. The specimens from the upper part of the Trenton are well preserved, while those from the basal beds are for the most part badly crushed. It was in these beds that I found this species in such great abundance. One slab of rotten shale, about one quarter of a square foot in area had on its surface no fewer than forty specimens.

Echinodermata.

Cheirocrinus anatiformis (Hall).

Plate 1, fig. 17.

Echino-encrinites anatiformis Hall, Pal. N. Y. 1847, 1, p. 89, 318, pi. 29, fig. 4a^f.

The discovery of a few specimens of this rare species is of interest, since the exact horizon of the fossil has not previously been known. Hall stated that his specimens were from the "midst of the fossili-

1 Bull. 92, U. S. N. M. contains an extensive bibliography of the various species here discussed.

CLARK: TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG.

11

ferous portion of the Trenton limestone" at Turin, Lewis Co., N. Y. I found a single plate, not absolutely identifiable, in the zone with Cryptolithus, 100 feet above the base of the section, but better and readily recognizable specimens were found in the Upper Trenton, from 390 to 410 feet above the base. It seems probable that this is the true horizon of the species. A species of Cheirocrinus, named C. walcotti by Jaekel (Stammesgsch. Pelmat., 1899, p. 221, pi. 11, fig. 8) is very common in certain layers low in the upper third of the Trenton at Trenton Falls and, therefore, at a somewhat lower horizon than the Cheirocrinus at Martinsburg. The name was proposed by Jaekel largely because C. anatiformis was so poorly described as to be almost unrecognizable, and a comparison of specimens shows that there is very little if any difference between the two species. The specimens from Martinsburg show the numerous pectinirhombs which were ignored by Hall in both illustration and description, and one which retains the plates of the upper part of the calyx shows a series of small plates covering the ventral grooves. That Jaekel was right in referring this species to Cheirocrinus instead of Echino- encrinites is obvious.

Carneyella raymondi, sp. nov.

Plate 1, fig. 18, 19.

Specimen small, nearly circular in outline, with a peripheral ring one fourth of the diameter in width. There are six rays, five of which are straight, but ray II is bifurcated about one third the distance from the center to the peripheral ring, and the anterior branch curved in a contrasolar direction. The supraoral plates are damaged, and only three can be seen, but these are large, fully three times as large as the lateral covering plates. Their outlines are mostly obhterated. The interradii are covered with relatively large imbricating plates, but unfortunately the anal interradius is so poorly preserved as to obscure the anal pyramid. None of the rays shows any trace of auxiliary covering plates. The type (M. C. Z. 3,978) and only known specimen is 8 mm. in diameter. It was found by the writer, attached to a shell of Rafinesquina alternata, in a layer 300 feet above the base of the Trenton in the gorge of Roaring Brook, near Martinsburg, N. Y. The horizon is at the base of the Rafinesquina deltoidea zone. So far as is known, this is the first agelacrinitid to be found in the Ordovician rocks of New York State.

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The most closely allied species is probably C. muUibrachiatus (Raymond) .1 The type of that species has eight rays, though Dr. Raymond suggests that the normal number may prove to be seven. In the Canadian species, however, the periphery is still broader than in C. raymondi, the width being equal to one third of the diameter.

Bryozoa.

Prasopora simulatrix var. occidentalis Ulrich.

Prasopora simulatrix var. occidentalis Ulrich, Pal. Minn., 1893, 3 p. 246 pi 16, fig. 1, 2, 6, 7.

•

This species, and possibly others of like form, is extremely abundant from 160 to 280 feet above the base of the Trenton. It also occurs practically throughout the lower part of the Trenton. I do not wish to give the impression that all the hemispheric Bryozoa collected at Martinsburg belong to this species. Such is probably not the case. But from the scores of specimens collected, I examined sections of six taken at random. All of these proved to be Prasopora simulatrix var. • occidentalis. While other genera may be represented in the many unexamined forms, the probability is that few, if any, do not belong to Prasopora.

ESCHAROPORA CONFLUENS Ulrich. Escharopora confluens Ulrich, Pal. Minn., 1893, 3, p. 171, pi. 13, fig. 1-11.

I found this bryozoan very abundant in the basal beds. It occurs mostly as inch-long fragments not showing the mode of growth, but by removing a large slab of limestone from the bed of the creek, I imcovered some large branching specimens embedded in the soft shaly parting. One specimen was found to branch three times in a length of two inches.

Brachiopoda.

PSEUDOLINGULA RECTILATERALIS (Emmons). Lingula rectilateralis Emmons, Geol. N. Y. Rept. 2d dist., 1842, p. 399, fig. 6.

This species occurred in Upper, Middle, and Lower Trenton. At horizon 180 I found a specimen protruding downwards from an over-

J Ottawa naturalist, 24, p. 60, pi. 1, fig. 2.

CLARK: TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG.

13

hanging stratum of limestone, the anterior margin being embedded in the matrix, and the posterior margin free below the rock. This was probably the position in which the animal lived, besides being the position in which it died, standing erect in the mud, as do the Lingulae to-day.

Plectorthis sp.

In the Upper Trenton, near the state road, I found one specimen of Plectorthis, but, although it is in an excellent state of preservation and almost complete, it could not be identified with any described species. In a genus usually so common, I hesitate to make a new species from a single specimen.

Rafinesquina minnesotensis (Winchell).

Strophomena minnesotensis Winchell, Ninth ann. rept. Geol. nat. hist, survey Minn., 1881, p. 120.

This species is rather frequently listed of late, usually from forma- tions of Black River or Stones River age. The horizon of the original specimens was, however. Lower Trenton, and it is gratifying that its first record from New York should be at that horizon. The fossil is very difficult to identify unless one has the interior of the brachial valve. Such a specimen was found, showing the large muscular area, the divergent ridges, and the shallow depression circumscribing the scars. It is also thickly dotted with "ovarian" markings.

Strophomena trentonensis Winchell & Schuchert.

Strophomena trentonensis Winchell & Schuchert, Pal. Minn,, 1893, 3, pt. 2, p. 389, pi. 30, fig. 41.

While this species has a wide distribution, specimens are seldom found. A pedicle valve obtained fifty feet above the base of the Trenton has the muscle scars somewhat smaller than in the Minne- sotan type, and the two divergent ridges which should appear beside the median elevation in the muscular area are lacking. In spite of these variations, the smooth interior of the pedicle valve leaves little doubt of the correctness of the identification.

14 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Triplegia cuspidata (Hall).

Plate 1, fig. 1-6.

Atrypa cuspidata Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 138, 318, pi. 33* (supplementary

plate), fig. la-h: Hall & Clarke, Pal. N. Y., 1892, 8, pt. 1, p. 270. Triplecia extans Hall & Clarke, Loc. cit, 1892, pi. lie, fig. 1-3.

Without exception, Triplecia cuspidata is the most abundant fossil in the basal ten feet of the Trenton at Martinsburg, and a large num- ber of complete specimens retaining both valves were collected. Most are large, specimens 18 mm. long and 25 mm. wide being common. Smaller specimens are also present in some numbers, but not the very young. Two specimens, one 9 mm. by 11 mm., another 20 mm. by 28 mm., probably represent the extremes of the range in size. The smaller of these is 6 mm. thick, the larger 17 mm. It proves in practice somewhat difficult to separate the various species of Triplecia. It will be remembered that Hall, at the end of his first work on Trenton fossils, came to the conclusion that Atnjpa extans and Atrypa cuspidata were identical. Triplecia nucha is easily recognized by its small size, sharp, narrow fold and sinus, and absence of radial striae. Triplecia extans and T. cuspidata are both striate, the latter much more strikingly so than the former. After examining a large number of specimens from Watertown, Martinsburg, Trenton Falls, and else- where, it would appear that T. extans is characterized by a rounded sinus, T. cuspidata by an angular or grooved sinus, and a new species, now to be named, by a flat-bottomed sinus.

In my judgment, one of the specimens figured by Hall and Clark as Trijilecia extans, is a very typical T. cuspidata, and I have so as- signed it above. It displays the typical angular sinus. Figures 6 and 7 of the same plate show the rounded sinus of T. extans.

The exact horizon at which the various species of Triplecia occur has not yet been determined. Hall stated that T. cuspidata was known to him as occurring only in the central part of the Trenton limestone at Lowville, a town only five miles north of Martinsburg. I^did not have time to search for the original locality, but from the nearness of Lowville to Martinsburg it seems probable that the original specimens were really from the base of the Trenton, which is the only horizon in which this species is found at Martinsburg. In the M. C. Z. there are a great many specimens of this species from Watertown, N. Y., but unfortunately without exact data as to the horizon in the Trenton from which they were obtained. There are

CLARK: TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG. 15

also two large specimens in a fragment of rock from Trenton Falls. The matrix has on it the impression of a specimen of Phragmolites, thus showing that these two forms occur together at Trenton Falls as well as at Mardnsburg.

Triplegia schucherti, sp. nov. Plate 1, fig. 7-12.

Shell large, of about the same size and shape as that of T. cuspidata, but generally a little plimiper. The length and thickness are nearly equal, the thickness equalling the length in some cases. The beaks of the opposite valves are so closely opposed as to practically eliminate a cardinal area. The brachial valve has a relatively narrow rounded fold which does not project at the front, and which is bordered by very shallow depressions. The fold is not so high and angular as in either T. cuspidata or T. nucha, but more like that of T. extans. The sinus in the pedicle valve is rounded at the bottom in the posterior part of its course, but flat at the front and not deep. While this shell attains the large size of T. cuspidata, it evidently resembled T. extans in its younger stages, and is probably most nearly aUied to that species.

The surface is marked by both concentric and radial lines, the latter, like those on T. exians, being most prominent toward the anterior margin of the shell. Large specimens of both this species and T. cuspidata often show obscure radial plications as well as striae.

The type (M. C. Z. 8,534) selected as the best preserved of a dozen specimens at hand, is 22 mm. long, 28 mm. wide, and 21 mm. thick. A smaller specimen is 17 mm. long, 22 mm. wide, and 15.5 mm. thick. The largest is 24 mm. long, 31 mm. wide, and 20 mm. thick.

Seven of the specimens were collected by the writer from the base of ]the Trenton at Martinsburg, and there are five more in the M. C. Z. from the Trenton at Watertown, N. Y.

Parastrophia rotunda (Winchell & Schuchert).

Anasirophia? hemiplicata var. rotunda Winchell & Schuchert, Pal. Minn., 1893, 3, p. 383, pi. 30, fig. 32-35.

While it is the common custom to refer all the forms of Parastrophia found in the Trenton to one species, Winchell and Schuchert con- ferred a varietal name on a very rotund form which they obtained from the Galena (Prosser) limestone of Minnesota. I found in the lowest Trenton at Martinsburg three specimens of an equally rotund

16

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Parastrophia, which, differing in many respects from the original specimens, may perhaps, considering the variabiHty of the members of this genus, be included in the Minnesotan group, as a species rather than a variety.

Winchell and Schuchert state that their variety is "distinguished in having the length and width nearly equal, the valves more convex, and the plications somewhat more pronounced in the fold and sinus and less numerous in the lateral portions of the shell." No further description is given, but the single specimen figured is large (15 mm. long), has three broad plications on the fold, two in the sinus, and a pair on either side of the fold and sinus.

The three specimens found at Martinsburg are fully as convex as the Minnesotan specimen, but the largest is only 10 mm. long, and all have more and narrower plications in the fold and sinus. Two of them have four plications on the fold and three in the sinus, and the third, the largest, has four in the sinus. Two of them have two and one of them three plications on each side of the fold and sinus.

This rather detailed description is given because of the increasing necessity of more definite knowledge of the limits of variation, and the possibility of distinguishing species of Parastrophia.

Parastrophia hemiplicata Hall.

Airypa hemiplicata Hall, Pal. N. Y., 1847, 1, p. 144, pi. 33, fig. 10.

To assist in a study of Parastrophia hemiplicata which must ulti- mately be made, it is worth while to record the characteristics of any specimens whose horizon is definitely known. Fourteen specimens were found in the lower thirty feet of the Trenton, but a number of these were too poorly preserved to yield any satisfactory information. The following table shows the principal characteristics:

Length	Width	Thickness	Plications on fold	In sinus	On one side
9 mm.	11	G	5	4	2
10	11	6	5	4	2
11	14		5	4	3
10	11	/	6	5	3
14	1.5	8	7	6	3
11	13	10	4	3	2
10	14			3	3
12	14	s	4	3	3
14		14	4	3	2
10	13			4	2

CLARK: TRENTON LIMESTONE AT MARTINSBURG.

17

It will be noted that all the specimens show plications on the sides of the fold and sinus. Moreover, there are obviously two distinct groups, one with four plications in the sinus of the young, and the other with only three plications in the sinus of the adult. The first five belong to the first group, and also, probably, the last one, while the other four belong to the second. The two specimens at the head of the list are evidently immature, as is shown by their thinness and their very short plications. With further growth new plications are added in the fold and sinus as well as at the sides, and number five is probably a typical adult.

No very young specimen of the second group has been found, but the presence of only three plications in the adult shows that it could not have been developed from such young as numbers one and two.

Only one specimen was collected from the Upper Trenton, a pedicle valve found about 400 feet above the base. It agrees with the second type in the table above, being 10 mm. long, 12 mm. wide, with three plications in the sinus and two on the sides.

Miss Wilson, in her studies of Parastrophia hcmiplicata from about Ottawa (Mus. bull. 2, Geol. surv. Canada, 1914) found specimens with three to five plications in the sinus and plications on the sides of the fold in both Middle and Upper Trenton.

Gastropoda.

SiNUITES CANCELLATUS (Hall).

Bellerophon bilobatus Emmons, Geol. N. Y., 1842, 2, p. 392, fig. 6.

This species was found to be exceedingly common at horizon 70. It also occurred at horizons 15, 20, 390, and 410, but was not seen in the Middle Trenton. In the basal beds, where some other forms were so common, it was absent. At horizon 70, in actual numbers, as the following list shows, it many times exceeded in abundance all other forms collected. The fossils from this horizon, with the number of specimens collected, which the writer can attest to be a fair index to their relative abundance, are listed below: —

9 Prasopora simulafrix v. occidentalis Ulrich. 1 Schizocrania filosa Hall. 106 Sinuites canccllaivs (Hall). 6 S. cancellatus v. corrugalus (Hall). 1 Plevrotomaria (Trochonema f) ombigua HaW. 1 Hormotoma trenionensis (Ulrich &Scofield). 4 Ctenodonta levaia (Hall). 3 Caly- mene senaria Conrad — a total of 131.

18 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Crustacea.

Cryptolithus tessellatus Green.

Cryptolithus tessellatus Green, Monog. N. Amer. trilobites, 1832, p. 73, pi. 1, fig. 4.

In Quebec, eastern New York, and central Pennsylvania, Crypto- lithus tessellatus is one of the most common fossils in the lower part of the Trenton, but in Ontario, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa it has not yet been found. Even at Trenton Falls the species is so rare that it has been found only a few times by local collectors, who form- erly spent a great deal of time searching for rare fossils in that vicinity. North of Trenton Falls and west of the Adirondacks it has not previ- ously been reported.

The specimens, which were all found in one layer about 100 feet above the base of the section, seem to be quite typical, though all rather small. In front of the girder there are two rows of pits, and back of it at the sides there are three rows bordering the bases of the lateral mounds. In front of the glabella there are three rows of pits. Eye-lines are absent as is usual in the adult.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Clark. — Trenton Limestone at Martinsburg.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Fig. 1-3. TripJecia cuspidata (Hall). Posterior, lateral, and anterior views of a specimen of average size from the base of the Trenton at Martinsburg. Natural size.

Fig. 4-6. The same species, from the same locality. Anterior views of three specimens to show variation in shape of sinus, with per- sistence of the central groove. Natural size.

Fig. 7-9. Triplecia schucherii Clark. Posterior, lateral, and anterior views of the holotype, a large specimen from the base of Trenton at Martinsburg. Natural size.

Fig. 10, 11. The same species, from the same locality. Posterior and ante- rior views of a specimen with a very high narrow fold, but a flat-bottomed sinus. Natural size.

Fig. 12. The same species from the same locality. A smaller specimen with a low rounded fold, and a flat-bottomed sinus. Natural size.

Fig. 13-15. Triplecia extans (Emmons) . Posterior, lateral, and anterior views to show the high fold with the evenly rounded sinus. Natural size.

Fig. 16. Phragmclites compressus Conrad. A photograph of a specimen from the base of the Trenton at Martinsburg. Natural size.

Fig. 17. Cheirocrinus anatiformis (Hall). A photograph of two fragmentary specimens from the upper part of the Trenton at Martinsburg, to show the pectinirhombs. Natural size.

Fig. 18. Carneyella raymondi Clark. A photograph of the type, resting on the anterior part of the pedicle valve of a Rafinesquina. From the base of the Upper Trenton at Martinsburg. Twice natural size.

Fig. 19. The same specimen. An enlarged drawing. 4.5 times natural size.

BULL. MUS.COMP. ZOOL.

Clark. Trenton Limestone. Plate 1

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IS

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14

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75

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8

6

9

22

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Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative ZoSlogy AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vol. LXIII. No. 2.

SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS.

By Outram Bangs and Thomas E. Penard.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.: PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. June, 1919.

No. 2. — Some Critical Notes on Birds. By Outram Bangs and Thomas E. Penard.

For some time past we have been working together on the Lafres- naye Collection of birds which a few years ago the Boston Society of Natural History most generously and wisely gave to the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

We intend later to publish an account of the collection, its types, a sketch of Lafresnaye's life, a list of his published papers, etc., etc. Of this we have already done much.

In the meantime we publish the following rather random notes — mostly changes in names and descriptions of new forms, noticed while identifying the Lafresnaye types.

We are much indebted to Dr. C. W. Richmond for his valuable opinion, always cheerfully given, on many points of involved nomen- clature in connection with our study of the Lafresnaye Collection, and to the authorities of the U. S. National Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Field Museum of Natural History for the loan of specimens.

Pterodroma haesitata (Kuhl).

Procellaria haesitata Kuhl, Beitr. zooL, 1820, p. 142 ("Mers de

rinde").

Procellaria diaboUca Lafresnaye, Rev. zooL, 1844, p. 168 (Guade- loupe).

Coiype. — M. C. Z. 73,221, Lafr. coll. 8,000.

Cotypc.—M. C. Z. 73,222, Lafr. coll. 8,002.

Procellaria vieridionalis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. nat. hist. N. Y., 1848, 4, p. 475.

There were originally three cotypes in the Lafresnaye Collection. One of these, 8,001, was exchanged in 1886 with Prof. Alfred Newton. The original labels of all three specimens are now missing.

Noble (Bull. M. C. Z., 1916, 60, p. 370) discusses this species at length, and gives measurements of A. diaholica and of some specimens which he considers different, and to which he applies the name Aestre- lata haesitata (Kuhl). He assumes quite correctly that the larger

22 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

bird is Lafresnaye's P. diabolica. Computing Kuhl's meftsurements of P. haedtata on the basis of the "Pied du Roi" and the "Frankfurt A. M. inch," and assuming thatKuhl, as a student of Temminck, used the French system of measurements, he comes to the conclusion that Kuhl's P. hacsitata applies to the smaller bird and accordingly re- stricts the name in that sense.

Fortunately Kuhl's type is available to-day in the Leyden Museum. It was listed with another specimen by Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas. Mon. Procellariae, 1863, p. 13) imder the name Procellaria haesitata Kuhl. Schlegel gives measurements of both specimens, which indicate a large bird.

Dr. E. D. van Oort of the Leyden Museum, at our request, has very kindly examined Kuhl's specimens, and whites us as follows: —

"There are in the collection of our Museum two specimens of Aestrdata hacsitata (Kuhl), both originally labelled by Temminck: Procellaria hasitaia, Mers de I'lnde. They are both the types of Procellaria hacsitata Kuhl (Beitr. 1820, p. 142) and of Procellaria hasi- tata in Temminck's PI. col. V, 1826, pi. 416. Temminck's plate, however, is not correct, the upper tail coverts, as well as the under tail coverts, being pure white, not grey. The two specimens are exactly alike. Schlegel mentions these in his catalogue of the Pro- cellariae (Mus. Pays-Bas, Proc, Procellaria hacsitata, p. 14) but he wrongly designates only No. 1 as the type of the species, and changes Temminck's locahty "Mers de I'lnde" into "Ocean."

"The measurements of the two specimens are: —

Schlegel's Cat. No. 1 No. 2.

	mm.	mm.
Wing (without pressing down)	310	310
Tail (from base of free tail feathers)	130	131
Bill (to angle of mouth)	44	43
Culmen	35	35
Tarsus	35	36
Middle toe with claw	55.5	55.5

" In my opinion haesitata and diabolica are the same." It is ev-ident from the above that Kuhl's cotypes are both large birds agreeing very well in size Avith the types of P. diabolica, except that the wing measurement is even greater. We agree with Dr. van Oort that P. haesitata Kuhl and P. diabolica Lafresnaye are the same. Obviously the name haesitata should be used for the species.

BANGS AND PENARD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS.

23

The two small specimens which Noble (loc. cit, p. 372) considered a different species, to which he applied the name Aestrelata haesitaia, we do not regard specifically different from the larger birds. The difference in the nostril tubes pointed out by Noble does not appear to be due to a normal concUtion, but rather one of distortion in drying. Noble refers P. meridionalis Lawrence, which is a very large bird, to his P. haentata on the ground that the nosti'il tubes (and coloration) are like those of the small birds. In our opinion P. meridionalis is P. haesitaia Kuhl with normal nostril tubes. At any rate there is great variation in the specimens, and we refer the small birds which Noble considered a different species to P. haesitaia Kuhl, rather than to rename them on the e\adence at hand.

A female taken at Pittsfield, N. H., August, 1893, by H. W. Osgood, now in the collection of William Brewster (46,076) has normal nostril tubes, but is a small bird; it affords the following measurements: — wing, 265; tail, 128; bill (to angle of mouth), 37; culmen, 32; tarsus, 35; middle toe, with claw, 50.

Lafresnaye's reference to two species, a larger and smaller, which arrive at different times of the year and nest at different heights, is interesting, but there is no reason for assuming that the two small specimens in the M. C. Z. represent the smaller species referred to by Lafresnaye. It is also interesting to note in this connection that Pere Labat's illustration of the Diablotin (Nouv. voy., 1724, 2, p. 349) represents a uniformly dark-colored bird, and on the next page he writes, "son plumage est noir."

Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus, subsp. nov.

Tijve.— M. C. Z. 7,792. Brazil: Pernambuco. J. C. Fletcher.

Characters. — Similar to H. cachinnans cachinnans (Linne) of Guiana but paler, the upper parts browner, much less blackish, the lower parts whiter; similar also to H. c. chapmaili Bangs and Penard of Mexico but slightly smaller and with very much less spotting on axillars and lining of wing.

	Measurements.
						Culmen
						from
No.	Locality	Sex	Wing	Tail	Tarsus	Cere
7,792 M. C. Z. .	Pernambuco	?	258	196	23.5	55
110,476 U. S.N. M.	Santarem	?	257	198	22	58
16, .526	Parana	?	267	195	22	54

24 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Remarks. — The new form is decidedly paler than H. c. cachvmians; in this respect it is like the northern H. c. chapmani, from which it differs in the almost immaculate hning of the wing. H. c. chapmani has the axillars and under wing coverts much, often heavily, spotted with rusty.

There are now five forms of this species, which, though close, are recognizable; they are:^ —

Herpdoihcrcs cachintums cachinnans (Linne). Gviianas; Venezuela?

Herpetothcrcs cachinnans queribimdus Bangs and Penard. Southern Brazil; Paraguay; Bolivia.

Hcrpetoiheres cachinnans maestus Bangs and Noble. Northwest Peru; southwest Ecuador?

Herpefoihcres cachinnans fulvcsccns Chapman. Tropical zone of Pacific coast from eastern Panama to Ecuador.

Hcrpetoiheres cachinnans chapmani Bangs and Penard. Mexico to western Panama.

EupsiTTULA astec vicinalis, subsp. nov.

r?/^T.— M. C. Z. 48,482. Adult d^. Mexico: Tamaulipas. Alta- mira. 24 December, 1908. E. B. Armstrong.

Characters.- — Similar to E. astcc astec (Souancc), Vera Cruz to Costa Rica, but paler and brighter green above and much paler and greener, less brownish, below; upper parts between Parrot-green and Calliste- green (of Ridgway); throat and chest light yellowish olive; middle of breast and belly Javel -green.

Measurements. — Type, adult cf ; wing, 141; tail, 119; culmen from cere, 19. Topotype, M. C. Z. 48,480, adult 9 ; wing, 135; tail, 111; culmen from cere, 19.

Remarks. — While collecting for Dr. John C. Phillips in Tamaulipas, F. B. Armstrong took ten specimens of this new paroquet at Altamira in December, 1908. There is no variation in the series, and when laid out beside a series of true E. astcc the Tamaulipas birds look almost as if they represented a distinct species, so much paler and brighter are they in color.

Pterophanes cyanopterus (Eraser).

Trochilvs cyanopterus Eraser ex. Loddiges's Ms., Proc. Zool. soc, 1840, p. 17 (no type-locality given).

Ornismya temminckii (not Ornismya temminckii Lesson, 1829 = Heliomaster sqnamosns (Temminck)) Boissonneau, Rev. zool., 1839, p. 354 (Bogota).

BANGS AND PENARD : SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. 25

The name which has so universally been used for Temminck's Sapphire-wing unfortunately cannot prevail on account of preoccupa- tion, and Fraser's cyanoptenis appears to be the first available for it.

Synallaxis brachyurus brachyurus Lafresnaye.

Synnalaxis hrachyurus Lafr., Rev. zooL, 1843, p. 290 (Colombia).

Type.— M. C. Z. 77,256, Lafr. coll. 2,456.

SynaUaxis pudica Sclater, Proc. Zool. soc. London, 1859, p. 191 (Bogota).

We have carefully coiiipared the type, an immature bird with a short, undeveloped tail, with the various forms of Synallaxis pudica and with SynaUaxis svbpndica Sclater. We find Synallaxis pudica Sclater identical with <S. hrachyunis hrachyurus Lafr.

The subspecies now become : —

Synallaxis brachyurus brachy^irtis Lafresnaye.

Synallaxis brachyurus nigrifumosa Lawrence.

Synallaxis brachyurus cailcae Chapman and

Synallaxis brachyurus chapmani, subsp. nov.

Type.— M.C. Z. 124,478. Adult cf. Colombia: Jiminez, tropical zone of Pacific slope. 6 April, 1904. M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Most nearly hke S. h. nigrifumosa, but back less oliva- ceous, more gra^,nsh, and under parts much paler and grayer. Chest- nut of pileum and wings darker than in S. b. brachyurus and very much darker than in S. b. caucae. Size large. Type, adult & ; wing, 66; tail, 80; tarsus, 23; exposed culmen, 15.

Chapman (Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1917, 36, p. 404) has already called attention to this race from western Colombia, but has not named it. We consider it quite as well marked as any of the other subspecies.

Dendrocincla lafresnayei christiani, subsp. nov.

Type.— M. C. Z. 124,522. Adult 9. Colombia: near Pavas^ Pacific slope of western Andes. 10 March, 1908. M. G. Palmer.

Characters. — Similar to D. I. lafresnayei Ridgway of eastern Colom- bia, and of about the same size, but much darker in color, and more ohvaceous, less brownish throughout; darker and more oKvaceous even than S. I. ridgwayi Oberholser of Panama and Costa. Rica.

26 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Measurements.— Type, adult 9; wing, 101; tail, 80; tarsus, 23; exposed culmen, 26. Topotype, M. C. Z. 124,523, adult & ; wdng, 109; tail, 88; tarsus, 23; exposed culmen, 27.

Remarks. — We have named this bird in honor of Christian de La- fresnaye, Lt. Colonel d'artillerie en retraite, to whom we are indebted for much assistance in bringing together material for a sketch of the life of his illustrious father.

PiCOLAPTES AFFINIS LIGNICIDA, Subsp. nOV.

Type.— M. C. Z. 49,359. Adult d". Mexico: Tamaulipas, Ga- lindo. 24 March, 1909. F. B. Armstrong.

Characters. — Similar to P. affinis affinis (Lafr.), but very much paler and grayer throughout; back more olivaceous, less reddish brown; head much grayer, less bro\\Tiish; under parts paler, grayer, and wholly lacking the rich brown (raw umber) coloring of the under parts in C. affinis affinis. Size about the same.

Measurements.— Type, adult &; wing, 108; tail, 95; tarsus, 21; exposed culmen, 28. Topotypc, M. C. Z. 49,354, adult 9 ; wing, 107; tail, 99; tarsus, 21.5; exposed culmen, 28.

Remarks. — Mr. Armstrong collected a series of eleven skins of this strongly marked northern race of P. affinis among the very arid tropical hills of the region north and west of Ciudad Victoria. At the time Dr. J. C. Phillips reported on the Armstrong Collection (x\uk, January, 1911, 28, p. 67) we lacked adequate material of true P. affinis, though we had large series of P. affinis ncgledus Ridgway, and Dr. Phillips considered the Armstrong skins to represent the northern form as distinguished from neglectus. In reality the Tamaulipas bird is very distinct, while affinis and neglectus are exceedingly close forms, hardly distinguishable except in long series.

Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.

Muscisaxicola mentalis d'Orb. and Lafr., Mag. zool. Syn. avium, 1837, p. 66 ("Habit. Cobija, in Boli\qa; Arica, atque Patagonia").

Cotype (?). — M. C. Z. 77,316, Lafr. coll. 4,599.

Muscisaxicola albimentum Lafresnaye, Rev. et mag. zool., 1855, p. 61 (type-locality not stated, label gives "Bolivia et Patagonia").

Type.— M. C. Z. 77, 323, Lafr. coll. 4,607.

In addition to the cotype (?) of M. mentalis and the type of M. albi-

BANGS AND PENAKD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. 27

mentum, there is another specimen from Chile in the Lafresnaye Col- lection, M. C. Z. 77,317, Lafr. coll. 4,600. These three specimens are very much smaller than any of a large series from the Falkland Islands in M. C. Z., from which we consider them subspecifically dis- tinct. We therefore revive the name mentalis for the small continen- tal form.

Sclater (Cat. birds Brit, mus., 1888, 14, p. 55) doubtfully places M. albimentum Lafr. in the synonymy of M. cincrca Philippi and Landbeck. The type is a specimen without the brown spot on the chin, and we identify it with certainty as Muscisaxicola macloviana mentalis d'Orb. and Lafr. of which it is presumably a female, as Lafres- naye himself at first thought.

In designating our specimen of M. mentalis d'Orb. and Lafr. as a cotype, we offer the following explanation : —

The types of the species originally described in joint authorship by d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye are generally supposed to be in the Paris Museum, and undovibtedly the specimens there have a just claim to that distinction. We know, however, that many of these species were represented by several individuals, and in such cases Lafresnaye obtained from d'Orbigny a specimen, or several specimens, for him- self. It is even possible that the descriptions were made from Lafres- naye's specimens, since it is known that he did most of the work in connection with the preparation of the manuscripts of papers published in joint authorship "with d'Orbigny.

Under the circumstances, and in absence of positive proof to the contrary, we think the specimens in the Lafresnaye collections should be considered cotypes whenever there is sufficient information to indicate that they were of d'Orbigny's collecting. Evidence of this nature is to be found on the old labels in the form of a statement of the locality, exactly as originally published, often accompanied by d'Orbigny's name. In our proposed account of the Lafresnaye Col- lection we shall enter such specimens as cotypes followed by a query to indicate the doubtful status of the specimen, in the manner indi- cated above. In all instances we shall give an exact copy of the labels, so that ornithologists may decide for themselves upon the merits of each individual case.

Muscisaxicola albilora albilora Lafresnaye.

Mnscisaxicola albilora Lafr., Rev. et mag. zool., 1855, p. i>0 (type- locality not stated — we select Vicinity of Santiago, Chile).

28 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Tyve.— M. C. Z. 77,322, Lafr. coll. 4,604.

Miiscisaxicola rubricapilla Philippi and Landbeck, Archiv. natur- gesch., 1865, 1, p. 90 ("Cordillera der Hacienda de la Puerta, Provinz Colchagua," Chile).

The specimen which proves to be the type of Lafresnaye's Musci- saxicola albilora was listed by Verreaux in his Catalogue of the Lafres- naye Collection as Muscisaxicola rufivertex, and by Sclater (Cat. birds Brit, mus., 1888, 14, p. 58) doubtfully as a synonym of Musci- saxicola jtminensis Tackzanowski. A comparison with M. juninensis and M. rubricapilla shows bej'ond doubt its identity with the latter, which it antedates by ten years. The two subspecies should now stand as : —

Muscisaxicola albilora albilora Lafr.

Muscisaxicola albilora jtminensis Tackz.

Tachuris Lafresnaye.

Tachuris Lafresnaye, Echo du monde savant, 12 June, 1836, p. 107.

Type. — Regulus omnicolor Vieillot, Gal., 1834, 1, p. 271, pi. 166 = Sylvia rubrigastra Vieillot, 1817.

Tachuris d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. zool. Syn. avium, 1837, p. 55.

Cyanotis Swainson, Class, birds, 1837, 2, p. 243.

Type. — Regulus ovinicolor Vieillot.

The generic name Tachuris Lafresna3e (1836), ha-\ang priority over Cyanotis Swainson (1837), must replace it. The two forms contained in this genus are : —

Tachuris rubrigastra rubrigastra (Vieillot).

Tachuris rubrigastra alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).

Myiochanes ardosiacus cineraceus (Lafresnaye).

Tyrannula cineraceaLsdr., Rev. zool., 1848, p. 7 (Caracas, Venezuela).

Type.— M. C. Z. 83,338. Lafr. coll. 8,400.

Myiochanes ardosiacus polioptilus Todd, Ann. Carnegie mus., 1912, 8, p. 208 (Lagunita de Aroa, Estado Lara, Venezuela).

In some manner Lafresnaye's name Tyrannula cincracea, long ago became applied to the South American black phoebe, and that bird

BANGS AND PENARD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. 29

ever since has figured as Sayornis cineracea (Lafr.) or Sayornis nigri- cans cineracea (Lafr.).

Lafresnaye's description certainly does not fit the South American black phoebe, but agrees exactly with his type-specimen now before us, which is not a Sayornis but a Myiochanes, the wide bill, pale lower mandible, and gray colors all being mentioned by Lafresnaye.

We give the following brief description of the type, possibly a little faded by long exposure to light: —

First primary shorter than fifth and longer than sixth (from outside) . Wing, 84; tail, 71; tarsus, 16; exposed culmen, 15. Crown well crested, dusky; upper parts gray, about between mouse-gray and deep mouse-gray of Ridgway, lores whitish; wings dusky, no conspicu- ous wing-bands; tail dusky, outer web of outer rectrix whitish; below mouse-gray, throat whitish and middle of abdomen white. Most nearly like Myiochanes ardosiacus ardosiacus (Lafr.) but slightly smaller, paler, and grayer in general coloration, with the throat whit- ish, middle of belly white and outer web of outer rectrix whitish.

Saj/ornis cineracea of authors, not of Lafresnaj'e, must become

Sayornis nigricans latirostris (Cabanis and Heine).

Heleodytes pallescens (Lafresnaye).

Campylorhynchiis pallescens Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1846, p. 93 ("Mexique" — error, type-locality unknown, we suggest S. W. Ecuador).

Type.— M. C. Z. 76,137, Lafr. coll. 2,613.

Campylorhynchus pollidus Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1846, p. 94.

Type.— M. C. Z. 76,137, Lafr. coll. 2,613.

Campyhrhynclms paUiceps Lafresnaye Ms. Ridgway, Proc. Bos- ton soc. nat. hist., 1887, 23, p. 384.

Type.— M. C. Z. 76,154, Lafr.. coll. 2,614.

Campylorhynchus halteatus Baird, Rev. Amer. birds, 1864, p. 97, 98, 103.

(Type from Babahoyo, Ecuador, ex Sclater, Cat. Amer. birds, 1862, p. 16, species 102).

We do not hesitate to pronounce Campylorhynchus pcdlescens identical with Campylorhynchus bcdteatus Baird of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Lafresna\'e's t^'pe has two labels which read respectively " Thryoi. pcdlidus ou pallescens .... (Florent Mexique ?) " and "Camp, pallescens nob. rev. 1846, 93 (Mexique)." The doubt in

30 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

regard to the source of the specimen, indicated on the first of these labels, is reflected in the guarded statement made by Lafresnaye in the original description, "II nous a ete vendu comme du Mexique."

A careful examination of the type-specimen reveals that the narrow bars and transverse markings on the breast, referred to by Ridgway (loc. cit., p. 385), are on a few leathers which do not belong to the bird, but which had been glued on by the taxidermist to cover some bare spots. The feathers on these patches are wider and of a wholly difPer- ent shape from those belonging to the bird. The bird's own breast- feathers are spotted as in H. balteatus, and not barred or lined. We cannot detect any difference in the width of the white and dusky bands across the remiges from those in the specimens of H. balteatus from Peru which we have before us, and with which the type of H. pallescens agrees in size and very closely in all respects except that the darker markings are paler and more grayish brown instead of black- ish, due to fading from long exposure to the light.

Hylocichla minima minima (Lafresnaye).

Turdns viinimus Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1848, p. 5 (" Habitat ad Bogotam, in Nova-Grenada").

Type.— M. C. Z. 76,498, Lafr. coll. 3,54L

Hylocichla aliciae hickncUi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. N. M., 6 April, 1882, 4, p. 377 (Shde Mt., Ulster Co., New York).

Apparently no ornithologist of the present generation had examined the type of Turdns minimus Lafresnaye, until we recently did so. By common consent the name has appeared in all modern works among the synonyms of Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Cabanis). We were therefore surprised upon comparing the type to find that not only is it an Alice's Thrush and not a Swainson's Thrush, but that it is an extreme example of the southern form of Alice's Thrush, always known as Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli Ridgway. If the specimen really came from Bogota as Lafresnaye thought it did, it is also the southernmost record for the subspecies, which otherwise has not been found winter- ing in South America. In order to be certain that our identification might not be questioned, we have submitted the type to the following American ornithologists, Messrs. Batchelder, Brewster, Faxon, Oberholser, and Richmond, who all agree with us.

The two subspecies are: —

Hylocichla minima minima (Lafr.).

Hylocichla minima aliciae (Baird).

BANGS AND PENARD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. ' 31

TuRDUS NUDiGENis Lafrcsnayc.

Turdus nudujenis Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1848 (January), p. 4 (Caracas, Venezuela).

Type.— M.C. Z. 76,501, Lafr. coll. 3,551.

Turdus gymnophthahms Cabanis, Schomburgk's Reis. Brit. Guiana, 1848 (= 1849?) 3, p. 665 (British Guiana).

Turdus niuligcnis Lafresnaye certainly has priority over Turdus gymnophthalmus Cabanis, even though the numbers of the Revue zoologique may not have been issued in the months of which they bear the dates. Hartlaub (Archiv. naturgesch., 1850, 2, p. 51) includes Schomburgk's Reisen in his "Bericht iiber die vogel wahrend des Jahres 1849." We find also that the volmue in ciuestion contains a third list of subscribers which we have every reason to believe was made out after the second list appearing in the second volume, which is dated "bis ende Februar 1848."

Dr. Chas. W. Riclmiond writes (in lift.) that the third vohmie of Schomburgk was probably published early in 1849.

Turdus rufopalliatus Lafresnaye.

Turdus rofopalliatus Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1840, p. 259 ("Monte- rey en Californie," — error, we substitute Acapulco, Southwestern Mexico).

Type — M. C. Z. 76,520, Lafr. coll. 3,568.

Merula flavirostris (not Turdus flavirosfris Horsfield, 1821) Swain- son, Philos. mag., 1827, new ser., 1, p. 369 (Temascaltepec, Mexico).

This bird was collected by Leclancher on the voyage of the Venus. The expedition stopped at Monterey, California, but the specimen was probably not taken there. The name Turdus rufopalliatus, to replace Merida flaiyirostris Swainson, must be used by all ornithologists who, like ourselves, unite Planesticus and Turdus.

CossYPHA NivEiCAPiLLA niveicapilla (Lafresnaye).

Turdus niveicapillus Lafresnaye, Mem. Soc. acad. Falaise. Essai nouv. man., 1838, p. 16 (Senegal).

Type — M. C. Z. 76,465, Lafr. coll. 3,938.

Cossypha verticalis Hartlaub, Verz. Hamb., 1850, p. 23.

32 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

The specimen which proves to be the type of Turdus niveicapiUus Lafr. was entered by Verreaux in the Catalogue of the Lafresnaye Collection as Bessonornis sivamsoni Bp. A careful comparison of specimens proves that Lafresnaye's bird is what has been currently called Cossypha verticalis Hartlaub. Lafresnaye's name must, of course, be used for the species, antedating Hartlaub's by twelve years.

Races of Saltator Striatipictus Lafresnaye.

We have before us a series of 104 skins of Saltator striatipictus, a careful study of which forces us to recognize six races, two of which are here described as new. It is possible to find examples of one race which agree very nearly with some of another, but the different races, in series, stand out very definitely.

Young birds are more heavily marked and darker below than adults, and old birds in breeding plmiiage are somewhat grayer above than they are in winter or autumn.

L Saltator striatipictus furax, subsp. no v.

Type.— M. C. Z. 118,65L Adult d". Western Costa Rica: near Boruca. 27 May, 1906. C. F. Underwood.

Characters. — Similar to Saliator striatipictus striatipictus Lafresnaye, diftering in being slightly smaller, and much darker below; the stripes on the under parts very wide and heavy and oUve-green; the dark stripes cover the whole under parts often including the belly, and tend to coalesce at the sides of the breast and sides of the neck. This form is most nearly related to S. striatipictus isthmicus Sclater; it is of about the same size, but much darker and greener below and more hea^^ly striped. The very darkest specimens of isthmicus (possibly immature birds) resemble closely the very palest examples of the new form.

Measurements.^ Type, adult cf ; wing, 90; tail, 82; tarsus, 22.5; exposed culmen, 18.

Specimens examined. — Twenty-one from western Costa Rica; Boruca, Lagato, and El General.

2. Saltator striatipictus isthmicus Sclater.

Saltator isthmicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. soc. London, 1861, p. 130 (Panama).

Type-locality. — Panama.

BANGS AND PENARD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. 33

Characters. — Similar to S. s. striatipictus but slightly smaller, the under parts more greenish or yellowish, less purely white and the stripes rather heavier and more olive greenish, less gra^ash.

Specimens exammed. — Twenty-one from Panama; near Panama City and Loma del Leon.

3. Saltator striatipictus speratus, subsp. nov.

Type.— M. C. Z. 40,501. Adult cf • Sabago Island, Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama. 6 April, 1904. W. W. Brown, Jr.

Characters. — This form is about the size of S. s. isthmicus and slightly smaller than S. s. striatipictus; in color and markings it is intermediate, i.e., it is slightly more yello^dsh or greenish below than striatipictus and less heavily striped on the under parts than isthmicus.

If this were not an island form we would be inclined not to give it a name, but to call it a connecting link between the two races.

Measurements. — Type, adult cf ; wing, 93; tail, 88; tarsus, 23; exposed culmen, 18.

Specimens examined. — Forty from Pearl Islands; Sabago Island, and San Miguel Island.

4. Saltator striatipictus striatipictus Lafresnaye.

Saltator striatipictus Lafr., Rev. zool., 1847, p. 73.

Type-locality. — Caly, Colombia.

Characters. — Size slightly larger than in the preceding forms; under parts nearly white, very little tinged wath greenish or yellowish; stripes on under parts fewer, narrower, and more grayish, less greenish in color.

Specimens examined. — Fourteen, "from Colombia; Caly (one co- type), "New Grenada," Jimenez, San Luis Bitaco Valley, La Maria Dagua Valley, Santa Marta, and Trinidad. (The Trinidad bird may represent still another form.)

5. Saltator striatipictus peruvianus Coiy.

Saltator peruvianus Cory, Publ. 190 Field mus. nat. hist, ornith. ser., 1916, 1, p. 34.5.

Type-locality. — Hda. Limon, 10 miles west of Balsas, northern Peru. Characters. — Much larger than S. s. striatipictus (wing in d^ 100-

34 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

104) ; under parts hea^dly striped with olive-green, much as in isthmicus, but with the ground color whiter, much less greenish or yellowish. Specimens examined. — Six from northwest Peru; Huancabamba.

6. Saltator striatipictus immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann.

Saltator immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. soc. London, 1892, p. 375.

Type-locality. — Peru; Lima.

Characters. — About the size of peruvianus, but with the stripes on under parts very faint and confined to the sides, the whole median under parts nearly immaculate whitish.

Specimens examined.— Two from " Coast of Peru." These were collected on the voyage of the Venus, and are cotypes of Lafresnaye's manuscript name Saltator albiventris.

I Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys (Sclater).

Euphonia pyrrhophrys Sclater, Contr. ornith., 1851, p. 89 (Colom- bia).

Tanagra {Euphonia) pretrei (not Tanagra pretrei Lesson, 1839 = Spiridalis pretrei pretrei (Lesson)) Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1843, p.. 97 (Colombia).

Tijpe.— M. C. Z. 76,905, Lafr. coll. 2,816.

Lafresnaye's name for the Blue-capped green tanager being clearly preoccupied by Lesson must give way to Sclater's later Euphonia pyrrhophrys.

Tanagra aureata aureata Vieillot.

Tanagra aureata Vieillot, Enc. meth., 1823, 2, p. 782 (Paraguay).

Pipra cyanocephala (not Tanagra cyanocephala P. L. S. Miiller, 1776, = Tangara cyanocephala cyanocephala (P. L. S. Miill.)) Vieillot, Nouv. diet. hist, nat., 1818, 19, p. 165 (Trinidad).

Tanagra nigricollis (not of Gmelin 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. diet. hist, nat., 1819, 32, p. 412 (Brazil).

Tanagra chrysogaster Cuvier, Reger. avium, 1829, 1, p. 366, ex. Undo bleue dore d'Azara (Paraguay).

BANGS AND PENARD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. 35

Tanagra aurcata Vieillot becomes the name by which this species must be known. We recognize three geographical races, as follows : —

1. Tanagra aureata aureata Vieillot.

A large southern race, with darkest under parts — more chestnut or orange and palest blue crown. Range extending north to Bahia.

2. Tanagra aureata intermedia (Chubb).

Euphonia nigricoUis iniermedia Chubb, Ibis, 1910, ser. 9, 4, p. 624. A smaller race, slightly paler below, with a slightly more purplish blue crown. Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana.

3. Tanagra aureata pelzelni (Sclater).

Euphonia nigricoUis pchcini v. Berlepsch, Ms. Sclater, Cat. birds Brit, mus., 1886, 11, p. 61.

A very distinct race, with yellow under parts (lacking the brownish or orange tinge present in the other two). Western Ecuador.

Tanagra lauta lauta, nom. nov.

Euphonia hirundinacea (not Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, Traite d'ornith., 1831, p. 460 = Cypmagra hirundinacea (Lesson)), Bonaparte Proc. Zool. soc. London, 1837, p. 117 (Guatemala).

Since there is no name in synonymy available for Bonaparte's Euphonia, which ranges from Mexico to Nicaragua, we propose the above.

Tanagra lauta proba, nom. nov.

Phonasca Gnatho (not Tanagra gnatho Lichtenstein, 1830 = Sal- tator atriceps atriceps Lesson) Cabanis, Journ. orn., 1860, p. 335 (Costa Rica).

The name by which the Costa Rican form has been known also proves to be untenable, and finding no other applied to it, we propose the above.

36 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Tangara heinei Cabanis.

Procnias heinei Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1850, 1, p. 31 (Colombia).

Tanagra (Aglaia) atricapilla (not Tanacjra atricapilla Gmelin, 1789) Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1843, p. 290 (Colombia).

Type.— M. C. Z. 76,923, Lafr. coll. 2,931.

Since Lafresnaye's name for the Black-capped tanager is preoccupied by Tanagra atricapilla Gmel., we take for the species the only other name available in synonymy.

Iridosornis rufivertex rufivertex (Lafresnaye).

Arremon rufivertex Lafi'esnaye, Rev. zool., 1842, p. 335 excl. refer- ence to Florent-Prevost (Bolivia).

Cotype.— M. C. Z. 76, 981, Lafr. coll. 2,951.

Cotype.— M. C. Z. 76,982, Lafr. coll. 2,950.

Tanagra duhusia Bonaparte, Consp. avium, 1850, 1, p. 239 (Colom- bia).

In his original description of this tanager Lafresnaye referred to "Florent-Prevost. zool. du voy. de la Venus," saying also "elle est figure dans la voyage de la Venus." This was a mistake. The bird Lafresnaye had in mind being Tanagra ruficcrrix Prevost and Des Murs (now Tangara ruficervix (Prevost and Des Murs)). Later Lafresnaye recognized his mistake in confusing his bird and Prevost's, and con- sistently referred to the bird described by himself as "Nob.," crossing out the reference to Prevost on the original label of his specimens. The cotypes of Arremon rufivertex Lafr. are thus Lafresnaye's owaa speci- mens having nothing to do with Tanagra ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs, and Lafresnaye's name must supplant Bonaparte's duhusia in current use for the species. With Lafresnaye's cotypes, original labels, and description before us, we believe this change of names correct. If, however, our disposition of names be considered errone- ous, then the name Iridosornis Lesson must go. Lesson (Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, p. 80) in specifying the type of his genus states that — " Le type de ce genre, bien distinct dans la tribu des tangaras, a ete decrit par M. Florent Prevost sous le nom' d' Arremon rufivertex {Zool. de la Venus et Revue zool., 1842, p. 335)," evidently meaning Lafresnaye's bird and not Tanagra ruficervix Prevost and Des Murs. If, however, the type of the name Arremon rufivertex is not Lafresnaye's

BANGS AND PENARD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. 37

specimen, but Prevost's Tanagra ruHcervix, the latter must also be the type of Lesson's genus Iridosornis! Poecilornis Hartlaub, 1844, would be untenable for exactly the same reason, and we should have to use Euthraupis Cabanis, 1850.

According to our views the three subspecies are : — ■

Iridosornis rufiveriex rufivertex (Lafresnaye).

Iridosornis rufivertex ignicapillus Chapman.^

Iridosornis rufivertex caeruleoveniris Chapman.'^

Tachyphonus surinamus brevipes Lafresnaye.

Tachyphonus brevipes Lafresnaye, Rev. zool., 1846, p. 206 (Colom- bia).

Cotype — M. C. Z. 76,728, Lafr. coll. 3,100.

Cotype.— M. C. Z. 76,729, Lafr. coll. 3,101.

Tachyphonus napensis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. nat. hist. N. Y., 1864, 8, p. 42 (Rio Napo, East Ecuador).

Berlepsch, Rev. tanag. (Int. ornith. kongress, 1910, p. 1, 148), listed Tachyphonus brevipes Lafresnaye among undetermined species, suggesting that it might be the female of Tachyphonus surinamus (Linne).

The two cotypes of T. brevipes Lafr. are adult females. They are alike, each showing to a marked degree the ochraceous buff throat and breast characteristic of the female of the form we have been calling T. surinamus napensis La"WTence. The female of T. suri- namus surinamus (Linne) has the throat and breast cream buff. Lafresnaye's specimens came from Colombia and the name Tachy- phonus surinamus brevipes Lafr. must therefore replace Tachyphonus surinamus napensis LawT.

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Du Bus).

Arremon ophthalmicus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles, 1847, 14, 2, p. 106 (Mexico). •

Tachyjihonus albitempora (not of authors) Lafresnaye, , Rev. zool., 1848, p. 12 ("Habit in Colombia," — error, we suggest Mexico).

Cotype.— M. C. Z. 77,050, Lafr. coll. 3,122.

Cotype — M. C. Z. 77,051, Lafr. coll. 3,123.

1 Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1915. 34, p. 656.

2 Loc. cit., p. 657.

38 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Lafresnaye's two cotypes do not belong to the species with which his name albitempora has always been associated, but are perfectly characteristic examples of the Mexican ophthalmicus of Du Bus, and probably came from southeastern Mexico. In many instances Lafresnaye did not know whether his specimens were from Colombia or Mexico, and we find numerous labels written by him which say, "Colombie ou Mexique." At some date later than his description of Tachyphonus albitempora, Lafresnaye himself thought his bird identi- cal with Arremon ophthalmicus and wrote a second label for his speci- mens to that effect.

Chapman (Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1917, 36, p. 618) while work- ing on the Colombian forms of Chlorospingus, appears to have been the first ornithologist of the present generation to detect the absolute discrepancy between Lafresnaye's description and the Colombian bird to which the name had universally been applied. He therefore named the Colombian form Chlorospingus albitempora nigriceps.

We suppose the type of Chlorospingus flaviventris Sclater is in the Museum of Cambridge LTniversity; it should be examined and com- pared because if, as supposed by Salvin, it represents what was known as C. albitempora Lafr., it bears the earliest date of any of the sub- species. Trinidad, whence it was supposed to come, is undoubtedly an error, and the subspecies to which it belongs must be proved before a new arrangement of the forms of this species can be made.

Cnemoscopus, gen. nov.

Type. — Arremon rubrirostris Lafresnaye.

Characters. — Similar to Hemispingus in form and in shape of bill; legs much shorter - — wing four and one quarter times the length of the tarsus (three and one half times in Hemispingus); coloration decidedly different from any of the species in the genus Hemispingus, the red bill, gray head, and yellowish green body being very distinc- tive. Except for the more slender, red bill, the general appearance suggests the genus Eucometis.

OsTiNOPS decumanus insularis Dalmas.

In 1900 (Mem. Soc. zool. France, 13, p. 137) Count Dalmas named the Great yellow-tail of Tobago, basing his separation upon the smaller size and paler castaneous rmnp of the island form. In 1906, Hell-

BANGS AND PENARD: SOME CRITICAL NOTES ON BIRDS. 39

mayr (Nov. zool., 1906, 13, p. 19) criticised Dalmas's form, and viewed the separation as a mistake, on the ground that the characters given by Dalmas were precisely those distinguishing the female from the male of the species, and suggested that the specimens seen by Dalmas were incorrectly marked as to sex.

In 1917 Todd (Proc. Biol. soc. Washington, 30, p. 3), on the other hand, named the Colombian form Ostinops decumamis melmiterus supposing the Colombian bird to be blacker than the Guianan. Chapman (Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1917, 36, p. 24) has entirely disproved this, showing that there is no difference in color between Colombian and Guianan specimens. He, however, noticed the more chestnut tone of birds from Trinidad and the Paria Peninsula.

We have lately examined and compared a large series from the con- tinent and from Trinidad and Tobago, and while we, like Chapman, cannot find any differences in specimens from Colombia and Guiana, we believe that the paler coloration and castaneous upper parts, especially the rump, of birds from Tobago, Trinidad, and the Paria Peninsula (the latter on Chapman's authority), are constant char- acters, and we therefore re\'ive the name Ostinops decumanus insularis Dalmas.

CiSSILOPHA SANBLASIANA SANBLASIANA (Laf resuayc) .

Pica san-blasiana Lafr., Mag. zool., 1842, pi. 28 ("Elle vit en troupes selon M. Leclancher a Acapulco et a San-Blas sur la cote ouest du Mexique" — we select Acapulco).

Type.— M. C. Z. 76,202, Lafr. coll. 5,543. Acapulco.

Cissolopha pulchra Nelson, Auk, 1897, 14, p. 56 (Acapulco, Guerrero, S. W. Mexico).

Although Lafresnaye, in naming this species, cited " Geai de San- Blas, Neboux, Rev. zool., 1840, p. 290, et 323," he described from his own specimen and even called attention to the fact that his bird was slightly different from Neboux's. Lafresnaye's bird, the type of the species, came from Acapulco as stated by Lafresnaye (Rev. zool. 1840, p. 323) in quoting Leclancher from whom he obtained it: " Cette Pie noire et bleue vient d' Acapulco."

Dr. E. W. Nelson, has redescribed this southern race, as Cissolopha pulchra, assuming the type-locality of Pica sanblasiana to be San Bias. Dr. Nelson has kindly lent us the type of C. pidchra and a long series of topotypes. These we have compared with more than fifty skins from Cohma, Tepic, in M. C. Z.

40 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Lafresnaye's type certainly represents the southern form, with the blue of a much more purplish shade than in any example from Colima. It is not quite so dark as Nelson's type, which is an extreme example, but compared with a series of topotypes it is an average specimen. The specimen was mounted and on exhibition, in direct light, in the Boston Society of Natural History for more than fifty years ; it shows, however, but slight injury; the blue is perhaps a little dulled and the black has become somewhat brownish.

It is now obvious that C. s. pulchra Nelson is a synonym of C. s. sanhlasiana (Laf resnaye) . The northern form being without a name, we take pleasure in naming it in honor of Dr. Nelson.

CissiLOPHA sanblasiana nelsoni, subsp. nov.

Tyye — M. C. Z. 65,111. Adult d". Mexico:' Colima. 21 March, 1913. Gustav. Gliickert.

Characters. — Similar to C. s. sanhlasiana (Lafresnaye) of Acapulco, but smaller; upper parts bright cerulean blue instead of rich ultra- marine or cyanine blue; under tail coverts and thighs dull ultra- marine blue instead of cyanine blue.

Measurements. — Type, adult cf; wing, 143.5; tail, 155; tarsus, 39;. exposed culmen, 31.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vol. LXIII. No. 3.

THE ANTS OF BORNEO.

By William Morton Wheeler.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM.

July, 1919.

No. 3. — The Ants of Borneo.

By William Morton Wheeler.

contributions from the entomological laboratory of the bussey institution of harvard university, no. 145.

During the past decade several collections of Bornean ants have been sent me for study and identification. Mr. John Hewitt sent an interesting lot of specimens accumulated diu-ing his residence in Kuch- ing and Prof. Harrison W. Smith, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, made a collection in the same locality for the Museum of Comparative Zoology. He also contributed a number of specimens collected in British North Borneo by Mr. E. B. Kershaw, a clever young naturalist who lost his life in that country in a forest fire. Prof. Roland Thaxter of Harvard University gave me a number of small species from Sarawak, and Mr. Horace Donisthorpe kindly sent several that had been taken by Mr. G. E. Bryant on Mt. Matang, near Kuching. Recently a few additional specimens were received from Mr. William Beebe, of the New York Zoological Park.

While working up this material I found it necessary to prepare a complete list of the known Bornean Formicidae with their more important synonjTtiy and distribution. During recent years less attention has been bestowed on the ants of Borneo than on those of Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Burmah, and India. The Bornean fauna has, however, considerable historical interest to the taxonomist, because it has been studied by all the leading myrme- cologists, Smith, Mayr, Ernest Andre, Emery, and Forel, and because the researches of several of these investigators were based on material secured by such well-known collectors and explorers as Alfred Russel Wallace, Doria, Beccari, Bedot, Pictet, and Chaper. Thus Borneo has come to be the type-locality for many interesting species later found to have a wade distribution in Indonesia. The material sent me by Hewitt and Harrison W. Smith is valuable because it was taken in the very localities in which Wallace collected. Professor Smith has given me the following notes in regard to some of these:

" Seravihu is the little mountain a few miles up country from Kuching, on the Sarawak River, where the first Rajah had his bunga-

44 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

low and where Wallace made the celebrated collection of moths to which he refers in "The Malayan Archipelago."

" Rambungan River is a small stream entering the sea about ten miles south of the Sarawak River. The specimens were taken about twelve miles from the coast.

" Sadcnig is the town on the Sadong River where the first coal mine was started.

" Matang Mountain is the beautiful mountain which one sees from Kuching."

The total number of species of which I have been able to make a record from Borneo is 256. I may have overlooked a few, owing to the widely scattered publication of the original descriptions and citations of localities. On the whole, the fauna has many forms in common with Sumatra, Java, and the Malay Peninsula, and additional exploration will no doubt greatly increase the number of such species. Quite a number of forms, however, seem to be peculiarly Bornean. The total number of genera is 59, distributed among the five subfamilies as follows: Ponerinae 18, Dorylinae 2, Myrmicinae 23, Dolichoderinae 4, Camponotinae 12. The following pages add some 58 species (indicated by an asterisk) to the known fauna, including 23 new to science.

The series of Bornean ant genera comprises several of ancient aspect, e.g., Cerapachys, Phyracaces, Metapone, Acanthomyrmex, Calyp- tomyrmex, Rhopalothrix, Cataulacus, Myrmoteras, Aphomomyrmex, Oecophylla, Gesomyrmex, Dimorphomyrmex, and Echinopla. Some of these seem to be confined to the mountains of Borneo and to be represented also in the mountains of Burmah and the Philippines. One species, Gesomyrmex chaperi, is unusually interesting, as it is peculiar to Borneo. The genus was first described by Mayr in 1868 from the Baltic Amber, and many years elapsed before the living Bornean species was discovered by Ernest Andre (1892). In the same paper Andre described a species of Dimorphomyrmex from Borneo and three years later Emery recorded a fossil species from the Baltic Amber. Recently I described a second living species from the mountains of Luzon. It is probable, therefore, that careful explora- tion of the mountains of Borneo and the neighboring islands will bring to light other interesting relicts of the once very widely dis- tributed Eocene ant-fauna.

Some of the Bornean ant-genera are very rich in species, e.g., Crematogaster, which is remarkable also in comprising more numer- ous forms with 10-jointed antennae (subgen.' Decacrema) and swollen

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 45

epinotum (siibgen. Physocrema) than occur in other regions. Lepto- genys is represented by several large and handsome species of the subgenus Lobopelta, and Cataulacus, Dolichoderus (subgen. Hypo- clinea), Polyrhachis, and Echinopla are also rich in species. All but three of the subgenera of Polyrhachis (Hagiomyrma, Hedomj^ma, and Myrmatopa) are known to occur in the island. Of Camponotus the subgenera Myrmotarsus and Colobopsis are represented by numerous species, while most of the other subgenera are rather poorly represented, though often by peculiar forms (Myrmoturba, Myrmo- sphincta). Compared with the Philippines and the adjacent main- land, and especially with Papua and Australia, Borneo seems to possess few species of Pheidole and Monomorium, and many primitive poner- ine genera have not been recorded from the island, e.g. Mystrium, Stigmatomma, Trapeziopelta, Prodiscothyrea, Cryptopone, and Centromyrmex. I believe, however, that some or all of these will be foimd in Borneo. Only recently I received species of Mystrium, Stigmatomma, Trapeziopelta, and Centromyrmex from the Phil- ippines, where they were previously unknown. Of course, Borneo has been invaded by the usual tropicopolitan tramp species, Mono- morium pharaonis and floricola, Telraviorium guineense and similli- mum, Pheidole viegacephala, Triglyphothrix striatidens, Plagiolepis longipes, and Prenolepis longicornis, and obscura..

FORMICIDAE : PONERINAE.

1. Cerapachys antennatus Smith.

Cerapachys antennatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 74, y ; Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 445, 9, pi. 1, fig. 8, 9; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 9, S 9.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Worker. Length 5.5 mm.

Head distinctly longer than broad, narrower in front, than behind, with straight sides, broadly concave occipital border, acute occipital angles and convex dorsal surface, subtruncate behind. Eyes rather large, flattened, their anterior orbits at the middle of the head. There is a small shallow impression on the middle of the vertex. Occipital border marginate, the margination surrounding the corners and continued some distance along the ventral surface of the head. Gula with a pair of small, prominent teeth at

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its anterior margin. Mandibles rather large, triangular, strongly bent at the base, flattened, with straight lateral and broad, dentate apical borders. Clyp- eus extremely short and transverse. Frontal carinae prominent, vertical, approximated and rounded, confluent but not truncated behind in a depression continuous with the antennal foveae. In front between the carinae there is a small, acute, median tooth. Frontal groove absent. Cheeks with a strong carina, terminating anteriorly in a sharp, rectangular tooth or projection. Antennae short; scapes rapidly enlarging towards their apices, which reach back to a line connecting the anterior orbits; funiculi thick, all the joints except the last decidedly broader than long, joints 1-6 much broader than long, joints 7-10 subequal, somewhat longer, terminal joint very large, glandiform, as long as the four preceding joints together. Thorax narrower than the head, about 2 1 times as long as broad, as broad through the epinotum as through the pronotum, narrowed in the mesoepinotal region; with indistinct, slightly impressed mesoepinotal suture. Pronotum subrectangular in front, its ante- rior and inferior borders strongly marginate. In profile the dorsal outline of the thorax is horizontal and very feebly convex. Epinotum from above a little longer than broad, rather rounded on the sides, its declivity sloping, slightly concave and strongly marginate above and on the sides. Petiole narrower than the epinotum, distinctly longer than broad, as broad in front as behind, with feebly rounded sides and dorsal surface, the former slightly carinate below; its ventral surface anteriorly with a prominent, compressed, triangular tooth. The anterior surface is strongly truncated and with a sharp carina above. Postpetiole a little longer than the petiole but distinctly broader, longer than broad and broader behind than in front, with evenly convex dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces, its anterior border strongly margin- ate, with sharply angular corners. Gaster elongate, first segment shaped like the postpetiole but larger; pygiclium truncated and slightly concave above, bordered with numerous prominent spinules. Sting large. Legs with short tibiae, those of the middle and hind legs not longer than the rbetatarsi; hind coxae without a lamelliform expansion at the tip on the inner side.

Shining; mandibles opaque, striatopunctate; cheeks very coarsely rugose. Surface of the body with very sparse, coarse, piligerous punctures, longitudi- nally confluent on the dorsolateral surfaces of the petiole.

Hairs moderately long, bristly, erect, pale yellowish, sparse on the body, sparser on the scapes and legs. Pubescence absent, except on the funiculi tibiae, and tarsi.

Black; mandibles, funiculi, tarsi, tips and bases of scapes, femora, and tibiae, pygidium and sting deep red.

A single specimen from Kuching (John Hewitt).

I have redeseribed this insect which is the type of the genus, as the worker has not been seen within recent years and because Smith's description is antiquated and incomplete. Emery described and

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 47

figured a dealated female from Sumatra. Compared with his figures, the worker has the petiole distinctly longer and more narrowed in front, and the head is also narrower anteriorly.

2. Cerapachys dohertyi Emery.

Cerapachys dohertyi Emery, Rend. R. accad. sci. Bologna, 1901, p. 25, S ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 9, ^ .

Type-locality: Pulo Laut, Borneo (W. Doherty).

3. Cerapachys parvulus Emery.

Cerapachys dohertyi var. parvula Emery, Rend. R. accad. sci. Bologna, 1901, p. 25, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 9.

Type-locality: Pulo Laut, Borneo (W. Doherty). As Emery surmised, this is, in all probability, a distinct species and not a variety of dohertyi.

*4. Cerapachys bryanti, sp. nov.

Worker. Length 2 mm.

Head about \ longer than broad, a little broader behind than in front, with very feebly convex sides, broadly excised and marginate posterior border and sharp posterior angles. Eyes distinctly smaller than the greatest diameter of the scapes, their posterior orbits at the middle of the head. Cheeks with a prominently angled carina in front. Mandibles small, not flexed at the base, with feebly rounded lateral and very indistinctly denticulate apical borders. Frontal carinae prominent, erect, approxim'ated, rounded, subtruncate, but not fusing behind. Frontal groove absent. Antennal scapes thick, about half as long as the head, joints 1^10 of the funiculus very short and transverse, terminal joint large, glandiform, as long as the six preceding joints together. Thorax narrower than the head, elongate, subrectangular, flattened above and on the sides, twice as long as broad, not broader behind than in front, slightly narrowed in the middle, without promesonotal or mesocpinotal sutures. Anterior border of pronotum very straight and transverse, its superior, and inferior borders as well as the superior and lateral borders of the abrupt epinotal declivity marginate. Petiole nearly square, very slightly broader behind than in front, narrower than the epinotum, truncated and sharply marginate in front, but not on the sides. Postpetiole shaped exactly like the petiole, but larger. Gaster formed very largely of the first segment, which

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has the same shape as the postpetiole but is somewhat larger. Terminal gastric segments small. Pygidium minutely and rather bluntly spinulate on the sides. Sting well-developed. Legs short and robust, hind coxae without a lamelliform enlargement at the tip on the inner side.

Shining; head, thorax, petiole, and postpetiole evenly covered with sparse, coarse umbilicate, piligerous punctures or foveolae, excepting the middorsal portion of the thorax, which is smooth and very shining. Gaster sparsely punctate, more finely than the more anterior regions, legs and scapes with sparser, finer punctures. •

Hairs pale yellow, sparse, erect, bristly, of uneven length, less numerous on the appendages than on the body. Pubescence absent, except on the funiculi.

Castaneous; mandibles, antennae, pygidium, sting, and legs, excluding the coxae, red.

Described from a single specimen sent me by Mr. Horace Donis- thorpe. It was taken by Mr. G. E. Bryant on Mt. Matang in West Sarawak.

This species has the appearance of a Syscia on account of its small size and the structvire of the thorax and abdomen, but the antennae are 12-jointed as in Cerapachys sens. str. It is allied to C. dohertyi Emery and parvula Emery, but both of these forms are decidedly larger and have the petiole and postpetiole broader than long.

5. Phyracaces pubescens Emery.

Phyracaces puhescens Emery, Rend. R. accad. sci. Bologna, 1901, p. 26, 9 ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 11, 9.

Type-localiiy : Pulo Laut, Borneo (W. Doherty).

*6. Phyracaces hewitti, sp. nov.

Worker. Length 3.5 mm.

Head a little longer than broad, scarcely broader behind than in front, with feebly rounded sides, broadly excavated posterior border and sharp posterior corners, both strongly marginate. In profile the dorsal surface is moderately convex, subtruncate behind, the gular surface feebly convex. Eyes rather large, feebly convex, distinctly in front of the middle of the head. Mandibles triangular, strongly bent at the base, with nearly straight external and in- distinctly denticulate apical borders. Frontal carinae approximated, erect, rounded, united but not truncated behind. Cheeks with a short, strong carina, terminating in front in an acute, rectangular tooth. Antennal scapes

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 49

thickened towards their tips, which extend a httle beyond the posterior orbits; fiinicuU rather long, joints 1-9 broader than long, joint 10 as long as broad, terminal joint as long as the two preceding joints together, somewhat tapering and not broader than the penultimate joint. Thorax shghtly narrower than the head, distinctly broader through the epinotum than through the pronotimi, less than twice as long as broad, without promesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures. Pro- and mesonotum together rectangular, as long as broad; epino- tum with rounded, rather swollen sides. In profile the whole thorax is feebly and evenly rounded above. Epinotal declivity abrupt, very strongly carmate above and on the sides, as is also the pronotum. Pleurae concave. Petiole as broad as the epinotimi, rectangular, nearly I5 times as broad as long, as broad in front as behind, feebly convex above, truncated anteriorly and posteriorly, with its anterior and lateral borders marginate and its posterior angles produced as a pair of triangular, rather acute teeth. Postpetiole rectangular, a little broader than long, as broad in front as behind and as broad as the petiole, feebly convex above, marginate in front, with sharp anterior corners, submarginate on the sides. First gastric segment a httle larger than the postpetiole, as long as broad, with more convex sides and dorsum, ventrally, in front, with a conspicuous rounded tubercle. Pygidium truncate, with finely spinulate border. Legs rather short, hind coxae with a rounded expansion at the tip on the inner side.

Moderately shining; mandibles very sparsely and coarsely punctate; body finely punctate, dorsal surfaces of head and thorax also with irregular scattered foveolae; region between the eyes and frontal carinae smooth and shining. Sides of head and thorax also more shining and less punctate.

Hairs and pubescence grayish, the hairs rather short, sparse, erect, both on the body and appendages, longest and most abundant at the tip of the gaster, the pubescence rather long and abundant, especially on the petiole, postpetiole, gaster, legs, and antennae, but also well-developed on the thoracic dorsum and head.

Black; mandibles, antennae, legs, pygidium, and sting dark red, the middle portions of the scapes, femora, and tibiae somewhat darker.

Female. Length 4 mm.

Very similar to the worker. Thorax through the wing-insertions- as broad as the head; mesonotum small, flat, a httle broader than long, shaped like an isosceles triangle, with the apex directed anteriorly. Sculpture, pilosity, and color as in the worker. Wings yellowish hyaline, with pale yellow veins and conspicuous brown pterostigma.

Described from four workers and three females taken by Mr. John Hewitt at Kuching. Type.— M. C. Z. 8,945.

This species seems to be closely related to Ph. pubescens Emery, described from a dealated female, but hewitti is much smaller {pubes-

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cens measures about 6 mm.) ; the epinotal declivity is very distinctly separated from the base by a pronounced margination or carina, the petiole, and postpetiole are much broader and the former has distinctly dentate posterior angles.

*7a. Myopopone castanea Smith subsp. maculata Roger.

Myopopone ?naculata Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1861, 5, p. 50, § 9 . Myopopone castanea Forel, Joui'n. Bombay nat. hist, soc, 1900, 13, p. 54, ^ 9 ;

Bingham, Fauna Brit. India. Hymenop., 1903, 2, p. 54. Myopopone castanea suhsp. 7naculata Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 26.

Type-locality: Ceylon ( ^ ) and Bintang Island (9 )• A single female from Kuching (John Hewitt), though measuring only 12.5 mm., agrees in ail other respects with females from the Philippines. The tibiae are not spotted. The species has not been recorded from Borneo, though well known from other parts of the Malayan and Papuan regions.

*8. Platythyrea pusilla Emery.

Platythyrea pusilla Emery, Rev. Suisse zooL, 1893, 1, p. 188, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 29, S .

Type-locality: Amboina.

A single dealated female from Kuching (John Hewitt) agrees well with Emery's description of the worker. It measures only 5 mm.

9. Platythyrea subtilis Emery.

Platythyrea subtilis Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 666, nota ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 29, § .

Type-locality: Pulo Laut, Borneo (Doherty).

10. Stictoponera borneensis Emery.

Ectatomma coxale Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 150, ^ {nee Roger). Stictoponera borneensis Emery, ibid., 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 662 nota, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 47, ^ . .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo.

Two workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 51

Ua. Stictoponera costata Emery var. unicolor Forel.

Stictoponera costata var. unicolor Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1901, 9, p. 335, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 48, § .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

12. Stictoponera coxalis (Roger).

Ponera coxalis Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1860, 4, p. 308, ^ . Ectatomma coxale Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 444. Stictoponera coxalis Emery, ibid., 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 662; Emery, Gen. Ins.

Ponerinae, 1911, p. 48. Ectatomma (Stictoponera) coxale Bingham, Fauna Brit. India. Hymenop., 1903,

2, p. 84, ^ , fig. 44.

Type-locality: Ceylon (H. Nietner). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

13. Stictoponera menadensis Mayr.

Ectatomma {Stictoponera) menadensis Mayr. Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien,

1887, 37, p. 539 nota Q . Stictoponera menadensis Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1900, ser. 2, 20,

p. 663; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 48, ^ .

Type-locality: Menado, Celebes (Radoszkowski).

Borneo.

A worker, which agrees very closely with Mayr's description, and thi-ee males from Kuching (John Hewitt). I refrain from describing the latter, as I am not certain that they belong with the worker.

14. Stictoponera rugosa (Smith),

Ponera rugosa Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zooh, 1857, 2, p. 66, S . Stictoponera rugosa Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 48, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

52 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

15. Rhopalopone diehli (Forel).

Edatomma (Mictoponera) diehli Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1901, 45,

p. 372, ^ . Rho-palopone diehli Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 35, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

16. Odontoponera transversa (Smith).

Ponera transversa Smith, Jom-n. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 68, S ; Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 86, ^ .

Ponera denticulata Smith, ibid., p. 90, 9 , pi. 6, fig. 13, 14.

Odontoponera denticulata Mavi', Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12, p. 717.

Odontoponera transversa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 30; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 60.

Type-locality: Singapore (A. R. Wallace).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Several specimens from Kuching (John Hewitt), Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith) and British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw). These and a series of specimens taken at Surubaya, Java, by H. W. Smith and by F. X. Williams in the Philippines vary considerably in size. Rather pronomiced differences in color have also been noted by other authors, but no attempt has been made to name varieties.

17. Diacamma holosericeum (Roger).

Ponera holoserica Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1860, 4, p. 302, ^ .

Diacamma holosericeum Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 149, ^ ;

Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 435, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae,

1911, p. 65.

Type-locality: Java. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

18. Diacamma intricatum (Smith).

Ponera intricata Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 67, ^ . Diacamma intricatum Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 149; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 65.

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 53

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

Sarawak (J. Doria and O. Beecari); Kapouas Basin (Chaper); Central Borneo (Munich Museum).

Several workers taken at Kuching by John Hewitt and H. W. Smith and by the latter at Sadong, Serambu Mt., and Rambungan River, Sarawak.

*18a. DiACAMMA INTRICATUM subsp. KERSHAWI, Subsp. nOV.

Worker. Length about 11 mm.

Smaller than the typical iniricaium, with smaller eyes, less pronounced cljrpeal carina, the petiole narrower anteriorly, and the striae on the upper surface of the petiole and first gastric segment almost obliterated. The second gastric segment is faintly, but distinctly, longitudinally striated in the middle above, and the whole gaster is more opaque and more densely punctate. The pilosity on the body and legs is slightly more abundant than in the typical form.

A single specimen taken by Mr. E. B. Kershaw in British North Borneo. Type.— M. C. Z. 9,073.

19. DiACAMMA RUGOSUM (Le Guillou).

Ponera rxigosa Le Guillou, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1840, 10, p. 318, S .

Ponera versicolor Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 65, ^ .

Diacamma rugosum Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 149, ^ ; Emery,

Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 66. Diacamvia geometricum subsp. versicolor Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., -1893, 1,

p. 189; Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 438.

Type-locality: Borneo. (Voyage of the "Astrolabe" and "Zelee").

Sarawak (Doria and Beecari; Bedot and Pictet; A. R. Wallace).

Eleven workers from Sadong, Sarawak (H. W. Smith) and two from Kuching (John Hewitt) agree with Emery's redescription of this species. They lack metallic reflections, however.

19a. DiACAMMA RUGOSUM Subsp. TORTUOLOSUM (Smith).

Ponera tortuolosa Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1863, 7, p. 18, t^ Diacamma tortuolosuni Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. 46, U

54 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Diacamma rugosum subsp. tortuolosmn Emery, Rend. R. accad. sci. Bologna, 1897, 1896-97, n. s., 1, p. 160; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 07.

Type-locality: Ceram (A. R. Wallace). Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

19b. Diacamma rugosum subsp. geometricum (Smith).

Ponera geometrica Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. see. London. ZooL, 1857, 2,

p. 67, g . Diacamma geometricum Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12,

p. 718, S . Diacamma javanum Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 439, ^ . Diacamma rugosum subsp. geometricum Emery, Rend. R. accad. sci. Bologna,

1897, 1896-97, n. s., 1, p. 154, fig. 3, 8, 14, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae,

1911, p. 66, y .

Type-locality: Singapore (A. R. Wallace).

Banguey I., N. Borneo (Emery).

A worker and two males taken in British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw). The male measures 8 mm., and is ferruginous red, with the posterior part of the head and some indistinct spots on the niesono- tum dark brown. Wings slightly infuscated, with dark brown veins and pterostigma. Antennae very long (7 mm.), mandibles small, narrow, edentate, with acuminate, pointed tips. Petiole 1\ times as long as broad, narrowed in front, but with very prominent stig- matic tubercles; in profile about as long as high, triangular, with sloping, slightly concave anterior and abrupt posterior surface and blunt apex. Pygidium small, bluntly rounded, cerci well-developed; genitalia partially exserted. Body shining, sparsely and finely punctate. Hairs brown, short, rather abundant, pubescence pale, more abundant, and like the hairs, on all parts of the body.

19c. Diacamma rugosum subsp. vagans Smith var. birmanum

Emery.

Diacamma rugosum subsp. vagans var. birmana Emery. Ann. Mus. civ.

Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 441, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 67;

Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 23. Diacamma rugosiwi subsp. sculptum var. birmana Emery, Rend. R. accad. sci.

Bologna, 1897, 1896-97, n. s. 1, p. 157, S .

Type-locality: Minhla, Burmah (Comotto). Sarawak (Haviland).

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 55

20a. BoTHROPONERA iNSULARis Emery var. brevior Forel.

Pachycondyla (Bothroponera) insularis v. brevior Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. "45, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 76.

Type-locality: Borneo.

21. Bothroponera rufipes (Jerdon).

Ponera rufipes Jerdon, Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1854, ser. 2, 13, p. 102, ^ . Pachycondyla rufipes Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 106, S . Bothroponera rufipes Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1886, 36, p. 359;

Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 53, ^ . Ponera {Bothroponera) rufipes Forel, Journ. Bombay nat. hist, soc, 1900, 13,

p. 323. Pachycondyla {Bothroponera) rufipes Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 76.

Type-locality: Malabar, Southern India (Jerdon). Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Chaper).

22, Bothroponera trident ata (Smith).

Pachycondyla tridentata Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit. mus. 1858, 6, p. 106, ^ . Bothroponera tridentata MajT, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 149; Emery,

ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 442, ^ . Pachycondyla {Bothroponera) tridentata Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911,

p. 77.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

23a. Bothroponera tridentata subsp. debilior Forel.

Pachycondyla {Bothroponera) tridentata subsp. debilior Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. 46, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911,

p. 77, S .

Type-locality: Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

24. Ectomomyrmex obtusus (Emery).

Pachycondyla {Bothroponera) obtusa Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 667 nota ^ .

56 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Pachycondyla {Edomomyrmex) obtusa Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 79, y .

Type-locality: Pulo Laut, Borneo (W. Doherty).

25. EupoNERA (Brachyponera) luteipes (Mayr).

Ponera luteipes MajT, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12, p. 722, ^ ? ;

Forel, Journ. Bombay, nat. hist, soc, 1900, 13, p. 326, ^ 9 cf . Euponera (Brachyponera) luteipes Emery, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1901, 45,

p. 47; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 84. Brachyponera luteipes Bingham, Fauna Brit. India. Hymenop., 1903, 2, p. 101,

y 9 cf.

Type-locality: Milu, Nicobar Islands (No vara Expedition). Sarawak (Haviland).

26a. Euponera (Trachymesopus) darwini Forel var. indica

Emery.

Euponera (Pseudoponera) darwini var. indica Emery, Bull. Soc. ent. Ital.,

1900, 31, p. 268 nota, 9 . Psevdoponera danvini Bingham, Fauna Brit. India. Hymenop., 1903, 2, p. 93. Euponera (Trachymesopus) darwini var. indica Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae,

1911, p. 86.

Type-locality: Upper Burmah (Doherty). Sarawak (Haviland, Will).

27. Ponera truncata Smith.

Ponera truncata Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool. Suppl., 1860, 4, p. 72, 9 ; Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 150, 9 ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 92, 9 .

Type-locality: Celebes. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Two dealated females from Sarawak (H. W. Smith) seem to be referable to this species, but are only 3-3.5 mm. long, whereas the dimensions of the female cotypes are given by Mayr as 4-4.2 mm. My specimens may represent a distinct variety or subspecies, but it seems inadvisable to introduce another name on the basis of such meager material.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 57

*28. PoNERA GLEADOWi Forel.

PoneragleadotviForel, in Emery, Mem. R. acoad. sci. Bologna, 1896, 1895-1896, ser. 5, 5, p. 292 7iota § ; Emery, ibid., p. 297, fig. 17a, b, c; Bingham, Fauna Brit. India. H3Tnenop., 1903,2, p. 91; Emery, Gen. Ins. Poner- inae, 1911, p. 91.

Type-localiiy: Poona, India (Wrougliton).

Two workers from Sarawak (H. W. Smith) agree very closely with a typical specimen from Orissa received from Professor Forel. The species has a wide distribution, occurring as far north and west as Algeria.

*29a. PoNERA coNFiNis Roger var. javana Forel.

Ponera confinis var. javana Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1905, 22, p. 6, y 9 ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 90, ^ 9 .

Type-locality: Buitenzorg, Java (K. Kraepelin).

Seven workers and two females from Kuching (John Hewitt) agree well with a specimen from Singapore given me by Forel, with the description of specimens from Buitenzorg and with a worker taken by H. W. Smith at Surubaya, Java.

30. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) chalybea Emery.

Lobopelta iridescens Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1872, 2, p. 150, ^ ; Mayr,

Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1878, 28, p. 665, ^ {nee Smith). Lobopelta chalybea Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 432, ^ . Leptogenys (Lobopelta) chalybea Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 102, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari). Four workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

31. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) iridescens (Smith).

Ponera iridescens Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 66, U . Lobopelta iridescens Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 431, § . Leptogenys (Lobopelta) iridescens Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 104, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari, Haviland).

A dozen workers from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

58 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

31a. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) iridescens subsp. currens Forel.

Leptogenys (Lohopelta) iridescens subsp. currens Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1901, 9, p. 329, y ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 104, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

32. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) mutabilis (Smith).

Ponera mutabilis Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. London. Zool., 1861, 6, p. 45, ^ . Lobopelta mutabilis Mayr, Tijdschr. ent. 1867, 10, p. 89; Emery, Ann.Mus.

civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 30, ^ . Leptogenys {Lobopelta) mutabilis Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 104.

Type-locality: Tondano, Celebes (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet). Eleven workers from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw) and two from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

33a. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) processionalis Jerdon var. dis-

tinguenda Emery.

Lobopelta distinguemla Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 430, ^ .

Lobopelta mutabilis (part) Mayr, ibid., 1872, 2, p. 151, ^ .

Leptogenys {Lobopelta) ocellifera subsp. distinguenda Forel, Mitth. Naturh.

mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. 46, ^ . Leptogenys {Lobopelta) processionalis var. distinguenda Emery, Gen. Ins.

Ponerinae, 1911, p. 104.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

Two dozen workers from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

34. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) diminuta (Smith).

Ponera diminuta Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 69, ^ Lobopelta diminuta Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12, p. 734, ^ Leptogenys diminuta Forel, Journ. Bombay nat. hist, soc, 1900, 13, p. 312. Leptogenys {Lobopelta) diminuta Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 103.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 59

34a. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) diminuta var. laeviceps (Smith).

Ponera laeinceps Smith, Joiirn. Proe. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 69, ^ .

Ponera simillima Smith, ibid., 1861, 5, p. 105, ^ .

Lohopelta diminuta var. laeviceps Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1887, ser. 2,

5, p. 433, S . Leptogenys (Lobopelta) diminuta var. laeviceps Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae,

1911, p. 103.

Type-localUy: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Two workers from Kuehing (John Hewitt).

*35. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) borneensis, sp. nov.

Worker. Length: 9 mm.

Long and slender. Head about ^ longer than broad, a little broader in front than behind, with nearly straight sides in front, rounded behind, with rather deeply excavated occipital border. Eyes rather small, situated a distance equal to their length from the anterior corners of the head. Mandibles rather large, triangular, with deflected tips, distinctly concave lateral, dentate apical and denticulate basal borders. Clypeus strongly carinate, its anterior' border entire, projecting as a membranous, rather narrowly rounded lobe. Antennae long and slender; scapes extending about I their length beyond the posterior corners of the head; all the funicular joints much longer than broad; first joint a little more than half as long as the second, second sHghtly longer than the third. Thorax long and slender. Pronotum slightly flattened above, longer than broad, mesonotum shorter and much narrower and lower than the pronotum, its dorsal outline very feebly concave; epinotxrm scarcely broader than the mesonotvim, but very distinctly higher and longer, the base straight and horizontal, twice as long as the vertical declivity into which it passes through a curve without any trace of an angle. The sides of the declivity are feebly marginate. Each epinotal stigma is situated in a sharply defined eUiptical depression. Petiole from above fully twice as long as broad, nar- rowed in front, laterally compressed. In profile the node is longer than high, its anterior border long and convex, the posterior border straight, the apex blunt, the ventral surface of the petiole sinuous in the middle. Gaster small. Legs long and slender.

Shining, very sparsely and very finely punctate; mandibles very finely and densely striate.

Hairs whitish, short, sparse, and erect on the body, more abundant and more oblique on the appendages. Pubescence pale, present only on the funiculi and tarsi.

Castaneous; mandibles, clypeus, legs including coxae, neck, prosterna

60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

petiole and tip of gaster, red; posterior margins of gastric segments yellowish.

Described from a single specimen taken at Kuching by Mr. John Hewitt.

This species has much the same color as iridescens apart from the blue reflections, but the shape of the node and thorax serve to dis- tinguish it at once.

36a. Leptogenys (Lobopelta) kitteli Mayr subsp. laevis Mayr.

Lobopelta kitteli var. laevis Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1878, 28,

p. 665, ^ . Leptogenys (Lobopelta) kitteli subsp. laevis Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1901, 9,

p. 329, y ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 104.

Type-locality: Java. Sarawak (Haviland).

37. Odontomachus haematoda (Linne).

Formica haematoda Linne, Syst. nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 582, ^ .

Myrmecia unispinosa Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 423, ^ .

Myrmecia haematoda Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 423, ^ .

Odontomachus haematodes Latreille, Hist. nat. Crust. Ins., 1805, 13, p. 257.

Ponera {Odontomachiis) haematoda Latreille, ibid., 1809, 4, p. 128, ^ .

Odontomachus haematoda Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 50; Emery,

Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 114, pi. 3, fig. 18, ^ 9 &. Formica maxillosa DeGeer, Mem. hist, ins., 1773, 3, p. 601, ^ , pi. 31, fig. 3-5. Formica unispinosa Fabricius, Ent. syst., 1793, 2, p. 359, S . Odontomachus simillimvs Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 80,

pi. 5, fig. 8, 9.

Type-locality: South America (Rolander).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari), Kapouas Basin (diaper).

Two workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

38. Odontomachus rixosus Smith.

Odontomachus rixosus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 67, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 114.

Type-locality: Singapore (A. R. Wallace).

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 61

Sarawak (J. Doria and O. Beccari); Kapouas Basin (Chaper). A dozen workers from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

39. Odontomachus malignus Smith.

Odontomachus malignus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1859, 3, p. 144, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 113.

Odontomachus tuherculatus Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1861, 5, p. 28, y ; Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 149, ^ .

Type-locality: Aru {k. R. Wallace). Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

40. Anochetus agilis Emery.

Anochetus agilis Emery, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1901, 45, p. 53, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Ponerinae, 1911, p. 108.

Type-locality: Banguey, Borneo (Staiidinger and Bang-Haas).

Dorylinae. 41. DoRYLUS (Dichthadia) laevigatus (Smith).

TtjphlopoJie laevigatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 70, ^ . Dichthadia glaherrima Gerstacker, Stettin, ent. zeit., 1863, 24, p. 93, 9 . Dorylus klugi Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 448, pi. 1,

fig. 10, cf. Dorylus laevigatus Emery, Zool. jahrb. Syst., 1895, 8, p. 729, S . Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus Emery, Gen. Ins. Dorylinae, 1910, p. 8, y 9 cT.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. "Wallace).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Two large workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

42. Aenictus laeviceps (Smith).

Typhlatta laeviceps Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 79, y . Aenictus laeviceps Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1890, 34, C. R., p. Oil, ^ ;

Emery, Gen. Ins. Dorylinae, 1910, p. 30, S .

)

62 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Type-hcality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Five workers from Bongo Mt., Borneo (Hewitt and Brooks).

43. Aenictus gracilis Emery.

AenicttLS gracilis Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 187, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dorylinae, 1910, p. 30, S .

Type-locality: Sarawak (Bedot and Pictet).

44. Aenictus cornutus Forel.

Aenictus cornutus Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1900, 44, p. 75, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dorylinae, 1910, p. 29, g .

Type-locality: Sarawak (Haviland).

A single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt).

45. Aenictus punctiventris Emery.

Aenictus punctiventris Emery, Bull. Soc. ent. Ital., 1901, 33, p. 47, cf ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dorylinae, 1910, p. 31, d^.

Type-locality: Borneo.

A single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt).

46. Aenictus aitkeni Forel.

Aenictus aitkeni Forel, Journ. Bombay nat. hist. soc. 1901, 13, p. 46.5, 475, y ; Bingham, Fauna Brit. India. Hymenop., 1903, 2, p. 19, fig. 18, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dorylinae, 1910, p. 29, ^ .

Type-locality: Kanara, India (Aitken). Sixteen workers from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

Myrmicinae.

*47. Metapone hewitti, sp. nov.

Male. Length 6-7 mm.

Body long and slender. Head as broad as long, evenly convex and rounded behind, without posterior corners; cheeks very short; eyes moderately large.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 63

but not very convex; ocelli rather small. Mandibles small, but well-developed, their external borders slightly sinuate towards the base, convex at the tips; apical and basal borders distinct, subequal, the former with four subequal teeth. Clypeus large, convex, somewhat broader than long, slightly depressed or flattened posteriorly. Front truncated anteriorly, with a transverse crest or carina separating it from the preocellar space and connecting the frontal carinae, which are prominent, nearly straight, subparallel and as far apart as they are from the lateral borders of the head. Posteriorly each carina curves forward medially to the eye as a distinct ridge and terminates opposite its anterior end, thus enclosing a small, shallow, elliptical scrobe about the base of the antenna. Antennae 12-jointed, scape very small, about twioe as long as broad, first funicular joint also very small, broader than long, sub- globular; second joint longer but also broader than long, the remaining nine joints cylindrical, of equal breadth, distinctly longer than broad and gradu- ally increasing in length distally; terminal joint nearly as long as the two preceding joints together, with tapering and somewhat pointed tip. Thorax long, narrower than the head through the eyes. Pronotima well-developed, truncated in front; mesonotum and scutellum somewhat flattened above, the former with distinct Mayrian furrows, the latter with a peculiar blunt, spatulate spine on each side, slightly curved inward at its tip. Epinotum longer than broad, subrectangular from above, its base horizontal and twice as long as the vertical decUvity into which it passes through an abrupt curve, the sides of the declivity above and of the base coarsely and rather irregu- larly marginate. Petiole with a short, stout peduncle anteriorly and a thick, cuboidal node, which is a little longer than broad and slightly higher in front than behind, with tnmcated anterior and posterior and feebly rounded dorsal and lateral surfaces. Seen in profile its ventral margin is slightly bisinuate, with a small, triangular tooth at the anterior end of the peduncle. Postpetiole distinctly broader than the petiole and broader than long, from above transversely elliptical, in profile slightly truncated anteriorly, convex and rounded above, its ventral border unarmed, nearly straight. Gaster elongate elliptical, with straight anterior border and tapering tip. Genitalia completely retracted, cerci apparently absent; pygidium and hypopygium short and pointed. Legs short, of the usual simple form, without the tibial spines of the worker and female; spurs of the middle and hind tibiae simple, blunt at the tip. larsal claws very small, strongly curved, nonpectinated. Wings very short (4.5 mm.), with a well-developed discoidal cell, a single cubital cell and the radial cell slightly open at the tip. The radial cell is large. Pterostigma well-developed and conspicuous.

Subopaque; mandibles opaque, longitudinally rugose and very finely punctate. Head reticulate-rugose, the clypeus more coarsely and trans- versely. Front behind its anterior truncation with regular longitudinal rugae converging to the anterior ocellus. Antennal scrobes less distinctly longi- tudinally rugose. Upper surface of mesonotum and scutellum and sides of thorax sharply and regularly longitudinally rugose, with elongate, shallow

64 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

foveolae in the narrow interrugal spaces on the mesonotum. Dorsal surface of epinotum, including the upper portion of the decUvity, with extremely coarse reticulate rugae, some of which are clearly transverse. Petiole above less coarsely and even more irregularly rugose. Postpetiole and gaster very finely and densely punctate, with superimposed small, sparse, and very regular piligerous punctures.

Hairs grayish brown, short, rather abundant, erect on the head, thorax, and petiole, mostly subappressed or oblique on the postpetiole, gaster, and legs. Antennal funicuh with very short, fine hairs, or pubescence. Wings minutely hairy.

Black; mandibles, antennae, legs, and tip of gaster reddish brown, the tarsi slightly paler. Wings grayish hyaline, with slightly infuscated tips and anterior margin; veins sharply defined, brown; pterostigma dark brown.

Described from four specimens taken by Mr. John Hewitt at Kuching in 1908. Type.— M. C. Z. 8,946.

I have described this male in detail and given it a name, although in closely resembles the male of M. greeni Forel from Ceylon, described from a mature pupa, because no adult winged male of the genus has been described. The Bornean specimens may belong to a different species, possibly M. sauicri Forel of Formosa or M. bakeri Wheeler of the Philippines, both known only from females. It can hardly be the male of the only other known species of Metapone, M. mjobcrgi Forel of Queensland. The four specimens of M. hewitti have been in my collection for many years and were placed provisionally with Cataulacus. Forel's very careful description and figures (Rev. Suisse zooL, 1911, 19, pi. 14) finally enabled me to recognize them as Meta- pone males. Forel is, I believe, in error in stating that the antennae of the male M. greeni are 11-jointed. He has apparently overlooked the second funicular joint. As Green has shown, the species of this extraordinary genus nest in decayed branches. He found the types of M. greeni and their larvae in company with termites.

48. Tetraponera nigra (Jerdon).

Edlon nigrum Jerdon, Madras journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 112, § . Tetraponera atrata Smith, Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1852, ser. 2, 9, p. 44, ^ ;

Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. ZooL, 1857, 2, p. 70, 9 . Pseudoynyrma nigra Smith, Cat. Hymenop., Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 159, ^ . Pfendomyrma airata Smith, ibid. p. 159. Pseudomyrina carbonaria Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London ZooL, 1863,

7, p. 20, y 9 .

Sima nigra Emery in Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 54.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 65

Type-locality: Malabar, Southern India (Jerdon). Sarawak (A. R. Wallace).

49. Tetraponera attenuata Smith.

Tetraponera attenimta Smith, Trans. Ent. soc. London, 1877, p. 71, ^ . Sinia attenuata Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc.'zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 53, § . Sima (Tetraponera) attenuata var. tenuissima Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, ' 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 675, ^ 9 , fig. 5b.

Type-locality: Sarawak.

Kapouas Basin (Chaper); Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

A single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt).

*50. Tetraponera difficilis Emery.

Sima {Tetraponera) difficilis Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 676, ^ .

Type-locality: Benculen, Sumatra (E. Modigliani) . Six workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

51. Tetraponera pilosa (Smith).

Pseudoponera pilosa Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 160, ^ . Sima pilosa Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 449 7iota; Emery, ibid., 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 675.

Type-locality: Borneo.

Two workers and a dealated female from Kuching (John Hewitt).

52. Myrmica ritae Emery.

Myrmica ritae Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1889, ser. 2, 7, p. 501, ^ , pi. 11, fig. 27; ibid., 1894, ser. 2, 14, p. 451, g .

Type-locality: Mt. Moolej-it (1,000-1,900 m.), Tenasserim (L. Fea). Pulo Laut, Borneo (W. Doherty).

*53. Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius).

Formica megacephala Fabricius, Ent. syst., 1793, 2, p. 361, Ql. Formica {Myrmica) trinodis Lesana, Mem. Accad. sci. Turino, 1834, 37, p. 327, pi. 36, fig. 6.

66 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Oecophthora pusilla Heer, Hausameise Madeiras, 1852, p. 15, Ql ^ 9 o"^, pi. 1,

fig. 1-4. Myrmica? laevigata Smith, Trans. Ent. soc. London, 1855, ser. 2, 3, p. 130, ^ ,

pi. 9, fig. 7, 8. Myrmica trinodis Mayr. Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1855, 5, p. 414,

noia, S . Myrmica (Pheidole) laevigata Smith, Cat. Brit, fossor. H3Tiienop., 1858, p. 35,

225, y . Pheidole pusilla Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 173, pi. 9, fig.

18-20. Pheidole jamts Smith, ibid., p. 175, 9 , pi. 9, fig. 13-17. Pheidole megacephala Roger, Verzeich. formicid., 1863, p. 30; Dalla Torre,

Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 92.

Type-locality: Mauritius (Coll. Bosc).

Numerous soldiers and workers from Kuching (John Hewitt and H. W. Smith).

54. Pheidole javana Mayr.

Pheidole javana Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 98, 21 ^ ,

Type-locality: Java.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet); Kapouas Basin (Chaper).

Two soldiers and several workers from Kuching (John Hewitt) and Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

*55. Pheidole bugi, sp. nov.

Soldier. Length 2 mm.

Head large, subrectangular, longer than broad, with nearly straight sub- parallel sides, slightly narrowed at the posterior corners, with deeply and angularly excised occipital border, distinctly depressed in the occipital region and with distinct occipital groove. Eyes small, with angular inferior orbits, situated at the anterior fourth of the head. Mandibles large, convex, with broad apical margins, furnished at their tips with a pair of large, blunt teeth. Clypeus flattened, or slightly concave in the, middle, ecarinate, its anterior border deeply notched. Frontal area distinct, semicircular, impressed. Frontal carinae rather short, diverging behind and bordering flattened, indistinct scrobe-like areas. Antennae short and slender, the scapes reaching the lateral borders of the head a little behind the eyes and in front of the middle;

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 67

joints 2-7 of the funiculi distinctly broader than long; club somewhat longer than the remainder of the funiculus. Thorax robust, the pronotum broad and convex, its humeri protruding as bluntly rounded angles; mesonotum sloping, with a transverse torus in the middle. Epinotum low, its base in profile straight and longer than the declivity; the spines short, rather erect, much shorter than the base of the epinotum and shorter than their distance apart at their insertions. Petiole short, the anterior slope of the node very concave, its summit blunt, transverse, and rather deeply emarginate, its posterior slope abrupt. Postpetiole slightly broader than the petiole, trans- verse, very convex above, broader in front than behind, the sides rounded. Gaster broadly elliptical, flattened, smaller than the head, with straight anterior border. Legs with stout, slightly swollen femora.

Somewhat shining; mandibles smooth, minutely and sparsely punctate. Clypeus smooth and shining in the middle, rugose on the sides; remainder of head sculptured, the anterior f longitudinally rugose, with feebly reticulate interrugal areas, especially on the sides, the posterior third reticulately rugose, the scrobe-like areas densely punctate. Neck, pronotum, and mesonotum more finely reticulate-rugose; epinotum smooth and shining; petiole and postpetiole subopaque, indistinctly and very finely punctate or alutaceous. Gaster and legs smooth and shining, sparsely and finely punctate.

Hairs yellow, erect or suberect, coarse, rather long, of uneven length, more abundant on the body than on the appendages.

Ferruginous; gaster darker, brown; legs and antennae paler, more j^ellow- ish; borders of mandibles and clj^peus blackish.

Worker. Length 1.4 nun.

Head 3- longer than broad, subrectangular, with very feebly convex sides and feebly sinuate posterior border, as broad in front as behind. Eyes very small, at the middle of the sides of the head. Mandibles with oblique apical margins furnished with four acute, subequal teeth. Clypeus short, convex, its anterior border broadly rounded, entire. Antennal scapes reaching the posterior border of the head. Thorax rather slender; pro- and mesonotum fused, feebly rounded above and on the sides; mesoepinotal constriction short and deep. Epinotum with subeqvial base and declivity, the spines reduced to small, rather blunt teeth, not longer than broad at their bases. Superior border of petiolar node transverse and entire. Postpetiole much as in the soldier.

Smooth and shining; mesopleurae and sides of epinotum densely punctate; petiolar and postpetiolar nodes subopaque.

Hairs whitish, erect, more uniform and somewhat more abundant than in the soldier, especially on the legs and scapes.

Yellowish brown; head and gaster a little darker; thorax and appendages paler and more yellowish.

68 bulletin: museum of compakative zoology.

Described from a single soldier and four workers from Sarawak, (Roland Thaxter). Type— M. C. Z. 8,947.

This species is evidently related to Ph. nodgii Forel of Java, but the soldier is smaller, with more deeply notched clypeiis, much less distinct antennal scrobes, shorter epinotal spines, more deeply notched petiolar node, laterally less angular postpetiole, and very different thoracic sculpture. The worker bugi is also smaller than that of nodgii, has a more elongate head, very feebly armed epinotum, a more rounded postpetiole, and very different sculpture.

56. Pheidole aristotelis Forel. Pheidole aristotelis Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 43, % ^ d'. Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

57. Pheidole comata Smith.

Pheidole comata Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 176, ^ ; Mayr, Verb. Zool. hot. gesellsch. Wien, 1886, 36, p. 360.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo.

58. Pheidole havilandi Forel.

Pheidole havilandi Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 38, Ql S 9 cT. Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

59a. Pheidole sauberi Forel subsp. sarawakana Forel. Pheidole sauberi subsp. sarawakana Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 45,

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

60. Ischnomyrmex longipes (Smith).

Myrmica longipes Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 70,

y , pi. 1, fig. 6. Myrmica (Monomorium) longipes Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6,

p. 126, y .

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 69

Ischnomyrmex longipes Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 60, ^ ; Ern. Andre,

Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 53, ^ . Aphaenogaster longipes Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1888, ser. 2, 5, p. 531,

S , pi. 9, fig. 2. Aphaenogaster (Ischnomyrmex) longipes Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19,

p. 24, y . Pheidole (J sopheidole) longipes Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1912, 20, p. 765, 21 ^ . Pheidole {Ischnomyrmex) longipes Forel, Zool. jahrb. Syst., 1913, 36, p. 49,

21 9, fig. N.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo {X. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Haviland); Kapouas Basin (Chaper). Nine workers from the Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith) and one from Kuching (John Hewatt).

61. Myrmicaria carinata (Smith).

Heptacondylus carinatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 73, ^ . ?Physatta dromedarius Smith, ibid., p. 78, 9 . Myrmicaria carinata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 155. Myrmicaria fodiens race carinata Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 219.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

Two workers and two males from Kina Balu, N. Borneo, obtained from Staudinger. The worker has the gaster distinctly striated at the base. This character, not mentioned by Smith, nevertheless exists in the type {teste W. F. Kirby) and is regarded by Emery as distinctive of the species.

*61a. Myrmicaria carinata subsp. gagatina, subsp. nov.

Worker. Length 5.7 mm.

The series of small angles formed by the lateral carmae of the meso- and epinotum are somewhat more acute than in the topical form and the body is much smoother and more shining. There are only a few delicate longitudinal rugae on the head, some confined to the sides and just below and above the eyes and some abbreviated and widely separated on the posterior portion of the head. On the thorax the rugae are also finer, more regular and further apart. The extreme base of the gaster is finely striated as in typical carinata.

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The color, however, is very different, the body being jet black, with the mandi- bles, antennae, legs, neck, and articulations of the pedicel dark reddish brown. The hairs covering the body and appendages are very dark brown, almost black.

Described from a single worker taken by Mr. G. E. Bryant on Matang Mt., West Sarawak and sent me by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe.

62. Myrmicaria subcarinata (Smith).

Heptocondylus subcarinatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool.,

1857, 2, p. 73, S . Physatta gibbosa Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 172, 9 . Heptacondylus dromedarivs Mayr, Verh. Zool. hot. gesellsch. Wien., 1862, 12,

p. 757, y (nee Smith). Myrmicaria subcarinata Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 112, y 9. Myrmicaria fodiens race subcarinata Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 219.

Typc-localiti/: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari ; Haviland) ; Kapouas Basin (Chaper) ; Tandjong (Fritz Suck).

Two workers from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw).

63. Myrmicaria rugosa (Smith).

Heptacondylus rugosus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool. Suppl.,

1860, 4, 110, y . Myrmicaria (Heptacondylus) rugosus Smith, ibid., 1864, 8, p. 73, ^ 9 cf . Myrmicaria rugosa Mayr, Tijdschr. ent. 1867, 10, p. 113, ^ .

Type-locality: Batjan (A. R. Wallace).

Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck). ,

64. Myrmicaria arachnoides (Smith).

Heptacondylus arachnoides Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857,

2, p. 72, y 9 . Heptacondylus longipes Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 142, ^ . Myrmicaria longipes Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 113, S 9 c?. Myrmicaria arachnoides Emery, in Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 155.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 71

Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck); Kapouas Basin (Chaper); Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

A male, female, and worker from Kucliing (John Hewitt) and a male and a dozen workers from the same locality (H. W. Smith). Hewitt's specimens are accompanied by two of the peculiar nests of this ant, which consist of coarse, fibrous carton, built in the form of a series of contiguous and rather irregular chambers on the under surfaces of large leaves. One of the nests is 9 cm. long, 5 cm. broad and 2-3 cm. high, the other 8 cm. long, 4 cm. broad and 2 cm. high. These nests have been observed by Jacobson and von Buttel Reepen in Java and are briefly described by Forel (Notes of the Leyden mus., 1909, 31, p. 252 and Zool. jahrb. Syst, 1913, 36, p. 73).

*64a. Myrmicaria arachnoides subsp. melanogaster Emery.

Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 692 nota, ^ . Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 23, ^ 9 c?.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo. Sarawak (Haviland); Hayvep (Zimmer).

*65. Cardiocondyla nuda (Mayr).

Leptothorax nudus Mayr, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Wien, 1866, 53, p. 508, S . Cardiocondyla nuda Forel, Mitth. Mlinch. ent. ver. 1881, 5, p. 3, ^ .

Type-locality: Ovalau, Fiji (Mus. Godeffroy). A single worker from Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

66. Crematogaster brunnea Smith,

Crernatogaster brunneus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 75, ^ Cremastogaster brunnea Mayr, Verh. Zool. hot. gesellsch. Wien, 1886, 36,

p. 360, y . Cremastogaster brunea Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 80.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). A single worker from Sarawak (H. W. Smith) agrees well with Smith's description of the worker minor of this species although the

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color is somewhat darker. Unfortunately the thorax is somewhat crushed so that its precise form cannot be determined.

67. Crematogaster cephalotes Smith.

Crematogaster cephalotes Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 75, y {nee Gerstaecker) . Cremasicgaster cephalotes Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 53, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Kapouas Basin (Chaper).

68. Crematogaster coriaria Mayr.

Cremastogaster coriaria Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 154, y ; Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 467, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

69a. Crematogaster egidyi Forel subsp. spinozae Forel. Cremastogaster egidyi subsp. spinozai Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 25,

y 9.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Ha\aland).

69b. Crematogaster egidyi subsp. spinozae var. hayvepana Forel.

Cremastogaster egidyi subsp. spinozai var. hayvepana Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 26, y 9 .

Type-locality: Hayvep, Borneo (Winkler).

70. Crematogaster ferrarii Emery.

Cremastogaster ferrarii Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1888, ser. 2, 5, p. 533, y ; Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 193.

Type-locality: Siboga, Smnatra (E. Modigliani). Sarawak, Borneo (Bedot and Pictet).

7L Crematogaster fraxatrix Forel.

Cremastogaster fraxatrix Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 28, ^ . Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 73

72. Crematogaster innocens Forel.

Cremastogaster innocens Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 30, ^ 9. Type-locality: Hayvep, Borneo (Winkler).

73. Crematogaster longipilosa Forel.

Cremastogaster lovgipilosa Forel, Ann. Mus. nat. Hungar., 1907, 5, p. 24, ^ ; Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 24, ^ .

Typc-localiiy: Kwala Lampur, Malacca (Biro).

Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

Eleven workers from Sarawak (H. W. Smith; Roland Thaxter).

74. Crematogaster modiglianii Emery.

Crematogaster modiglianii Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 688, S .

Type-localiiy: Sipora, Mentawei (E. IModigliani). Banguey, Borneo (Coll. Emery).

74a. Crematogaster modiglianii var. sarawakana Forel.

Cremastogaster modiglianii v. sarawakana Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 25, y .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

Ten workers from the Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

75. Crematogaster myops Forel.

Cremastogaster myops Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 31, ^ 9 . Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

76. Crematogaster obscura Smith.

Crematogaster obscnra Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 76, y ; Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 18.58, 6, p. 137, ^ .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

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77a. Crematogaster rogenhoferi Mayr var. fictrix Forel.

Cremastogasier rogenhoferi var. fictrix Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 191 1, 19, p. 27, y . Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

78. Crematogaster subcircularis Mayr.

Cremastogasier anthracina Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 75, ^ ; Mayr,

Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1872, 2, p. 154 {nee Smith). Cremastogasier subcircularis MajT, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1878, 28,

p. 681, 685, y ; Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 467, ^ .

Type-locality: Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

79. Crematogaster subnuda Mayr.

Cremasiogaster svbnuda Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1878, 28, p. 680, 682, y ; Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 53, ^ .

Type-locality: Calcutta, India. Kapouas Basin, Borneo (diaper).

80. Crematogaster (Physocrema) diformis Smith.

Crematogaster difformis Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 76, S . Crematogaster ampuUaris Smith, ibid., 1861, 6, p. 47, ^ . Cremastogaster difformis Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 75, ^ . Cremastogaster edentata Mayr, ibid., p. 104, 9 , pi. 2, fig. 10. Cremastogaster deformis Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 5,

p. 467, y. Crematogaster deformis Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 193.

Type-locality: Singapore (A. R. Wallace).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet); Kapouas Basin (Chaper). A single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt).

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 75

*80a. Crematogaster (Physocrema) diformis subsp. physo-

THORAX Emery.

Cremastogastcr difformis st. physothorax Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1889,

ser. 2, 7, p. 506, ^ . Cremasiogaster physothorax Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 84.

Type-locality: Thagata, Tenasserim (L. Fea). Four workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

80b. Crematogaster (Physocrema) diformis subsp. sewardi

Forel.

Cremastogaster deformis subsp. sewardi Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. 64, S 9.

Type-locality: Borneo (Seward).

81. Crematogaster (Physocrema) inflata Smith.

Crematogaster inflatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 76, U , pi. 2, fig. 2. Cremastogaster inflata Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 74, ^ ; Mayr, Ann.

Mus. civ. Geneva, 1872, 2, p. 153; Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 466, y .

Type-locality: Singapore (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Several workers from Kuching (John Hewitt; H. W. Smith) and one from the Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

*82. Crematogaster (Physocrema) stethogompha, sp. nov.

Worker. Length 3-6 mm.

Head slightly broader than long, slightly broader behind than in front, with rounded, convex sides and broadly concave posterior border. Mandibles stout, rather convex, with obhque, coarsely 5-toothed apical borders. Clyp- eus moderately convex, ecarinate, with strongly depressed, straight, anteriorj border. Eyes- small, flattened, just behind the middle of the head. Fronta carinae short, subparallel; frontal area small, triangular; frontal groove short and indistinct. Antennae 11-jointed; scapes reaching the posterior corners of

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the head; funiculi with 4-jointed club, all the joints longer than broad. Tho- rax resembling that of C. deformis, but the epinotum is less swollen above and is armed with two sharp, backwardly directed spines, which are longer than broad at their distinctly swollen bases. Promesonotal suture absent, pro- and mesonotum together, excluding the neck, as long as broad, robust, only slightly narrowed behind to the mesoepinotal suture, which is distinct and transverse, but not impressed. The epinotum is broader than long, broader than the pro- and mesonotum, bulging on the sides and dorsally in front so that the base is very convex in profile. The declivity falls off vertically between the spines; it is as long as the base and longitudinally grooved in the middle. A more or less distinct carina or prominent ruga runs along the middorsal line of the thorax from the neck to the epinotal declivity, with an interruption at the meso- epinotal suture. Petiole longer than broad, as broad in front as behind, octag- onal, the anterior and posterior borders longer than the six other sides, which are subequal. In some specimens, especially in the small workers, the angles become rounded so that the petiole may be described as elongate elliptical. Its upper surface is flat; in profile it is slightly thicker at the posterior than at the anterior end. Postpetiole as broad as the petiole, contracted posteriorly, its anterodorsal surface flat, bilobed behind, but without a median longitudinal furrow in large specimens, feebly sulcate in small specimens. Gaster thick and broad, triangular, with straight anterior border, rounded anterior corners and pointed tip. Legs moderately long and stout.

Opaque; gaster and mandibles distinctly shining; the latter coarsely longitudinally striate and punctate. Clypeus and head densely punctate and reticulate-rugose, with more prominent longitudinal rugae anteriorly, growing finer and merging with the punctate surface on the occiput, sides, and posterior corners. Thorax densely punctate, the upper surface of the pro- and mesono- tum and base of the epinotum also vermiculately rugose. Petiole, postpetiole, and first gastric segment much more finely and densely punctate than the thorax, the first segment also with sparser and somewhat larger, piligerous punctures; remaining gastric segments, legs, and scapes smoother, more shining, transversely alutaceous; the legs with sparse, coarse piligerous punctures.

Hairs short, whitish, delicate, sparse, and erect, of uneven length on the body, more numerous on the head and thorax than on the pedicel and gaster; shorter and more appressed on the legs and antennae. Pubescence pale, rather long, sparse, very distinct on the gaster and sides and posterior corners of the head.

Dark brown; mandibles, except the teeth, gula, and sometimes the lateral and posterior corners of the head, sides of epinotum, upper surface of petiole and articulations of legs, ferruginous red, second to fourth tarsal joints reddish yellow.

Numerous workers taken by Harrison W. Smith near Kuching (type-locality) and three workers from the Ranibungan River, Sara- wak. 2\jpi.— M. C. Z. 8,948.

avheeler: the ants of borneo. 77

This species is quite distinct from the other East Indian Physo- cremas, especially dcformis, inflata, and tumichda Emery, and easily recognized by its large size, coarse sculpture, and well-developed epinotal spines. It is much more closely related to a form described by Forel from Malacca as C. dcformis subsp. vacca (Bull. Soc. Vaud. sci. nat., 1911, ser. 5, 47, p. 384) but which, I believe, should be re- garded as an independent species. This Malaccan form, however, is black, measures only 3.3-3.5 mm., and has the epinotum much less swol- len, and apparently even less distinctly constricted off from the mesono- tum than in stdJiogompha, and the postpetiole is sulcate dorsally. It is, perhaps, admissible to regard stcthogompha as a subspecies of vacca.

*82a. Ceematogaster (Physocrema) stethogompha var. detri-

TiNODis, var. nov.

JVorkcr. Length 3.5 mm.

Differing from the typical form in having the head less distinctly concave behind and in sculpture, the rugae of the head and thorax being finer, so that the dense puncturation is more apparent and the vermiculate rugosity of the thorax is laxer and finer, especially in the middorsal region. The petiole and postpetiole are shining, the former elongate elliptical, the latter with a distinct median furrow. Mandibles more yellowish than in the typical form.

A single worker from the Sarawak River, Kuching (H. W. Smith).

83. Crematogaster (Oxygyne) daisyi Forel.

Cremastogaster {Oxygyne) daisyi Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1901, 45, p. 376, ^ 9 .

Type-locality: Sarawak (Haviland).

84. Crematogaster (Decacrema) decaaiera Forel.

Cremastogaster (Decacrema) decamera Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Balgique, 1910, 54, p. 18 nota, ^ 9 d'.

Type-locality: Sarawak f^Haviland).

Five workers and a dealated female from Kuching (John Hewitt), "from Macaranga with slightly trifid leaves," and a winged female from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw).

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85. Crematogaster (Decacrema) borneensis Ern. Andre.

Cremastogaster borneensis Ern. Andre, Rev. ent., 1896, p. 263, y . Type-locality: Borneo.

85a. Crematogaster (Decacrema) borneensis var. insulsa Forel. Cremastogaster (Decacrema) borneensis var. insulsa Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 33, y 9 d^. Type-locality: Borneo (Hose).

85b. Crematogaster (Decacrema) borneensis var. harpyia Forel.

Cremastogaster {Decacrema) borneensis var. harpyia Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 3.3, y 9.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

85c. Crematogaster (Decacrema) borneensis siibsp. symbia

Fprel.

Cremastogaster (Decacrema) borneensis subsp. symbia Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 34, ^ 9 c^.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

I

85d. Crematogaster (Decacrema) borneensis subsp. novem

Forel.

Cremastogaster (Decacrema) borneensis subsp. novem Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 35, S 9.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

I refer a single female from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw), to this subspecies.

85e. Crematogaster (Decacrema) borneensis subsp. hosei Forel.

Cremastogaster (Decacrema) borneensis subsp. hosei Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 35, y .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 79

85f. Grematogaster (Decacrema) borneensis subsp. capax Forel.

Cremastogasier {Decacrema) borneensis subsp. capax Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 37, y, 9.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

86. Grematogaster (Decacrema) captiosa Forel.

Cremastogasier {Decacrema) captiosa Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 37, ^ . Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

87. Grematogaster (Decacrema) angulosa Ern. Andre.

Cremastogasier angulosa Ern. Andre, Rev. ent., 1896, p. 264, S . Type-locality: Borneo.

88. Grematogaster (Decacrema) biformis Ern. Andre.

Cremastogaster biformis Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 53, ^ . Type-locality: Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Ghaper).

89. VOLLENHOVIA PUNCTATOSTRIATA Mayr.

Vollenhovia punctatostriata Mayr, Reise Novara. Zool., 2. Formicid., 1865, p. 21, nota, 9 ; Mayi-, Jijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 94, 9 ; Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 152, 9 ; Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 453, 9 .

Type-locality: Java (Leyden Museum). Sarawak fDoria and Beccari).

90. Vollenhovia rufiventris Forel.

Vollenhovia rufire^itris Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1901, 45, p. 374, y . Monomori'um riifirentre Emery, in Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia. Zool., 1914, 1, p. 407 nola, y .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland). Female. Length 11.5 mm.

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Head rectangular, slightly longer than broad, nearly as broad in front as behind with feebly excised posterior border and a large shallow impression on each side of the vertex. Eyes small, near the middle of the sides, ocelli very small, the anterior distirctly larger than the posterior. Mandibles large, with nearly straight external borders, the apical borders broad, deeply and arcuately excised in the middle, with three large, subequal teeth at the apical and three smaller, blunt teeth at the basal end of the excision. Clypeus very short on the sides, rather flat in the middle, with a narrow elongation back- ward between the frontal carinae, the anterior border straight and entire. Frontal area obsolete; frontal carinae well-developed, nearly half as long as the antennal scapes, slightly diverging behind, nearly as far apart as their distance from the lateral border of the head. • Antennae short, 12-jointed, the scapes strongly curved at the base, their tips reaching only to the posterior orbits; the funiculi with a 3-jointed club; joints 2-5 broader than long, joint 6 as long as broad, the remaining joints longer than broad. Thorax rather small, as broad as the head, the pronotum with submarginate sides and bluntly rectangular humeri, the mesonotum flattened above, as long as broad, pro- longed in the middle anteriorly; the epinotum short, in profile evenly rounded and moderately convex, without distinct base and declivity, concave in the middle behind between a pair of slight swellings representing the denticles of other species. Petiole from above regularly rectangular, 1| times as long as broad, as broad in front as behind, with sharp anterior and posterior angles; in profile, with a node as high as the segment, its anterior surface concave, its posterior convex, the summit blunt and rounded ; the lower surface anteriorly produced as a large protuberance translucent in the middle, and tipped with a small, blunt tooth. Postpetiole subrectangular, with convex sides and dorsum, slightly broader than long and broader than the petiole, its ventral surface with a large, thick, pointed, downwardly directed tooth at the anterior end. Gaster elongate elliptical, narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly. Legs with much thickened femora and clavate tibiae. Wings nearly 8 mm. long, narrow, with a single cubital and a small, narrow discoidal cell; radial cell open; pterostigma small but distinct.

Very shining; mandibles sparsely punctate, sharplj' longitudinally striate along the external borders and at the tip. Clypeus uneven but not rugose. Cheeks and anterior f- of head above, longitudinally and rather densely rugose, with interspersed punctures; occipital region and sides of gula with coarse, pihg- erous punctures. Pronotum coarsely and sparsely punctate, indistinctly striate on the sides. Mesonotum finely, longitudinally rugose behind, anteriorly smooth in the middle and coarsely and sparsely punctate on the sides. Scutel- lum and sides of epinotum sharply, longitudinally rugose, the former smooth and more or less coarsely punctate in the middle. Slope of epinotum, petiole, postpetiole, gaster, scapes, and legs very smooth and shining, with sparse piligerous punctures; lateral and ventral portions of petiole and postpetiole densely and finely punctate.

Hairs slender, pointed, whitish, sparse, of very unequal length, suberect

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 81

or erect, shorter and more reclinate on the appendages, partly short and appressed on the gaster.

Black; terminal antenna! joint, articulations of legs and tarsi, beyond the basal joint, reddish brown; cheeks and tips of mandibles obscurely tinged with red. Wings distinctly infuscated, more deeply along the anterior margin; veins and pterostigma dark brown.

Described from a single specimen taken on ]Mt. Matang, West Sarawak by G. E. Bryant and sent me by ]\Ir. Horace Donisthorpe. There is also a worker from Kuching (John Hewitt) in my collection.

I have described the female in detail on account of its interest in connection with Emery's contention (in Sarasin and Roilx, Nova Caledonia. Zool., 1914, 1, p. 407 nota) that rufipentris is really a Monomorium, mainly because the worker is smooth and shining and has a slightl}^ pedunculate petiole. Although my specimen is not accompanied by workers, Forel's recent discovery (Tijdschr. ent., 1915, 58, p. 23) of all three phases of a new variety of this ant, var. simahtrana from Simalur, a small island off the west coast of Sumatra, shows that the Bornean female must belong to the tA-pical riifiirnfris or one of its varieties. The worker simalurana varies from 3-7.9 mm. in length, the female measures 12-12.5 mm. and the male only 4.4 mm. These extraordinary differences in stature are comparable to those previously noted by Forel (Philippine journ. sci., 1910, 5, p. 125) in V. ohlonga subsp. dispar, the worker of which measures 3.2 mm., the female 8 mm., the male 3.8 mm. Certainly the female of what I take to be the t\'pical rufitentris described above and that of the var. simalurana, which is merely somewhat larger and very slightly differ- ent in other respects, must be regarded as belonging to Vollenhovia. It is, moreover, closely related to I", sfriato punctata Mayr, known only from the female (9-10 mm. long), and considered by Emery as probably the female of V. ohlojiga subsp. laemthorax Emery (loc. cit., p. 406). In some species and subspecies of Vollenhovia, however, the female is only slightly larger than the worker, e.g., in V. emeryi Wheeler of Japan and in a Bornean subspecies of V. banksi Forel described below.

91a. Vollenhovia oblonga Smith var. rufescens Emery.

Vollenhovia rufescens Emery, Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1894, p. 69, ^ . Vollenhovia oblonga var. rufescens Emery, in Sarasin and Roux, Nova Cale- donia. Zool., 1914, 1, p. 406, S .

Type-locality: Pulo Laut, Borneo. Borneo (Coll. Emer}).

82 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

91b. Vollenhovia oblonga subsp. alluaudi Emery.

Vollenhovia alluaudi Emery, Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1894, p. 68, ^ .

Vollenhovia oblonga var. alluaudi Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1897, ser. 2, 18, p. 560, ^ .

Vollenhovia oblonga subsp. alluaudi Emery, in Sarasin and Roux, Nova Cale- donia. Zool., 1914, 1, p. 406; Forel, Trans. Linn. soc. London. Zool.j 1912, ser. 2, 15, p. 162, ^ 9 .

Type-locality: Seychelles. Borneo (Coll. Emery).

91c. Vollenhovia oblonga subsp. laevithorax Emery.

Vollenhovia laevithorax Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1889, ser. 2, 7, p. 501, ^ • Vollenhovia oblonga subsp. laevithorax Emery, in Sarasin and Roux, Nova Caledonia. Zool., 1914, 1, p. 406.

Type-locality: Tenasserim (L. Fea). Borneo (Coll. Emery).

*92. Vollenhovia hewitti, sp. nov. Worker. Length 2.4-2.6 mm.

^&'

Head rectangular, about -J longer than broad, with parallel sides and nearly straight posterior border. Eyes flattened, a little in front of the middle of the sides. Mandibles rather broad, their apical and basal borders meeting at a sharp right angle, the former with three large apical and a few minute and indistinct basal teeth. Cl3T)eus rather convex in the middle, strongly bicari- nate, its anterior border straight and entire. Frontal area small, semicircular, frontal carinae short. Antennal scapes reaching nearly to the posterior third of the head; funiculi with a 4-jointed club, joints 2-7 decidedly broader than long. Thorax rather long, narrower than the head, the pro- and mesonotum together longer than broad, with prominent humeri, somewhat flattened dorsally and laterally; mesoepinotal constriction narrow but distinct. Epino- tum from above a little longer than broad, distinctly narrower than the mesonotum, laterally compressed above in profile, with the base feebly rounded, and longer than the abrupt, concave declivity, which is slightly angulate but not dentate on each side above. Petiole narrow, twice as long as broad, as broad in front as behind, through the node nearly as high as long, the latter blunt and rounded, with subequal, slightly concave anterior and feebly convex posterior slope, the ventral surface anteriorly with a compressed, translucent

wheeler: the ants of borneo. S3

tooth. Postpetiole broader than the petiole, longer than broad, scarcely broader behind than in front, elliptical, with convex lateral and dorsal surfaces.

Shining; mandibles with a few minute, scattered punctures; head with the cheeks and anterior -g- above subopaque, longitudinally rugulose and sparsely serially punctate; occiput and lower surface coarsely and sparsely punctate and shining. Thorax above smooth, with small, scattered, piligerous punc- tures; sides of thorax subopaque and densely punctate; extreme base of first gastric segment sharply striate; remainder of body smooth and shining, with indistinct, scattered, piligerous punctures.

Hairs pale, sparse, of unequal length, erect or reclinate; on the appendages shorter and more appressed.

Dark castaneous brown; mandibles, tips of scapes, funiculi, trochanters, knees, tibiae and tarsi red.

Described from four specimens taken at Kuching (John Hewitt).

This species resembles V. ohloncja siibsp. laevithorax Emery in sculpture, but is much smaller, with narrower head, broader mandibles and longer petiole and postpetiole, and is quite different from any of the numerous other species of Vollenhovia recently described by Emery, Forel, and Viehmeyer. The genus is difficult, so that the limits of the subspecies and varieties are still to be established on the basis of much more material than has been collected heretofore.

*93a. Vollenhovia banksi Forel subsp. kuchingensis, subsp. nov. Worker,. Length 1.8-2 mm.

Differing from the typical form from the Philippines in its darker color, the body, femora, and tibiae being dark brown. The meso- epinotal impression is %asible, though very feeble ; the epinotum has a minute denticle on each side, the antennal scapes are a little shorter and the eyes a little further forward on the head.

Female (dealated). Length nearly 3 mm.

Resembling the worker, but the rugae on the head are coarser, more un- dulating, with finely punctate interrugal spaces. The thorax above is coarsely and rather densely punctate, the pronotum somewhat reticulatcly rugose, the mesonotum smooth in the middle in front, longitudinally rugulose behind, the mesopleurae rather smooth and shining in the middle. The epinotum is coarsely reticulately rugose, the concavity of the declivity transversely rugose; the petiole and postpetiole above coarsely foveolate. The tips of the anten- nal scapes reach onlj^ a little beyond the median transverse diameter of the head.

84 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Described from twelve workers and a single female from Kuehing (John Hewitt) taken "from an old fungus." I have compared the workers "with a couple of cotypes of hanksi received from the Manila Bureau of Science. Typc—M. C. Z. 8,949.

94. MoNOMORiuM FLORicoLA (Jerdon).

Atta floricola Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 107; Jerdon, Ann.

mag. nat. hist., 1854, ser. 2, 13, p. 49, y . Monomnrium specuhre Ma>T, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Wien, 1866, 53, p. 509, S . Monomorium floricola Emery, in Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 66.

Type-locality: Tellicherry, Southern India (Jerdon).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Several workers from Kuehing (John Hewitt).

95. MoNOMORiUM LATiNODE Mayr.

Monomorium latinode Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 152, ^ ; Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 459, y .

Type-locality: Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

_96. MoNOMORiUM PHARAONis (Linne) .

For the long synonymy of this cosmopolitan ant see Dalla Torre, Cat. Hy- menop., 1893, 7, p. 68.

Type-locality: Eg^ypt. *

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Numerous workers and dealated females from Kuehing, Matang, and Poi (John Hewitt).

*97. SoLENOPSis GEMiNATA (Fabricius) subsp. RUFA (Jerdon).

Atta rufa Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 106; Jerdon, Ann. mag.

nat. hist., 1854, ser. 2, 13, p. 48, Ql ^ 9 . Soleiiopsis geminata Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870, 20, p. 996 (part); Mayr, ibid., 1886, 36, p. 460 (part); Rothney, Trans. Ent. soc.

London, 1889, p. 365. S olenopsis geminata var. rufa Forel, Deutsch. ent. zeitsohr., 1909, p. 268.

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 85

Soleywpsis geminata race rufa Forel, Biol. Centr. Amer. Hymenop., 1899-1900, 3, p. 80.

Type-locality: Malabar, Southern India (Jerdon). Two workers and a male from Kuching (John Hewitt).

98. LoPHOMYRMEX BEDOTi Emery.

Lophomyrmex bedoti Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 189.3, 1, p. 192, ^ 9 .

Type-locality: Deli, Sumatra (Bedot and Pictet).

Pulo Laut, Borneo (Coll. Emery).

A single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt).

99. Pheidologeton affinis (Jerdon).

Oecodoma affinis Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 110, Ql ^ ;

Jerdon, Ann. mag. nat. hist., 18.54, ser. 2, 13, p. 51, 21 y . Pheidole affinis Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 174, ^ . Atta bellicosa Smith, ibid., p. 164, ^ . Solenopsis laboriosa Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1861, 6,

p. 48, y . .

Pheidologeton laboriosus Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. geseilsch. Wien, 1862, 12,

p. 750, y . Pheidologeton affinis Roger, Verzeich. formicid., 1863, p. 30. Solenopsis calida Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1863, 7, p. 22,

y. Pheidologeton bellicosum Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. geseilsch. Wien, 1886, 36, p. 360.

Type-locality: Malabar, Southern India (Jerdon).

Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Chaper).

A single worker media from Sarawak (Roland Thaxter).

100. Pheidologeton diversus (Jerdon).

Oecodoma diversus Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 109, S ; Jerdon,

Ann. mag. nat. hist., 1854, ser. 2, 13, p. 51, ^ . Pheidole diversa Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 174, ^ . Pheidole ocellifera Smith, ibid., p. 174, Ql . Pheidole pabulator Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool. 1861, 5,

p. 112, y .

86 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Pheidologeton ocelliferus Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12,

p. 750 Ql, pi. 19, fig. 13. Pheidologeton megacephalus Roger, Verzeich. forraicid., 1863, p. 30 Ql . Pheidologeton diversus Roger, ibid., p. 30.

Pheidologeton ocellifer Mayr, Reise Novara. Zool., 2. Formicid., 1865, p. 103. Pheidologeton pabulator Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien., 1886, 36.

p. 362. Pheidole megacephalotes Dalla Torre, Wien. ent. zeit., 1892, 11, p. 90.

Type-locality: Wynaad, Southern India (Jerdon). Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Chaper).

101. Dilobocondyla borneensis Wheeler.

Dilobocondyla borneensis Wheeler, Proc. New Engl. zool. club, 1916, 6, p. 12, g , fig. 2.

Type-locality: Bongo Mt., Sarawak, Borneo (John Hewitt).

102. Pristomyrmex trachylissus (Smith).

Myrmica (Monomorium) trachylissa Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858,

6, p. 126, 9 . Pristomyrmex trachylissa Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1886, 36,

p. 359. Pristomyrmex trachylissus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 62.

Type-locality: Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

103. Myrmecina undulata Emery.

Myrmecina undulata Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 678,

y 9.

Type-locality: Si Rambe, Sumatra (E. Modigliani). Pulo Laut, Borneo (Coll. Emery).

*104. Acanthomyrmex dyak, sp. nov.

Soldier. Length 5 mm.

Head very large, convex above, overlapping the thorax nearly to the meso- epinotal constriction, subrectangular, a little longer than broad, with rather

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 87

straight, subparallel sides, bilobed behind, owing to the deep, angular occipital incision, which is continued into a deep occipital and frontal groove all the way to the frontal area. Eyes small, moderately convex, elongate elliptical at the anterior third of the head. Mandibles very large and convex, with very broad, straight, edentate apical and very concave basal borders. Clypeus depressed on the sides and behind, convex and roof -like, but not carinate in the middle in front, where it projects over the proximal ends of the apical mandibular borders as a short lobe, with straight margin and indistinctly dentate corners. Frontal area rather distinct, triangular. Frontal carinae strongly diverging behind, each bordering a deep narrow scrobe for the antennal scape, running down obliquely to the side of the head a little behind and above the eye. At this point it turns sharply at an angle to form a short scrobe for the base of the funiculus, running forward just above the eye and merging anteriorly into an interrugal space. Antennae slender, the scapes curved and flattened but not dilated at the base. Funiculi with a 3-jointed club, shorter than the remainder of the funiculus; -joints 2-8 as long as broad. Thorax short, less than half as broad as the head; pro- and mesonotum rather de- pressed dorsally where they are covered by the posterior portion of the head; pronotum without spines. Mesoepinotal constriction not very pronounced. Epinotum very short, its base much shorter than the vertical declivity; the spines very long, slightly curved downward, thick at the base, strongly tapering at the tips, diverging outward, backward and upward, much longer than their distance apart at the base. Metasternal angles small, acute, directed upward. Petiole from above nearly twice as long as broad, a little broader behind than in front, with concave sides and narrow node, armed with two upwardly directed acute spines, the space between which is semicircular; anterior surface of the node long and concave, the posterior straight and abrupt. Postpetiole a little broader than the petiole and a little broader than long, very convex dorsally and rounded on the sides. Gaster only about ^ as large as the head, subcircular, flattened, with straight anterior border. Femora thickened in the middle, tibiae somewhat clavate.

Rather shining; mandibles smooth, with very fine, widely scattered punc- tures. Clypeus smooth and shining. Head covered with umbilicate piliger- ous foveolae, elongate on the gular surface, on the space between the frontal carinae interspersed with strong, diverging longitudinal rugae; cheeks coarsely, longitudinally rugose, space enclosed by the two limbs of the scrobes coarsely reticulate-rugose; the scrobes smooth and shining, not transversely rugose. Thorax coarsely and reticulately rugose; epinotal declivity between the spines and the whole petiole smooth and shining; postpetiole coarsely and indis- tinctly rugose above, subopaque. Gaster smooth and shining.

Hairs pale grayish, short, erect, blunt, but not thick, sparse, covering the scapes and legs including the funiculi and tarsi as well as the body, more abundant on the gaster; on the antennal scapes, most numerous on the anterior surface; on the legs, most numerous on the extensor surfaces.

Deep ferruginous brown; mandibles, antennae, legs, epinotal spines, and peduncle of petiole deep red; gaster and borders of mandibles blackish.

88 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Worker. Length 3.5 mm.

Head much smaller than in the soldier, as broad as long, rather rectangular, with straight posterior boi'der and feebly convex sides. Eyes small, but very convex, hemispherical, distinctly behind the middle of the head. Mandibles large, shaped somewhat as in the soldier, but with much less convex external borders, with 2 or 3 apical and several minute, widely spaced basal teeth. Clypeus moderately convex, with nearly straight anterior border. Frontal area large, flat, triangular. Antennal scrobes short, limited to a groove for the base of the scapes between the prominent rugae. Antennal scapes straight, not flattened at the base, extending about ^ their length beyond the posterior corners of the head. Funiculi also longer than in the soldier, with all the joints longer than broad. Thorax shaped much as in the soldier, but the pronotum with a pair of very long, straight, pointed spines, directed upward and outward, distinctly longer than the similarly directed spines on the epino- tum. The latter, however, are bent slightly backwards at a feeble angle just beyond the middle. Shape of petiole, postpetiole, and gaster much as in the soldier, but the spines on the petiole are less spreading and more erect, more slender, and acute.

Sculpture of thorax like that of the soldier; mandibles and clypeus smooth, the anterior border of the latter with short, coarse rugae, the head very coarsely longitudinally rugose, the rugae connected by transverse rugules. Antennal scrobes shining, feebly punctate, transversely rugulose anteriorly. Petiole postpetiole and gaster smooth and shining.

Pilosity and color much like those of the soldier, except that the mandibles are more yellowish and without dark borders.

Described from a single soldier and two workers taken by Mr. John Hewdtt at Kuehing.

This species seems to be very close to A. for ox Emery, based on a worker specimen from Perak. I am, however, unable to make Emery's description of the sculpture of the head and thorax accord mth that of the Bornean form. At any rate his words " f oveolis piligeris confertis sculptum" do not seem to me to describe the conditions in my speci- mens. Moreover, he gives the length of his specimen as about 4.5 mm. and describes the two pairs of thoracic spines as equal (" thorax spinis cjuatuor subrectis, aequalibus armatus"), and the postpetiole as " sublaevis," whereas it is very smooth and shining in dyak. The ants of the genus Acanthomyrmex seem to be very rare. No one has taken A. notahilis since it was described by Smith, and Bingham in the Fauna of British India merely translates Emery's description of A. luciolae of Ceylon. Emery has recently based another species, A. kochi, from New' Guinea (Nova Guinea, 9, Zool., 1911, 2, p. 252) on a

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 89

single worker specimen. It is very small (2.2 mm.), ferruginous yellow, with the spines more curved and more nearly horizontal than in the other species.

*105. ACANTHOMYRMEX DUSUN, Sp. nOV.

Soldier. Length 3.6 mm.

Head very large, extending back over the thorax to the mesoepinotal con- ■striction, subrectangular, a httle longer than broad, with straight, parallel sides in front and rounded posterior corners, or lobes, separated by an angular occipital incision continuous with a deep occipital and frontal groove, running forward to the clypeus. In profile the dorsal surface of the head is convex and rounded, but distinctly depressed in the middle just in front of the occi- pital border. Eyes small, elongate elliptical, rather convex, at the anterior fourth of the sides. Clypeus, mandibles, and antennal scrobes shaped much as in dyak, but the frontal carinae which border them much more diverging behind and the frontal area obsolete. Antennae also very similar, but joints 2 and 3 more transverse and joints 4-8 as long as broad. Thorax short, the epinotal spines very long, stout at the base, tapering and pointed at the tips, strongly curved backward and downward and somewhat outward. Petiole fully twice as long as broad, its anteroposteriorly compressed node narrowed above, without spines, but with its rather sharp, transverse margin angularly ex- cised. Postpetiole regularly rectangular, broader than long, broader than the petiole, rather flat above. Gaster about J as large as the head, excluding the mandibles, nearly circular, with rather straight anterior border. Femora thickened in the middle, tibiae clavate.

Shining; mandibles and clypeus smooth, the former sparsely and finely punctate, the latter without rugosities along its anterior border. Head covered rather uniformly with sparse, punctate foveolae, the triangular space between the two limbs of each scrobe very coarsely reticulate-rugose, the space between the frontal carinae finely, but not uniformly, longitudinally striate, the scrobes transversely striolate. Thorax and postpetiole very coarsely reticulate-rugose, epinotal declivity between the spines, the petiole and gaster very smooth and shining.

Pilosity much as in dyak, but the hairs longer and more delicate, though blunt, and somewhat more numerous on the head, forming an even row along the anterior border of the antennal scapes and more numerous on the extensor than on the flexor surfaces of the legs.

Brownish ferruginous; mandibles, antennae, and legs deep red; petiolar node, postpetiole, and gaster black.

Described from a single specimen taken on Mt. Matang, West Sarawak by Mr. G. E. Bryant and sent me by Mr. Horace Donis- thorpe.

90 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

This species is certainly very different from dyak and luciolae, but seems to be closely related to Smith's notabilis described from the island of Batjan. Judging from Smith's figure and description, however, dusun has a smaller and longer head and more curved epinotal spines. My specimen seems to be too small to be the soldier of Emery's jcrox.

106. Calyptomyrmex emeryi Forel. Calyptomyrmex emeryi Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. 51,

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland). Female. Length 4.5 mm.

Very similar to the worker. Thorax narrower than the head only slightly longer than broad; mesonotum somewhat flattened above, subtriangular, fully as broad as long; scutellum longitudinally impressed in the middle, overhanging the extremely short, vertical epinotum. Both the mesonotum and scutellum coarsely reticulate-rugose. Wings with well-developed discoidal cell, large pterostigma and single cubital cell, the membranes uniformly brownish hyaline, the veins and pterostigma darker brown.

A single specimen from Kuching (John Hewitt), which has been compared wdth a worker cotype in my collection.

107. Meranoplus castaneus Smith.

Meranophis castaneus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 81, 9 , pi. 2, fig. 7; Forel, Zool. jahrb. Suppl., 1912, 15, p. 61.

Meranoplus cordatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 82, ^ , pi. 2, fig. 5; Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 155, ^ ; Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 470, S .

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

108. Meranoplus mucronatus Smith.

Meranoplus mucronatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 82, S , pi. 2, fig. 6; Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 84, g .

Type-locality: Mt. Ophir, Malacca (A. R. Wallace). Borneo.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 91

*109. Tetramorium curtulum Emery.

Tciramorium curtuJum Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1894, ser. 2, 14, p. 22,

Typc-locolity: Pcalon, Biirmah (L. Fea).

A single worker from Mt. Matang, West Sarawak (G. E. Bryant), received from Mr. Donisthorpe.

*110. Tetramorium simillimum (Smith).

Myrmica simiUima (Xylander) Smith, List. Brit. anim. Brit, mus., 1851, 6,

Acul. p. 118, ^ / Tetrogmus caldarms Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1857, 1, p. 12, ^ 9 . Myrmica (Leptothorax) simillima Smith, Cat. Brit. foss. Hymenop., 1858,

p.31, y. Myrmica caldaria Meinert, Naturv. afh. Dansk. vid. selsk., 1860, ser. 5, 5,

p. 334, S 9 cT. Tetramorium simillimum Mayr, Em-op. Formicid., 1861, p. 61, 9 .

Type-locality: Dorsetshire, England, in a hot-house (Dale). Four workers from Sarawak (Roland Thaxter).

111. Tetramorium pacificum Mayr.

Tetramorium pacificum Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870, 20, p. 972, 976, y 9.

Type-locality: Tongatabu, Friendly Islands (Museum Godeffroy). Kapouas Basin, Borneo (diaper); Tandjong (Fritz Suck).

112. Tetramorium scabrum Mayr.

Tetramorium scabrum Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1878, 28, p. 672, y .

Type-locality: Borneo (Museum of Pest).

A single worker from Bongo Mt., Sarawak (Hewitt and Brooks).

113. Tetramorium guineense (Fabricius).

For the synonj'my of this common tropicopolitan ant see Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop. 1893, 7, p. 133.

92 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Type-locality: Guinea (Dr. Isert).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet); Kapouas Basin (Chaper).

Several workers and a female from Kuching (John Hewitt).

114. Triglyphothrix parvispina Emery.

Triglyphothrix 'parvispina Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 214, ^ . Type-locality: Pulo Laut, Borneo.

*115. Triglyphothrix striatidens (Emery).

Tetramorium obesum st. striatidens Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1889, ser.

2, 7, p. 501, y . Triglyphothrix obesus st. striatidens Emery, E.xplor. sci. Tunisie. Fourmis,

1891, p. 4. Triglyphothrix striatidens Dalla Torre, Cat. H3^menop., 1893, 7, p. 136.

Type-locality: Bhamo, Burmah (L. Fea).

A worker and female from Kuching f John Hewitt) and a worker from Sarawak (Roland Thaxter).

116. Cataulacus brookei Forel.

Cataulacus brookei Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1901, 45, p. 378, ^ 9 c?. Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

117. Cataulacus granulatus (Latreille).

Formica gramdata Latreille, Hist. nat. fourmis, 1802, p. 275, ^ , pi. 12, fig. 75. Cryptocerus granulatus Lepeletier, Hist. nat. ins. hymenop. 1836, 1, p. 171. Cataulacus granulatus Smith, Trans. Ent. soc. London, 1854, ser. 2, 2, p. 226. Cataulacus reticulatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 81, y , pi. 2, fig. 8.

Type-locality: "Grandes-Indes." Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 93

117a. Cataulacus granulatus subsp. hispidus Smith.

Caiaulacus hispidus Smith, Trans. Ent. soc. London, 1876, p. 611, ^ , pi. 11,

fig. 11. Cataulacus granulatus subsp. hispidus Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 24,

Type-locality: Singapore.

Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

A single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt),

118. Cataulacus hispidulus Smith.

Cataulacus hispidulus Smith, Jouj'n. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1864, S,

p. 76, y , pi. 4, fig. 7; Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 155 ;

Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 5, p. 470, ^ ; Em. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool.

France, 1892, 5, p. 55, ^ . Cataulacus granulatus var. hispidtdus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7,

p. 138.

Type-locality: Sumatra (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beeeari), Kapouas Basin (Chaper). Four workers from Kuching (John Hewitt) and one from Bongo Mt. (Hewitt and Brooks).

119. Cataulacus horridus Smith.

Cataulacus horridus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 81, y , pi. 2, fig. 3; Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 216.

Cataulacus insularis Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 80, &, pi. 2, fig. 4.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

Three workers and six males from Kuching (John Hewitt). The males agree very closely with Smith's description of his C. insularis, except in having the gaster entirely black, so that I regard insularis as a synonjon of horridus. He describes the gaster of his specimen as reddish at the base, a condition probably due to immaturity.

120. Cataulacus praetextus Smith.

Cataidacus praetextus Smith, Trans. Ent. soc. London, 1867, ser. 3, 5, p. 528, ^ , pi. 26, fig. 5.

94 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Type-locality: Borneo.

I refer a female specimen from Kuching (John Hewitt) to this species.

*121. Cataulacus latissimus Emery.

Cataulacus latissimus Emery, Rev. Suisse zooL, 1893, 1, p. 21,5, S , pi. 8, fig. 10.

Type-locality: Perak (Bedot and Pictet). Two workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

*122. Strumigenys indagatrix, sp. nov.

Worker. Length 1.7 mm.

Slender; head flattened, If times as long as broad, with semicircularly excised posterior border, narrowed at the eyes, the portion anterior to the antennal insertions as long as broad; eyes moderately large and convex. Mandibles about half as long as the head, straight, slender, slightly narrowed at their insertions, with straight, parallel borders, a pair of long, acute, subequal apical teeth and a spiniform preapical tooth of the same shape but somewhat shorter. Clypeus as long as broad, flat, with entire anterior border. An- tennae slender; the scapes reaching nearly to the posterior fifth of the head; last funicular joint longer than the remainder of the funiculus; joints 2 and 3 subequal, small, not longer than broad, fourth joint a little longer than the first, about twice as long as the second and third together. Thorax narrow, the profile outline of the pronotum feebly convex, rising to the mesonotum, ■which is the highest part of the thorax, and descending gradually to the long epinotum, the base of which is nearly straight in profile and fully If times as long as the declivity. The spines are rather long and slender, but indistinct, as each is embedded in a spongiform plate continued down the side of the declivity. Petiole and postpetiole with large spongiform masses on the sides and ventrally, so that only the dorsal surfaces are exposed. Gaster but little broader than its straight, transverse, anterior border. Legs slender.

Mandibles, gaster, and dorsal surface of postpetiole smooth and shining; head, thorax, petiole, legs, and antennae opaque, densely and regularly punctate, the head a little more coarsely than the thoracic dorsum, the appendages very finely. Extreme base of gaster longitudinally rugose.

Hairs yellowish, sparse, rather long, especially at the tip of the gaster, erect or suberect, shorter and blunter on the head, on the cljqieus and anterior border of the scape curved but pointed, nonclavate. Legs with very short, subappressed hairs.

Yellowish ferruginous; mandibles and legs paler.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 95

Described from two specimens taken by Mr. John Hewitt at Kuch- ing.

In the shape of the head, mandibles, and antennae this species approaches S. viocsaryi Emery of Papuasia, but the mandibles are decidedly shorter and the pilosity and arrangement of the spongiform appendages of the petiole are very different. The Bornean species is also related to four Javanese species recently described by Forel {S. kraepelini, koningsbergi, signcae, and ehhae), but is smaller than any of them. It can be readily distinguished from kraepelini and ko7iings- bergi by the well-developed, spiniform, preapical tooth of the mandi- bles. S. signeae possesses a translucent inner border to the mandibles and an emarginate clypeus and in cbbae the preapical tooth is only slightly longer than broad, the antennal scapes are shorter, the first funicular joint not longer than broad, the hairs are club-shaped and the color is deep ferruginous.

*123. Strumigenys bryanti, sp. nov.

Female. Length, 4.8 mm.

Slender; head fully If times as long as broad, its posterior border deeply and semicircularly excised, the sides gradually converging to the rather large, convex eyes, the preocular portion 1 § times as long as broad, with subparallel sides; vertex very feebly convex, the posterior lobes depressed and flattened. Mandibles fully | as long as the head, straight, flattened, with parallel borders, very slightly narrowed at their insertions, sinuately excised at the inner border just back of the two strong, subequal, spiniform, apical teeth. Preapical tooth absent. Clypeus flattened, as long as broad, its anterior border entire. Antennae very slender; scapes reaching to the posterior fourth of the head; last funicular joint much shorter than the remainder of the funiculus and some- what longer than the preceding joint, joints 2 and 3 subequal, as long as broad, together a little more than half as long as the first joint. Thorax distinctly narrower than the head, a little more than twice as long as broad, very high and convex in the region of the mesonotum and scutellum, the epinotum low with short horizontal base and long vertical declivity, meeting it at a right angle; spines reduced to rectangular flat teeth, each continued as a trans- lucent, spongiform plate down the side of the declivity. Petiole three times as long as broad, broader behind than in front, with straight sides, the node low and rounded, in profile gradually passing into the peduncle, its posterior border with spongiform appendages and its ventral surface behind with a median spongiform lamella. Postpetiole subcircular, as long as broad, broader than the petiolar node, only its dorsal surface exposed, the remainder embedded in spongiform material, with a long, flat plate of the same substance

96 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

depending from its midventral line. Gaster small, narrow and straight in front, its antero ventral surface with a broad mass of spongiform material. Legs long and slender. Wings with small pterostigma and almost no veins.

Opaque; mandibles and gaster shining; the gaster longitudinally rugose and reticulate at the base. Remainder of body densely and finely punctate, rugulose, the posterior lobes of the head regularly and more coarsely, the appendages more finely punctate.

Hairs pale yellow; very long, sparse, erect, slender, and pointed, quite as long and conspicuous on the legs as on the body; antennal scapes with short curved, subappressed, pointed hairs, not arranged in a regular row. Head, clypeus, and thorax also with numerous short, appressed, simple hairs, repre- senting a long, dilute pubescence.

Ferruginous brown; mandibles, antennae, legs, and base and tip of gaster paler and more yellowish. Wings yellowish hyaline with dark brown ptero- stigma.

Described from a single specimen taken by Mr. G. E. Bryant on Mt. Matang, West Sarawak and sent me by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe.

In size, in the general shape of the body and its extraordinary pilosity, this species is most closely related to S. doriae Emery, de- scribed from a worker specimen taken in Amboina. This form, how- ever, has more slender and cylindrical mandibles, so that the Bornean specimen can hardly be the cospecific female.

*124. Rhopalothrix borneensis, sp. nov.

Female (dealated). Length, 3.5 mm.

Resembling Rh. procera Emery, but smaller and the emarginations of the sides of the head at the eyes and antennal insertions deeper and more sinuous and the border just behind the ej'es forming a rounded, rather flattened lobe. The clypeus is distinctly longer, its median portion being prolonged further posteriorly. Thorax decidedly narrower than the head, the pronotum later- ally compressed, deeply and angularly excised behind. Mesonotum flattened above, grooved in the middle, but not carinate anteriorly. Scutellum and epinotum very small, the former gibbous, overhanging the latter, which has a pair of acute, flattened teeth as long as broad at their bases. Petiolar node subrectangular when seen from above, as long as broad; feebly longitudinally impressed in the middle. Postpetiole 2h times as broad as the petiole, much broader than long, with broadly concave anterior and broadly convex posterior border, the dorsal surface with a feeble median sulcus in front and a large round impression behind. Gaster with a faint median sulcus.

Opaque; densely and finely punctate-rugulose; gaster and postpetiole evenly punctate; antennal scrobes and mesopleurae shining.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 97

Head, legs, and dorsal surface of body covered with dirty white, flattened, appressed, scale-like hairs, fine and numerous on the clypeus and mandibles, long and conspicuous on the external borders of the antennal scapes, tibiae, and tarsi, absent on the pleurae and lateral surfaces of the coxae.

Ferruginous brown; appendages scarcely paler.

Described from a single specimen taken by Mr. John Hewitt at Kuching in 1908 "in an old fungus."

Additional material may show that this is merely a small subspecies of Rh. yroccra Emery of New Guinea. The female of this form measures 5 mm. and has the petiolar node broader than long. Rh. borneensis seems also to be more opaque than procera, but Emery's description of the female is very brief.

DOLICHODERINAE.

125. DoLiCHODERUs (Hypoclinea) bituberculatus (Mayr).

Hypoclinea bituberculata Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien., 1862, 12,

p. 705, ^ . Dolichoderus bituberculatus Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 4,

p. 254, y 9 . Hypoclinea sellaris Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1863, 7, p. 168, 213, ^ . Dolichoderus {Hypoclinea) bituberculatus Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 10.

Type-locality: Luzon Island, Philippines.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet); Kapouas Basin (Chaper); Bandjermassin (Fritz Suck).

Numerous workers from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw) and from Serambu Mt., Sarawak (H. W. Smith). A dealated female and five workers from Kuching (John Hewitt) are of a more reddish color.

12oa. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) bituberculatus var. borne-

ONENSis (Roger).

Hypoclinea sellaris var. borneonensis Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1863, 7, p. 214, S .

Type-locality: Borneo. •

126. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) coniger Mayr.

Hypoclinea conigera Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870, 20, p. 956, g . Dolichoderus {Hypoclinea) coniger Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 13.

98 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccarl).

A single worker from Mt. Matang, West Sarawak (John Hewitt).

127. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) cuspidatus (Smith).

Polyrhachis cuspidatus Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857,

2, p. 63, S . Hypoclinea cuspidMa Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870, 20,

p. 955, ^ . Dolichoderus cuspidatus Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 4,

p. 2.56, ^ . Dolichoderus {Hypoclinea) cuspidatus Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 13.

Type locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Several workers from Mt. Matang and the Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

128. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) patens (Mayr).

Hypoclinea patens Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870, 20, p. 957, S . Dolichoderus patens Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 4, p. 254. Dolichoderus {Hypoclinea) patens Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 14.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

129. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) semirugosus (Mayr).

Hypoclinea semirugosa Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870, 20,

p. 956, y . Dolichoderus semirugosus Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 4,

p. 254, ^ . Dolichoderus {Hypoclinea) semirugosus Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912,

p. 14.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

130. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) sulcaticeps (Mayr).

Hypoclinea sulcaticeps Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870, 20,

p. 957, y . Dolichoderus sulcaticeps Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 4,

p. 254, ^ . Dolichoderus {Hypoclinea) sulcaticeps Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 14.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 99

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari). Several workers from Sadong, Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

*131. DoLiCHODERUs (Hypoclinea) taprobanae (Smith).

Formica taprobane Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 13, 9 . Dolichoderus taprobanae MajT, Verh. Zool. hot. gesellsch. Wien, 1886, 36, p. 353. Hypocli7iea gracilis Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. nat. Moscou, 1863, 36, p. 14, ^ . Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) taprobanae Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 14.

Type-locality: Ceylon.

Two workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

131a. Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) taprobanae (Smith) var.

borneensis Forel.

Dolichoderus taprobanae var. borneensis Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 46, y .

Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) taprobanae var. borneensis Emery, Gen. Ins. Doli- chod., 1912, p. 14.

Type-locality: Hayvep, Borneo (Winkler).

132. Iridomyrmex anceps (Roger).

Formica anceps Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1863, 7, p. 164, S . Iridomyrmex excisus Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 77, § 9 , pi. 2, fig. 8. Hypoclinea (Iridomyrmex) excisa Mayr, Verh. Zool. hot. gesellsch. Wien, 1870,

20, p. 959, y . Irvlomyrmex anceps Emery in Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 169;

Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 23.

Type-locality: Malacca.

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Several workers and three females from Kuching (John Hewitt).

133a. Iridomyrmex cordatus (Smith) subsp. protensus Forel.

Iridomyrmex cordatus subsp. protensus Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 47, y 9 d'; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 24.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland).

100 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

*134a. Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae Emery.

Iridomyrmez cordatus var. myrmecodiae Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887,

ser. 2, 4, p. 249, U . Iridomyrmex myrmecodiae Emery, ibid., 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 694; Emery, Gen.

Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 25.

Type-locality: Java.

Numerous workers from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw) and a dealated female and two workers from Kuching (John Hewitt), found nesting in the rootstoeks of a fern {Polypodium sinuosus sinuosus).

135. Tapinoma flavidum Em. Andre.

Tapinoma flavidum Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 51, ^ ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 41.

Type-locality: Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Chaper).

136. Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabrieius).

Formica melanoccphala Fabrieius, Ent. syst., 1793, 2, p. .353, 9 .

Lasius melanocephalus Fabrieius, Sj^st. Piez., 1804, p. 417.

Myrmica melanoccphala Lepeletier, Hist. nat. ins. hymenop., 1836, 1, p. 185.

Formica nana Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 125, ^ .

Micromyrma melanocephnla Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1862, 6, p. 258, ^ 9 .

Myrmica pellucida Smith, Journ. Froc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

■ p. 71, y . Formica familiaris Smith, ibid., Suppl., 1860, 4, p. 96 {nee. ibid., p. 68, 9). Tapinoma melanocephalum Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12, p. 651; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 41.

Type-locality: Cayenne (Coll. Bosc.). Kapouas Basin (Chaper).

*137. Tapinoma indicum Forel.

Tapinoma melanocephalum var. Mayr, Termesz. fiizetek., 1897, 20, p. 432, y . Tapinoma indicum Forel, Journ. Bombay nat. hist, soc, 1895, 9, p. 472, y ;

Bingham, Fauna Brit. India. Hymenop., 1903, 2, p. 304, ^ ; Emery,

Gen. Ins. DoHchod., 1912, p. 41.

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 101

Ta'pinoma melanocephahim subsp. indicum Forel, Notes Leyden mus., 1911, 33, p. 206.

Type-locality: Poona, India (Wroughton). Several workers from Sarawak (Roland Thaxter).

138. Technomyrmex albipes (Smith).

Formica (Tapinoma) albipes Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool.,

1861, 6, p. 38, S . Tapinoma albipes Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 147; Emery,

ibid., 1887, ser. 2, 4, p. 249. Technomyrmex albipes Emery, Zeitschr. wiss. zool., 1888,. 46, p. 392; Emery,

Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 43.

Type-localiiy: Tondano, Celebes (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Kapouas Basin (Cliaper). Several workers from Sarawak (H. W. Smith) and one from Kuching (John Hewitt).

139. Technomyrmex strenuus Mayr.

Technomyrmex strenua Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 147, S 9 . Technomyrviex strenuus Emery, ibid., 1887, ser. -2, 4, p. 248, y ; Emery, Gen. Ins. Dolichod., 1912, p. 44, g 9 , pi. 1, fig. 20, 20b.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

Sarawak (Haviland).

Four workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

Camponotinae.

140. Myrmoteras donisthorpei Wheeler.

Myrmoteras donisthorpei Wheeler, Proc. New Eng. zool. club, 1916, 6, p. 14, 9 , fig. 3.

Type-locality: Mt. Matang, West Sarawak (G. E. Bryant).

141. Plagiolepis (Anoplolepis) longipes (Jerdon),

Formica longipes Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 122, ^ . Formica gracilipes Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 55, y .

102 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Formica trifasciata Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 27, 9 . Prenolepis gracilipes Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch., Wien, 1862, 12, p. 698. Plagiolepis gracilipes Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 73, ^ 9 . Plagiolepis longipes Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1887, ser. 2, 4, p. 247. Plagiolepis (Anoplolepis) longipes Forel, Tijdschr. ent., 1915, 58, p. 34.

Type-locality: India (Jerdon).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet); Kapouas Basin (Chaper).

Numerous workers from Sandakan, Sadong and Mt. Matang, Sarawak (H. W. Smith), British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw) and Kuching (John Hewitt).

142. Aphomomyrmex andrei (Emery).

Dimorphomyrmex andrei Emery, Ann. Sac. ent. France, 1894, p. 73, 9 . Aphomomijrmex andrei Emery, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1899, 43, p. 894, 9 I Wheeler, Psyche, 1910, 17, p. 132, 9 .

Type-locality: Pulo Laut, Borneo.

143. Aphomomyrmex hewitti Wheeler. Aphomomyrmex hewitti Wheeler, Psyche, 1910, 17, p. 132, ^ 9, fig. 1.

Type-locality: Bidi, Borneo (John Hewitt).

144. Gesomyrmex chaperi Ern. Andre.

Gesomyrmex chaperi Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 47, ^ . fig. 1-3.

Type-locality: Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Chaper).

145. Dimorphomyrmex janeti Enr. Andre.

Dimorphomyrmex janeti Ern. Andre, Mem. Soc. zool. France, 1892, 5, p. 51, ^ , fig. 4, 5; Wheeler, Psyche, 1910, 17, p. 132, g .

Type-locality: Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Chaper).

wheeler: the ants of borneo. 103

*146. Prenolepis jerdoni Emery.

Prenolepis jerdoni Emery, Rev. Suisse zooL, 1893, 1, p. 223, ^ , pi. 8, fig. 20.

Type-locality: Perak.

Three workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

*147. Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis (Latreille).

Formica longicornis L&treiWe, Hist. nat. fourmis, 1802, p. 113, S . Formica vagans Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 124, ^ 9 . Formica {Tapinoma) gracilescens Nylander, Ann. sci. nat. ZooL, 1856, ser. 4,

5, p. 73, ^ , pi. 3, fig. 20. Formica gracilescens Nylander, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1856, ser. 3, 4, Bull.,

p. XXVIII, S . Tapinoma gracilescens Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 56. Prenolepis gracilescens Mayr, Verb. ZooL bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12, p. 698. Paratrechia currens Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. nat. Moscou, 1863, 36, p. 14. Prenolepis longicornis Roger, Verzeichn. formicid., 1863, p. 10. Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis Santschi, Voy. Allmand et Jeamel Afr.

Orient. Formicid., 1914, p. 127, ^ .

Type-locality: Senegal (Bosc.).

Seven workers from Sarawak (Roland Thaxter).

148. Prenolepis (Nylanderia) obscura Mayr.

Prenolepis obscura Mayr, Verh. ZooL bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12, p. 698,

g 9.

Type-locality: Sydney, New South Wales (Novara Expedition). Kapouas Basin, Borneo (Chaper).

*149. Prenolepis (Nylanderia) kraepelini Forel.

Prenolepis kraepelini Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1905, 22, p. 24,

y 9 cf.

Type-locality: Buitenzorg, Java (Kraepelin).

Two workers from Kuching (John Hewtt), "nesting in fungus," and one from Sarawak (Roland Thaxter). Another worker from Mt. Matang (G. E. Bryant) appears to belong to the same species but is considerably larger (2.6 mm.).

104 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

150a. Prenolepis (Nylanderia) butteli Forel subsp. bryantI

Forel.

Prenolepis {Nylanderia) hutteli Forel subsp. bryanti Forel, Rev. Suisse zool. 1916, 24, p. 439, ^ .

Type-locality: Mt. Matang, West Sarawak (G. E. Bryant). Worker. Length 1.5 mm.

Head subrectangular, as broad as long, nearly as broad in front as behind with rounded sides and posterior corners and feebly convex posterior border. Eyes moderatel}^ large, flat, just behind the middle of the sides. Mandibles narrow, with straight external and short, minutely 5-toothed apical borders. Clypeus very convex, but not carinate, its anterior border entire and rounded. Frontal carinae short, as far apart as their distance from the sides of the head. Antennae slender, scapes extending about ^ their length beyond the occipital border of the head; second funicular joint small, broader than long, joints 3-6 a little longer than broad. Thorax short, with distinct promesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures, very feeble and short mesoepinotal constriction, the pro- and mesonotum rather flat ; the epinotum with very short and transverse, feebly convex base, passing rapidly into the long sloping declivity. Petiole with very short, low node, a mere anteriorly directed projection at the anterior end of the segment, much as in some species of Tapinoma. Gaster with the first segment concave in front and lying over the petiole.

Head and thorax subopaque; mandibles, legs, antennae, and gaster more shining; mandibles sparsely and finely punctate; the head, thorax, and gaster distinctly shagreened, the gaster transversely.

Hairs dark brown, coarse, sparse, erect, blunt, except on the anterior portion of the head; body without, antennae and legs with extremely short, appressed, whitish pubescence.

Castaneous brown; head, thorax, and gaster with pronounced metallic reflections, the head and pronotum more blue, the gaster and remainder of the thorax more violet. Mandibles, antennae, tarsi, middle and hind tibiaef knees, and ends of tibiae of fore legs, and tips of hind femora whitish yellow.

A single specimen from Sarawak, received from Prof. Roland Thaxter.

Forel's description is very brief and is hidden away in the midst of a paper devoted to Congolese ants!

151. Pseudolasius mayri Emery.

Lasius familiaris Mayr, Reiss Novara. Zool., 2. Formicid., 186.5, p. 55, 9 {nee Smith).

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 105

Pseudolasiiis familiaris Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1887, ser. 2, 4, p. 245,

nota, ^ {nee Smith nee 9 ). Pseudolasiiis mayri Emery, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1911, 55, p. 215, § 9 cf.

Type-locality: Buitenzorg, Java. Sarawak (Coll. Emery).

151a. Pseudolasius mayri var. sarawakanus Forel.

Pseudolasius mayri var. sarawakana Forel, Zool. jahrb. Syst., 1913, 36, p. 107 nota, 9 d'.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Ha\aland).

152. Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius).

Formica smaragdina Fabricius, Syst. ent., 1775, p. 828, 9 .

Formica maera Guerin, Duperry Voy. Coquille. Zool., 1830, 2, p. 202, ^ ,

pi. 8, fig. 1. Formica zonata Guerin, ibid., p. 205, 9 . Oecophylla smaragdina Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool. Suppl.,

1860, 4, p. 102, ^ .

Type-locality: India (Edier).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet; A. R. Wallace).

Numerous workers from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw); and a deiilated female and workers from Kuching and Sadong (H. W. Smith).

153. Calomyrmex laevissimus (Smith).

Formica laevissima Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1859, 3,

p. 138, y .

Camponotus laevissimus Mayr, Tijdschr. ent., 1867, 10, p. 39, ^ , pi. 2, fig. 1. Colobopsis levissima Roger, Verzeich.-- formicid., 1863, p. 10. Calomyrmex laevissimus Emery, Mem. R. accad. sci. Bologna, 1896, 1895-1896, ser. 5, 5, p. 776.

Type-locality: Aru (A. R. Wallace). Borneo {teste Roger).

154. Camponotus (Dinomyrmex) gigas (Latreille).

Formica gigas Latreille, Hist. nat. fourmis, 1802, p. 105, 9 , pi. 2, fig. 6. Camponotus gigas Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12, p. 669, S . Camponotus {Dinomyrmex) gigas Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 268.

106 bulletin: mi'seum of comparative zoology.

Type-locality: "Grandes-Indes" (Riche).

Several workers from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw) and from the Sihmpopon River (Hugh M. Smith).

154a. Camponotus (Dinomyrmex) gigas subsp. borneensis

Emery.

Camponotus gigas subsp. borneensis Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1887, ser. 2, 4, p. 214, § 9 a"'

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

Kapouas Basin (Chaper); Poeloe Island, E. Borneo (P. Jachan).

Numerous workers from Kuching, Sadong, and the Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith) and a single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt).

155. Camponotus (Dinomyrmex) angusticollis (Jerdon).

Formica angusticollis Jerdon, Madras Journ. lit. sci., 1851, 17, p. 120, Qi ^ 9 .

Formica ardens Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 17, 9 .

Formica impetuasa Smith, ibid., p. 18, U .

Formica callida Smith, ibid., p. 18, S .

Camponotus prismaticus Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12,

p. 669, U . Camponotus angusticollis Roger, Verzeichn. formicid., 1863, p. 3; Dalla Torre,

Cat. Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 221. Camponotus ardens Mayr, Verb. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1886, 36, p. 353. Camponotus (Dinomyrmex) angusticollis Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22,

p. 268.

Type-locality: Malabar, Southern India (Jerdon). Borneo (Mus. Caes.).

156. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) festinus (Smith).

Formica festina Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 53,

9. Camponotus festinus Roger, Verzeich. formicid., 1863, p. 3; Dalla Torre, Cat.

Hymenop., 1893, 7, p. 231. Camponotus [Myrmoturha) festinus Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 267.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet).

AV heeler: the ants of BORNEO.

107

Two major workers and one minor from Kuching (John Hewitt), one major from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw) and a minor from Sadong, Sarawak (H. W. Smith) agree in measurements with the type of this species as defined by Emery. Smith unfortunately based the species on a female, so that, as Emery says, examination of the type would probably give no clue as to whether it belonged to this form or to the subspecies described by the Italian myrmecologist as subsp. eximius from Sumatra.

*156a. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) festinus subsp. eximius

Emery.

Camponotus festinus subsp. eximius Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 701, ^ . Type-locality: Si Rambe, Sumatra (E. Modigliani). A single worker major from Kuching (John Hewitt).

*157. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) autrani Forel.

Camponotus autrani Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1886, 30, p. 165, ^ . Camponotus festinus subsp. autrani Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1888,

ser. 2, 5, p. 528, ^ . Camponotus {Myrmoturba) autrani Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 266.

Type-locality: Sumatra (Conrad Klaesi).

Two major workers from Sadong, Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

158. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) sucki Forel.

Camponotus sucki Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. 71, ^ . Camponotus (Myrmoturba) sucki Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 267.

Type-locality: Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

159a. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus Fabricius subsp.

SETiTiBiA Forel.

Camponotus maculatus race setitibia Forel, Mitth. Naturh. mus. Hamburg, 1901, 18, p. 68, y .

Type-locality: Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

108 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

159b. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. irritans

(Smith).

Formica irritans Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p.

55, ^. Camponotus irritans Roger, Verzeichn. formicid., 1863, p. 3. Camponotiis inconspicuus Mayr,'Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 135, ^ . Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. irritans Forel, Rev. Suisse zool.,

1914, 22, p. 267.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Bedot and Pictet). Numerous workers and a female from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

159c. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. irritans var.

inferior Forel.

Camponotus maculatus subsp. irritans var. inferior Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 48, ^ ?. ,

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Haviland). Several workers from Kuching (John Hewitt).

159d. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subsp. compressus

(Fabricius).

Formica compressa Fabricius, Mant. Ins., 1787, 1, p. 307, ^ .

Formica indefessa Sykes, Trans. Ent. soc. London, 1835, 1, p. 104, § , pi. 13,

fig. 3. Camponotus compressus Roger, Verzeichn. formicid., 1863, p. 2. Camponotus quadrilaierus Roger, Berl. ent. zeitschr., 1863, 7, p. 136, ^ . Camponotus maculatus subsp. compressus Emery, in Dalla Torre, Cat. Hy-

menop!, 1893, 7, p. 226.

Type-locality: Tranquebar (Hybner). Sarawak (A. R. Wallace).

160. Camponotus (Myrmoturba) pallidus (Smith).

Formica pallida Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 57,

^. Camponotus pallidus Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1863, 13, p. 400; Forel, Journ. Bombay nat. hist, soc, 1892, 7, p. 21, ^ ; Emery, Mem. R. accad. sci. Bologna, 1896, 1895-1896, ser. 5, 5, p. 769.

wheeler: the ants of Borneo. 109

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari); Kapouas Basin (Chaper). A single worker from Kuching (John Hewitt) from a colony " nest- ing in a bunch of ratan fruits."

161. Camponotus (Myrmoturba?) fervens (Smith).

Formica fervens Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p.

55, ^. Camponotus fervens Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1886, 36, p. 354. Camponotus (Myr?noturba?) fervens Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 267.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

162. Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) mistura (Smith).

Formica mistura Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London, Zool., 1857, 2, p. 53, 9 .

Formica exasperata Smith, ibid., p. 56, S .

Camponotus exasperatus Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Wien, 1862, 12,

p. 659, ^ . Camponotus mistura Mayr, ibid., 1886, 36, p. 354. Camponotus {Myrmotarsus) mistura Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 269.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Sarawak (Doria and Beccari; Ha\aland).

A female from British North Borneo (E. B. Kershaw) and one from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

163. Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) rufifemur Emery.

Camponotus rufifemur Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p.

705, ^ . Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) rufifemur Torel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 269.

Type-locality: Mentawei (E. Modigliani). Sarawak, Borneo.

A major worker from Kuching (John Hewitt) and a major and minor worker from the Rambungan River (H. W. Smith).

164. Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) pressipes Emery.

Camponotus pressipes Emery, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1893, p. 268 nota, 9 . Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) pressipes Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 269.

110 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology.

Type-locality: Borneo.

Tandjong, S. E. Borneo (Fritz Suck).

Three females from Kuching (H. W. Smith).

165. Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) irritabilis (Smith). Formica irritabilis Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,

p. 56, y .

Camponotus irritabilis Roger, Verzeichn. formicid., 1863, p. 3.

Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) irritabilis Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 269.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace).

Sarawak (Doria and Beccari).

Several workers from Kuching (John Hewitt) and the Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith) and a single worker transitional to the var. sedulus from British North Borneo '(E. B. Kershaw).

165a. Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) irritabilis var. sedulus

(Smith).

Formica sedula Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2, p. 56, ^ . Camponotus sedulus Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, 1872, 2, p. 136, ^ 9 . Camponotus irritabilis var. sedulus Forel, PlCV. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 51.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (A. R. Wallace). Four major workers from the Rambungan River, Sarawak (H. W. Smith).

165b. Camponotus (Myrmotarsus) irritabilis var. winkleri

Forel.

Camponotus irritabilis var. winkleri Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p. 51, ^ . Type-locality: Hayvep, Borneo (Winkler).

166. Camponotus (Myrmophyma) quadrisectus (Smith).

Formica quadrisecta Smith, Cat. Hymenop. Brit, mus., 1858, 6, p. 28, 9 . Camponotus gilviceps Mayr, Tijdschr. ent. 1867, 10, p. 5, U . Camponotus quadrisectus Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, 1909, 53, p. 57 nota. Camponotus {Myrmophyma) quadrisectus Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 269.

wheeler: the ants of borneo. Ill

Type-locality: Philippine Islands.

Borneo (Ley den Mus.)-

A soldier and two minor workers from Baram, Borneo (John Hewitt) taken from the " distorted pseudobulb of a Myrmecodia."

Forel assigns this species to his subgenus Myrmophyma, of which he has designated it as the type, but it seems to me to belong more naturally in Myrmotarsus, owing to the peculiar compression of the hind metatarsi and the shape of the head. Emery had previously (Mem. R. accad. sci. Bologna, 1896, ser. 5, 5, p. 773) placed the species in his manipulus 11 of Camponotus with mistura Roger, platy- pus Roger, etc.

167. Camponotus (Myrmophyma) exsectus Emery.

Camponotus exsectus Emery, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1900, ser. 2, 20, p. 709, fig. 15, y 9 .

Type-locality: Sipora, Mentawei (E. Modigliani). Pulo Laut, Borneo (Coll. Emery).

168. Camponotus (Myrmomalis) contractus Mayr.

Camponotus contractus Mayr, Ann. Mus. civ. Geneva, 1872, 2, p. 137, ^ . Camponotus (Myrmomalis) contractus Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1914, 22, p. 271.

Type-locality: Sarawak, Borneo (Doria and Beccari).

169a. Camponotus (Myrmamblys) reticulatus Roger subsp.

BEDOTi Emery.

Camponotus hedoti Emery, Rev. Suisse zool., 1893, 1, p. 196, ^ , pi. 8, fig. 2. Camponotus reticulatus subsp. yerburyi var. bedoti Emery, Mem. R. accad. sci.

Bologna, 1896, 1895-1896, ser. 5, 5, p. 772. Camponotus {Myrmamblys) reticulatus subsp. bedoti Forel, Rev. Suisse zool.,

1914, 22, p. 271.

Type-locality: Batjan. Sarawak (Bedot and Pictet).

170. Camponotus (Myrmosphincta) camelinus (Smith). Formica camelina Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. soc. London. Zool., 1857, 2,